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Some Unusual Celebrations ? ?Some holidays are well-known all around the world. Among them are New Y...
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Festivalsandcelebrationshavebeenheldeverywheresinc
—HaveyouboughtforLinda’sbirthday?—Notexactly.Justs
something unusual
anything unusual
unusual something
unusual anything
—Haveyoubought________forLinda'sbirthday?—Notexact
something unusual
anything unusual
unusual something
unusual anything
—HaveyouboughtforLinda’sbirthday?—Notexactly.Justs
something unusual
anything unusual
unusual something
unusual anything
SomeUnusualCelebrations??Someholidaysarewell-known
SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownal
SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownal
--Isthere_________intoday'sChinaDaily?--Nothere's_
anything special；nothing unusual
anything special；something unusual
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SomeUnusualCelebrations??Someholidaysarewell-known
阅读下面材料在空白处填入适当的内容1个单词或括号内单词的正确形式Festivalsandcelebr
Isthere____intoday’snewspaper?
unusual anything
unusual something
anything unusual
something unusual
SomeUnusualCelebrationsSomeholidaysarewell-knownal
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RadiationEffectSpaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearthlightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodthatweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftsiftheyareinsidedopreventalotofradiationdamage.Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalledrem雷姆.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamagedthefigureof60reinshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeelperfectlywellbutthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed畸形的childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrewaccumulatedalargeramountofreins.SofarnodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphereworkinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamageclonebyradiationbutnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.
Manyoftheirideasarebeingincorporatedintoorthodoxmedicaltreatment.
{{*HTML*}}Semco??At21RicardoSemlerbecamebossofhisfather’sbusinessinBrazilSemcowhichsoldpartsforships．SemlerJuniorworkedlikeamadmanfrom7:30a.m.untilmidnighteveryday．OneafternoonwhiletouringafactoryinNewYorkhecollapsed．ThedoctorwhotreatedhimsaidThere’snothingwrongwithyou．Butifyoucontinuelikethis．you’llfindanewhomeinourhospital．Semlergotthemessage．Hechangedthewayheworked．Infacthechangedthewayhisemployeesworkedtoo．??Helethisworkerstakemoreresponsibilitysothattheywouldbetheonesworryingwhenthingswentwrong．Heallowedthemtosettheirownsalariesandhecutallthejobshethoughtwereunnecessarylikereceptionistsandsecretaries．?46?EveryoneatSemco．eventopmanagersmeetsguestsinreceptiondoesthephotocopyingsendsfaxestypeslettersanddialsthephone．??HecompletelyreorganizedtheofficeinsteadofwallstheyhaveplantsatSemcosobossescan’tshutthemselvesawayfromeveryoneelse．?47?AsforuniformssomepeoplewearsuitsandotherswearT-shirts．??SemlersaysWehaveasalesmanagernamedRubinAgaterwhositstherereadingthenewspaperhourafterhour．Hedoesn’tevenpretendtobebusy．ButwhenaSemcopumpontheothersideoftheworldfailsandmillionsofgallonsofoilareabouttospillintotheseaRubinspringsintoaction．?48?That’swhenheearnshissalary．Noonecaresifhedoesn’tlookbusytherestofthetime．??Semcohasflexibleworkinghourstheemployeesdecidewhentheyneedtoarriveatwork．Theemployeesalsoevaluatetheirbossestwiceayear．?49???Itsoundsperfectbutdoesitwork?TheanswerisinthenumbersinthelastsixyearsSemco’srevenueshavegonefrom$35millionto$212million．Thecompanyhasgrownfromeighthundredemployeesto3000．Why???Semlersaysit’sbecauseofpeerpressure．Peerpressuremakeseveryoneworkhardforeveryoneelse．?50?InotherwordsRicardoSemlertreatshisworkerslikeadultsandexpectsthemtoactlikeadults．Andtheydo．??A．AlsoSemcoletsitsworkersusethecompany’smachinesfortheirownprojectsandmakesthemtakeholidaysforatleastthirtydaysayear．??B．Mostmanagersspendtheirtimemakingitdifficultforworkerstowork．??C．Thissavedmoneyandbroughtmoreequalitytothecompany．??D．Andtheworkersarefreetodecoratetheirworkspaceastheywant．??E．Heknowseverythingthereistoknowaboutourpumpsandhowtofixthem．??F．Ifsomeoneisn’tdoinghisjobwelltheotherworkerswillnotallowthesituationtocontinue．
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
Thegoalforeachplayerinthegameofchessistotraptheotherplayer'skingintoapositionfromwhichescapeisimpossible.
Late-NightDrinking Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick"pick-me-up"cupofcoffeelateinthedaywillplayhavocwithyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulantcaffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatoninthebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain."It’stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake"saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpiderniologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecalOnaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhaftanhourtodropoff--twiceaslongasusual--andjiggedaroundinbedtwiceasmuch. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch. Whatdoestheexperimentmentionedinparagraph4prove
TransportationuseatoBeMuch SlowerthanItIsNow Formanyyearsintiledesertcamelsusedtobetheonlyformoftransportation.Beforethe51ofmoderntrainscameltrainsusedtocarryal!thegoodsfortradingbetweenCentralAfricaandEurope.Traderssometimes52toputtogethercameltrainswith10000to15000animals.Eachanimaloftencarried53400poundsanditcouldtraveltwentymilesaday.Thisformoftransportationwassoimportant54camelswerecalledthe"shipofthedesert". Nowmoderntrainstravelacrossthedesertinavery55time.Oneenginecanpullasmuchweightas13500056inadditiontrainsusespecialcarsfortheirload.Refrigeratorcarscarryfood;boxcarscarryheavygoods;stockcarscarryanimals;andtankcarscarryoil. 57travelhaschangedtoo.Theearliestplaneswerebiplaneswithtwosetsofwings.Thetopspeedofthisplanewas60milesperhour.Thepilotsusedtositorlieonthewingsintheopenair.Theplane58sometimesstoppedinthemiddleofatrip.Itusedtobe59toflyinbadweather.Insnoworinrainthewingsfrequentlybecameicy.60theplanemightgodown. MechanicalimprovementsduringtheFirstWorldWarchangedairplanes.Monoplanestooktheplaceofbiplanes.Pilotsflewinsideofcoveredcabins.Stilleventheseplanesweresmallandexpensive.Only61peoplewereabletotravelinairplanes. Nowmodernjetsmakeairtravelpossibleforallpeople.62placeintheworldismorethan1hoursawaybyjet.Furtherimprovementshave63thecostofflyingandtheyhavemadeairtravelmuchsaferthanitusedtobe.Amodern707cancarry170peopleandcanflyat600milesperhour.People64usedtoeatsleeporwatchmoviesonairplanes.65thesethingsareanormalpartofairtravel! 62
2.FindingYourselfwithoutGPSAsmoremobilephonestapintotheInternetpeopleincreasinglyturntothemforlocation-centricserviceslikegettingdirectionsandfindingnearbyrestaurants.WhileGlobalPositioningSystemGPStechnologyprovidesexcellentaccuracyonlyafractionofphoneshavethiscapability.What’smoreGPScoverageisspottyindenseurbanenvironmentsandin—phonereceiverscanbeslowanddrainaphone’sbattery.TosidestepthisproblemlastweekGoogleaddedanewfeaturecalledMyLocationtoitsWeb-basedmappingservice.MyLocationcollectsinformationfromthenearestcell-phonetowertoestimateaperson’slocationwithinadistanceofabout1000meters.Thisresolutionisobviouslynotsufficientfordrivingdirectionsbutitcanbefineforsearchingforarestaurantorastore.AcommonuseofGoogleMapsistosearchnearbysaysSteveLeeproductmanagerforGoogleMapswholikenedtheapproachtosearchingforsomethingwithinanurbanzipcodebutwithoutknowingthatcode.Inanewcityyoumightnotknowthezipcodeorevenifyouknowitittakestimetoenteritandthentozoominandpanaroundthemap.Manyphonessupportsoftwarethatisabletoreadtheuniqueidentificationofacell-phonetowerandthecoverageareathatsurroundsitisusuallysplitintothreeregions.LeeexplainsthatMyLocationusessuchsoftwaretolearnwhichtowerisservingthephone—andwhichcoverageareathecellphoneisoperatingin.GooglealsousesdatafromcellphonesintheareathatdohaveGPStohelpestimatethelocationsofthedeviceswithoutit.InthiswayGoogleaddsgeographicinformationtothecell—phonetower’sidentifiersthatthecompanystoresinadatabase.AsthedatabasegrowssaysLeetheservicewillbecomemoreaccurate.ItwillneverbeasaccurateasGPSbutheexpectsthatitcouldeventuallyfindapersonwithinacouplehundredmeters.MyLocationwillbemoreaccuratethanGPSinthefuture.
{{*HTML*}}A.Featuresandapplications??B.Displayanddataconnection??C.Onlinestores??D.DifferencesfromiPhone??E.Businessusage??F.OperatingsystemParagraph5______
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TransportationuseatoBeMuch SlowerthanItIsNow Formanyyearsintiledesertcamelsusedtobetheonlyformoftransportation.Beforethe51ofmoderntrainscameltrainsusedtocarryal!thegoodsfortradingbetweenCentralAfricaandEurope.Traderssometimes52toputtogethercameltrainswith10000to15000animals.Eachanimaloftencarried53400poundsanditcouldtraveltwentymilesaday.Thisformoftransportationwassoimportant54camelswerecalledthe"shipofthedesert". Nowmoderntrainstravelacrossthedesertinavery55time.Oneenginecanpullasmuchweightas13500056inadditiontrainsusespecialcarsfortheirload.Refrigeratorcarscarryfood;boxcarscarryheavygoods;stockcarscarryanimals;andtankcarscarryoil. 57travelhaschangedtoo.Theearliestplaneswerebiplaneswithtwosetsofwings.Thetopspeedofthisplanewas60milesperhour.Thepilotsusedtositorlieonthewingsintheopenair.Theplane58sometimesstoppedinthemiddleofatrip.Itusedtobe59toflyinbadweather.Insnoworinrainthewingsfrequentlybecameicy.60theplanemightgodown. MechanicalimprovementsduringtheFirstWorldWarchangedairplanes.Monoplanestooktheplaceofbiplanes.Pilotsflewinsideofcoveredcabins.Stilleventheseplanesweresmallandexpensive.Only61peoplewereabletotravelinairplanes. Nowmodernjetsmakeairtravelpossibleforallpeople.62placeintheworldismorethan1hoursawaybyjet.Furtherimprovementshave63thecostofflyingandtheyhavemadeairtravelmuchsaferthanitusedtobe.Amodern707cancarry170peopleandcanflyat600milesperhour.People64usedtoeatsleeporwatchmoviesonairplanes.65thesethingsareanormalpartofairtravel! 64
TransportationuseatoBeMuch SlowerthanItIsNow Formanyyearsintiledesertcamelsusedtobetheonlyformoftransportation.Beforethe51ofmoderntrainscameltrainsusedtocarryal!thegoodsfortradingbetweenCentralAfricaandEurope.Traderssometimes52toputtogethercameltrainswith10000to15000animals.Eachanimaloftencarried53400poundsanditcouldtraveltwentymilesaday.Thisformoftransportationwassoimportant54camelswerecalledthe"shipofthedesert". Nowmoderntrainstravelacrossthedesertinavery55time.Oneenginecanpullasmuchweightas13500056inadditiontrainsusespecialcarsfortheirload.Refrigeratorcarscarryfood;boxcarscarryheavygoods;stockcarscarryanimals;andtankcarscarryoil. 57travelhaschangedtoo.Theearliestplaneswerebiplaneswithtwosetsofwings.Thetopspeedofthisplanewas60milesperhour.Thepilotsusedtositorlieonthewingsintheopenair.Theplane58sometimesstoppedinthemiddleofatrip.Itusedtobe59toflyinbadweather.Insnoworinrainthewingsfrequentlybecameicy.60theplanemightgodown. MechanicalimprovementsduringtheFirstWorldWarchangedairplanes.Monoplanestooktheplaceofbiplanes.Pilotsflewinsideofcoveredcabins.Stilleventheseplanesweresmallandexpensive.Only61peoplewereabletotravelinairplanes. Nowmodernjetsmakeairtravelpossibleforallpeople.62placeintheworldismorethan1hoursawaybyjet.Furtherimprovementshave63thecostofflyingandtheyhavemadeairtravelmuchsaferthanitusedtobe.Amodern707cancarry170peopleandcanflyat600milesperhour.People64usedtoeatsleeporwatchmoviesonairplanes.65thesethingsareanormalpartofairtravel! 54
RadiationEffectSpaceisadangerousplacenotonlybecauseofmeteors流星butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearthlightgetsthroughandthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodthatweeat.Heattoomakesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspacebutenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraftsiftheyareinsidedopreventalotofradiationdamage.Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalledrem雷姆.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamagedthefigureof60reinshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage-apersonmayfeelperfectlywellbutthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamagedandthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformed畸形的childrenorevengrandchildren.MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighradiationandduringtheoutwardandreturnjourneystheApollocrewaccumulatedalargeramountofreins.SofarnodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreportedbuttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphereworkinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamageclonebyradiationbutnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.Weknowfromthepassagethat______.
Therearetwogreatmysteriesaboutthebeach.Oneiswhyhumanbeingsflocktherebythousandsonlytoprostrate俯卧themselvesindensepacksofglisteningflesh.Theotheriswhythesandgoesthere.Strangeasitseemsoceanographershaveneverreallyunderstoodwhysandpilesupontheshore.NowDouglasInmanandDanielConleythinktheyhavesolvedthepuzzle. Thepuzzlehadtodowithwaves.Thoughitmightseemintuitivethatwavescarrywatertoshoreandsandalongwithitit’snotthatsimple.Thecrest浪尖ofapassingwaveliftsagivenhitofwaterupwardandlandwardbuttheensuingtrough波谷pushesthewaterbackdownandOuttosea.Nearthebottomtherethesandisthewaterwasalwaysassumedtojustslidebackandforth—andthesandwithit."Ifyoutakeaveryalooflookatabeach"saysInman"you’llrealizethatifthetwomotionsmovesandbackandforththesameamountthenallthesandshouldendupindeepwater.’ Soforbeachestoexistthecrest’sonshoreflowmustsomehowmoveenoughsandupthebeachtocountertheseawardtugofboththetroughandgravity.ThepressurechangesinthesandbedInmanandConleythinkarethekeytobeachcreation.Theyfoundthatsanddoesn’tjustslidebackandforthwitheachpassingwave.Underatroughitdoesslideseawardinathinlayerjustabovethebottom.Butunderacrestitsmovementisoftenmoreelaborate.Thehigherpressureunderacrest—higherbecausethewaterispiledhigher—forceswaterintotheporous多孔的sand.Thiscreatesstrongwhirlpoolsjustabovethesandwhichhelploosenit.Asthecrestpassesoverheadthesandfirstrushesacrossthebottom;thenitabruptlyturnsviolentliftingoffthebottominlargeboilingbunches.Finallyjustafterthecrestpassesthesandexplodesupintothegreatwatercolumn.Theboilingandrushingmovemoresandthanthebackslidingunderatroughsothere’sanetmovementofsandtowardtheshore. Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage
Thecommitteecomprisesfivepersons.
TransportationuseatoBeMuch SlowerthanItIsNow Formanyyearsintiledesertcamelsusedtobetheonlyformoftransportation.Beforethe51ofmoderntrainscameltrainsusedtocarryal!thegoodsfortradingbetweenCentralAfricaandEurope.Traderssometimes52toputtogethercameltrainswith10000to15000animals.Eachanimaloftencarried53400poundsanditcouldtraveltwentymilesaday.Thisformoftransportationwassoimportant54camelswerecalledthe"shipofthedesert". Nowmoderntrainstravelacrossthedesertinavery55time.Oneenginecanpullasmuchweightas13500056inadditiontrainsusespecialcarsfortheirload.Refrigeratorcarscarryfood;boxcarscarryheavygoods;stockcarscarryanimals;andtankcarscarryoil. 57travelhaschangedtoo.Theearliestplaneswerebiplaneswithtwosetsofwings.Thetopspeedofthisplanewas60milesperhour.Thepilotsusedtositorlieonthewingsintheopenair.Theplane58sometimesstoppedinthemiddleofatrip.Itusedtobe59toflyinbadweather.Insnoworinrainthewingsfrequentlybecameicy.60theplanemightgodown. MechanicalimprovementsduringtheFirstWorldWarchangedairplanes.Monoplanestooktheplaceofbiplanes.Pilotsflewinsideofcoveredcabins.Stilleventheseplanesweresmallandexpensive.Only61peoplewereabletotravelinairplanes. Nowmodernjetsmakeairtravelpossibleforallpeople.62placeintheworldismorethan1hoursawaybyjet.Furtherimprovementshave63thecostofflyingandtheyhavemadeairtravelmuchsaferthanitusedtobe.Amodern707cancarry170peopleandcanflyat600milesperhour.People64usedtoeatsleeporwatchmoviesonairplanes.65thesethingsareanormalpartofairtravel! 56
{{*HTML*}}A.Featuresandapplications??B.Displayanddataconnection??C.Onlinestores??D.DifferencesfromiPhone??E.Businessusage??F.OperatingsystemParagraph3______
TransportationuseatoBeMuch SlowerthanItIsNow Formanyyearsintiledesertcamelsusedtobetheonlyformoftransportation.Beforethe51ofmoderntrainscameltrainsusedtocarryal!thegoodsfortradingbetweenCentralAfricaandEurope.Traderssometimes52toputtogethercameltrainswith10000to15000animals.Eachanimaloftencarried53400poundsanditcouldtraveltwentymilesaday.Thisformoftransportationwassoimportant54camelswerecalledthe"shipofthedesert". Nowmoderntrainstravelacrossthedesertinavery55time.Oneenginecanpullasmuchweightas13500056inadditiontrainsusespecialcarsfortheirload.Refrigeratorcarscarryfood;boxcarscarryheavygoods;stockcarscarryanimals;andtankcarscarryoil. 57travelhaschangedtoo.Theearliestplaneswerebiplaneswithtwosetsofwings.Thetopspeedofthisplanewas60milesperhour.Thepilotsusedtositorlieonthewingsintheopenair.Theplane58sometimesstoppedinthemiddleofatrip.Itusedtobe59toflyinbadweather.Insnoworinrainthewingsfrequentlybecameicy.60theplanemightgodown. MechanicalimprovementsduringtheFirstWorldWarchangedairplanes.Monoplanestooktheplaceofbiplanes.Pilotsflewinsideofcoveredcabins.Stilleventheseplanesweresmallandexpensive.Only61peoplewereabletotravelinairplanes. Nowmodernjetsmakeairtravelpossibleforallpeople.62placeintheworldismorethan1hoursawaybyjet.Furtherimprovementshave63thecostofflyingandtheyhavemadeairtravelmuchsaferthanitusedtobe.Amodern707cancarry170peopleandcanflyat600milesperhour.People64usedtoeatsleeporwatchmoviesonairplanes.65thesethingsareanormalpartofairtravel! 58
{{*HTML*}}A.totrackhurricanesandissuewarnings??B.toavoidconfusion??C.tostayathome??D.tobegiventotropicalstorms??E.tomakepredictions??F.tokillatleast15peopleTheresponsibilityoftheUSNationalWeatherServiceis______.
Late-NightDrinking Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick"pick-me-up"cupofcoffeelateinthedaywillplayhavocwithyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulantcaffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatoninthebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain."It’stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake"saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpiderniologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecalOnaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhaftanhourtodropoff--twiceaslongasusual--andjiggedaroundinbedtwiceasmuch. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch. Theauthormentionspick-me-uptoindicatethat
Theoutcryagainstthegovernment’spolicieswillsubsideonlyifacompromiseisreachedintheassembly.
Late-NightDrinking Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick"pick-me-up"cupofcoffeelateinthedaywillplayhavocwithyoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulantcaffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatoninthebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep. Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4ambeforefallingagain."It’stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake"saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpiderniologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody’slevelsofthissleephormone. LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlesswellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecalOnaveragesubjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffeecomparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhaftanhourtodropoff--twiceaslongasusual--andjiggedaroundinbedtwiceasmuch. Inthesecondphaseoftheexperimenttheresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicinetheresearcherssuggestthatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction. BecauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebodyOhayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch. Whichofthefollowingtellsushowcaffeineaffectssleep
{{*HTML*}}Semco??At21RicardoSemlerbecamebossofhisfather’sbusinessinBrazilSemcowhichsoldpartsforships．SemlerJuniorworkedlikeamadmanfrom7:30a.m.untilmidnighteveryday．OneafternoonwhiletouringafactoryinNewYorkhecollapsed．ThedoctorwhotreatedhimsaidThere’snothingwrongwithyou．Butifyoucontinuelikethis．you’llfindanewhomeinourhospital．Semlergotthemessage．Hechangedthewayheworked．Infacthechangedthewayhisemployeesworkedtoo．??Helethisworkerstakemoreresponsibilitysothattheywouldbetheonesworryingwhenthingswentwrong．Heallowedthemtosettheirownsalariesandhecutallthejobshethoughtwereunnecessarylikereceptionistsandsecretaries．?46?EveryoneatSemco．eventopmanagersmeetsguestsinreceptiondoesthephotocopyingsendsfaxestypeslettersanddialsthephone．??HecompletelyreorganizedtheofficeinsteadofwallstheyhaveplantsatSemcosobossescan’tshutthemselvesawayfromeveryoneelse．?47?AsforuniformssomepeoplewearsuitsandotherswearT-shirts．??SemlersaysWehaveasalesmanagernamedRubinAgaterwhositstherereadingthenewspaperhourafterhour．Hedoesn’tevenpretendtobebusy．ButwhenaSemcopumpontheothersideoftheworldfailsandmillionsofgallonsofoilareabouttospillintotheseaRubinspringsintoaction．?48?That’swhenheearnshissalary．Noonecaresifhedoesn’tlookbusytherestofthetime．??Semcohasflexibleworkinghourstheemployeesdecidewhentheyneedtoarriveatwork．Theemployeesalsoevaluatetheirbossestwiceayear．?49???Itsoundsperfectbutdoesitwork?TheanswerisinthenumbersinthelastsixyearsSemco’srevenueshavegonefrom$35millionto$212million．Thecompanyhasgrownfromeighthundredemployeesto3000．Why???Semlersaysit’sbecauseofpeerpressure．Peerpressuremakeseveryoneworkhardforeveryoneelse．?50?InotherwordsRicardoSemlertreatshisworkerslikeadultsandexpectsthemtoactlikeadults．Andtheydo．??A．AlsoSemcoletsitsworkersusethecompany’smachinesfortheirownprojectsandmakesthemtakeholidaysforatleastthirtydaysayear．??B．Mostmanagersspendtheirtimemakingitdifficultforworkerstowork．??C．Thissavedmoneyandbroughtmoreequalitytothecompany．??D．Andtheworkersarefreetodecoratetheirworkspaceastheywant．??E．Heknowseverythingthereistoknowaboutourpumpsandhowtofixthem．??F．Ifsomeoneisn’tdoinghisjobwelltheotherworkerswillnotallowthesituationtocontinue．
Therearetwogreatmysteriesaboutthebeach.Oneiswhyhumanbeingsflocktherebythousandsonlytoprostrate俯卧themselvesindensepacksofglisteningflesh.Theotheriswhythesandgoesthere.Strangeasitseemsoceanographershaveneverreallyunderstoodwhysandpilesupontheshore.NowDouglasInmanandDanielConleythinktheyhavesolvedthepuzzle. Thepuzzlehadtodowithwaves.Thoughitmightseemintuitivethatwavescarrywatertoshoreandsandalongwithitit’snotthatsimple.Thecrest浪尖ofapassingwaveliftsagivenhitofwaterupwardandlandwardbuttheensuingtrough波谷pushesthewaterbackdownandOuttosea.Nearthebottomtherethesandisthewaterwasalwaysassumedtojustslidebackandforth—andthesandwithit."Ifyoutakeaveryalooflookatabeach"saysInman"you’llrealizethatifthetwomotionsmovesandbackandforththesameamountthenallthesandshouldendupindeepwater.’ Soforbeachestoexistthecrest’sonshoreflowmustsomehowmoveenoughsandupthebeachtocountertheseawardtugofboththetroughandgravity.ThepressurechangesinthesandbedInmanandConleythinkarethekeytobeachcreation.Theyfoundthatsanddoesn’tjustslidebackandforthwitheachpassingwave.Underatroughitdoesslideseawardinathinlayerjustabovethebottom.Butunderacrestitsmovementisoftenmoreelaborate.Thehigherpressureunderacrest—higherbecausethewaterispiledhigher—forceswaterintotheporous多孔的sand.Thiscreatesstrongwhirlpoolsjustabovethesandwhichhelploosenit.Asthecrestpassesoverheadthesandfirstrushesacrossthebottom;thenitabruptlyturnsviolentliftingoffthebottominlargeboilingbunches.Finallyjustafterthecrestpassesthesandexplodesupintothegreatwatercolumn.Theboilingandrushingmovemoresandthanthebackslidingunderatroughsothere’sanetmovementofsandtowardtheshore. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage
TransportationuseatoBeMuch SlowerthanItIsNow Formanyyearsintiledesertcamelsusedtobetheonlyformoftransportation.Beforethe51ofmoderntrainscameltrainsusedtocarryal!thegoodsfortradingbetweenCentralAfricaandEurope.Traderssometimes52toputtogethercameltrainswith10000to15000animals.Eachanimaloftencarried53400poundsanditcouldtraveltwentymilesaday.Thisformoftransportationwassoimportant54camelswerecalledthe"shipofthedesert". Nowmoderntrainstravelacrossthedesertinavery55time.Oneenginecanpullasmuchweightas13500056inadditiontrainsusespecialcarsfortheirload.Refrigeratorcarscarryfood;boxcarscarryheavygoods;stockcarscarryanimals;andtankcarscarryoil. 57travelhaschangedtoo.Theearliestplaneswerebiplaneswithtwosetsofwings.Thetopspeedofthisplanewas60milesperhour.Thepilotsusedtositorlieonthewingsintheopenair.Theplane58sometimesstoppedinthemiddleofatrip.Itusedtobe59toflyinbadweather.Insnoworinrainthewingsfrequentlybecameicy.60theplanemightgodown. MechanicalimprovementsduringtheFirstWorldWarchangedairplanes.Monoplanestooktheplaceofbiplanes.Pilotsflewinsideofcoveredcabins.Stilleventheseplanesweresmallandexpensive.Only61peoplewereabletotravelinairplanes. Nowmodernjetsmakeairtravelpossibleforallpeople.62placeintheworldismorethan1hoursawaybyjet.Furtherimprovementshave63thecostofflyingandtheyhavemadeairtravelmuchsaferthanitusedtobe.Amodern707cancarry170peopleandcanflyat600milesperhour.People64usedtoeatsleeporwatchmoviesonairplanes.65thesethingsareanormalpartofairtravel! 52
Theoutlookfromthetopofthemountainisbreathtaking.
{{*HTML*}}Semco??At21RicardoSemlerbecamebossofhisfather’sbusinessinBrazilSemcowhichsoldpartsforships．SemlerJuniorworkedlikeamadmanfrom7:30a.m.untilmidnighteveryday．OneafternoonwhiletouringafactoryinNewYorkhecollapsed．ThedoctorwhotreatedhimsaidThere’snothingwrongwithyou．Butifyoucontinuelikethis．you’llfindanewhomeinourhospital．Semlergotthemessage．Hechangedthewayheworked．Infacthechangedthewayhisemployeesworkedtoo．??Helethisworkerstakemoreresponsibilitysothattheywouldbetheonesworryingwhenthingswentwrong．Heallowedthemtosettheirownsalariesandhecutallthejobshethoughtwereunnecessarylikereceptionistsandsecretaries．?46?EveryoneatSemco．eventopmanagersmeetsguestsinreceptiondoesthephotocopyingsendsfaxestypeslettersanddialsthephone．??HecompletelyreorganizedtheofficeinsteadofwallstheyhaveplantsatSemcosobossescan’tshutthemselvesawayfromeveryoneelse．?47?AsforuniformssomepeoplewearsuitsandotherswearT-shirts．??SemlersaysWehaveasalesmanagernamedRubinAgaterwhositstherereadingthenewspaperhourafterhour．Hedoesn’tevenpretendtobebusy．ButwhenaSemcopumpontheothersideoftheworldfailsandmillionsofgallonsofoilareabouttospillintotheseaRubinspringsintoaction．?48?That’swhenheearnshissalary．Noonecaresifhedoesn’tlookbusytherestofthetime．??Semcohasflexibleworkinghourstheemployeesdecidewhentheyneedtoarriveatwork．Theemployeesalsoevaluatetheirbossestwiceayear．?49???Itsoundsperfectbutdoesitwork?TheanswerisinthenumbersinthelastsixyearsSemco’srevenueshavegonefrom$35millionto$212million．Thecompanyhasgrownfromeighthundredemployeesto3000．Why???Semlersaysit’sbecauseofpeerpressure．Peerpressuremakeseveryoneworkhardforeveryoneelse．?50?InotherwordsRicardoSemlertreatshisworkerslikeadultsandexpectsthemtoactlikeadults．Andtheydo．??A．AlsoSemcoletsitsworkersusethecompany’smachinesfortheirownprojectsandmakesthemtakeholidaysforatleastthirtydaysayear．??B．Mostmanagersspendtheirtimemakingitdifficultforworkerstowork．??C．Thissavedmoneyandbroughtmoreequalitytothecompany．??D．Andtheworkersarefreetodecoratetheirworkspaceastheywant．??E．Heknowseverythingthereistoknowaboutourpumpsandhowtofixthem．??F．Ifsomeoneisn’tdoinghisjobwelltheotherworkerswillnotallowthesituationtocontinue．
AshehadalreadybeenaccustomedtolivinginthecountrysideJacksonrefusedtomovetothecity.
TransportationuseatoBeMuch SlowerthanItIsNow Formanyyearsintiledesertcamelsusedtobetheonlyformoftransportation.Beforethe51ofmoderntrainscameltrainsusedtocarryal!thegoodsfortradingbetweenCentralAfricaandEurope.Traderssometimes52toputtogethercameltrainswith10000to15000animals.Eachanimaloftencarried53400poundsanditcouldtraveltwentymilesaday.Thisformoftransportationwassoimportant54camelswerecalledthe"shipofthedesert". Nowmoderntrainstravelacrossthedesertinavery55time.Oneenginecanpullasmuchweightas13500056inadditiontrainsusespecialcarsfortheirload.Refrigeratorcarscarryfood;boxcarscarryheavygoods;stockcarscarryanimals;andtankcarscarryoil. 57travelhaschangedtoo.Theearliestplaneswerebiplaneswithtwosetsofwings.Thetopspeedofthisplanewas60milesperhour.Thepilotsusedtositorlieonthewingsintheopenair.Theplane58sometimesstoppedinthemiddleofatrip.Itusedtobe59toflyinbadweather.Insnoworinrainthewingsfrequentlybecameicy.60theplanemightgodown. MechanicalimprovementsduringtheFirstWorldWarchangedairplanes.Monoplanestooktheplaceofbiplanes.Pilotsflewinsideofcoveredcabins.Stilleventheseplanesweresmallandexpensive.Only61peoplewereabletotravelinairplanes. Nowmodernjetsmakeairtravelpossibleforallpeople.62placeintheworldismorethan1hoursawaybyjet.Furtherimprovementshave63thecostofflyingandtheyhavemadeairtravelmuchsaferthanitusedtobe.Amodern707cancarry170peopleandcanflyat600milesperhour.People64usedtoeatsleeporwatchmoviesonairplanes.65thesethingsareanormalpartofairtravel! 60
Thecylindricalshapeofacactusreducesmoistureloss.
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