TheAmericanantelopepossessesremarkablepowersofsightandcanpinpointpotentialdangerattremendousdistances.

A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportation??B.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperated??C.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengers??D.toprovidedifferentservices??E.theshortageofqualifiedpilots??F.travellingbyairwasverycheapTheUnitedStateswasthecountrywhere______.

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 52

TheSea WhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.Whatotherthingsdoweknowaboutit Thefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld. Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace! Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea! Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese. Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres! Whendoesthesealookbeautiful

TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese. There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling.Yourhonorableself. Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. TheJapanesewomanusedtheEnglishwordjerksoastomakeiteasierformetounderstandher.

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 58

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 57

Thelawcarriesapenaltyofuptothreeyearsinprison.

TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese. There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling.Yourhonorableself. Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. FromthelinguisticperspectiveJapanesedriversarecowards.

MakingLightofSleep Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclockyourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscyclecalledacircadianrhythmhelpscontrolwhenyouwakewhenyoueatandwhenyousleep. Somewherearoundpubertysomethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforwardsoadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit’stimeforbedyourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater. Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody’sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblemstoo.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon’tgetenoughsleepsaysMaryCarskadonasleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidenceRI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn. Butjustlikeyouralarmclockyourinternalclockcanbereset.Infactitautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.HowByusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes. Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryearsresearchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody’sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee. Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit’sdayornight. Whatisimpliedinthesecondparagraph

TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese. There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling.Yourhonorableself. Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. TheJapanesepeoplecannotfullydemonstratetheirangerbecausetheirlanguageisnotsuitableforsnipingatpeople.

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 55

A.Airportservices??B.Trainingofpilots??C.Beginningperiod??D.RapidgrowthintheU.S.??E.Development??F.CompetitionParagraph4______

MakingLightofSleep Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclockyourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscyclecalledacircadianrhythmhelpscontrolwhenyouwakewhenyoueatandwhenyousleep. Somewherearoundpubertysomethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforwardsoadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit’stimeforbedyourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater. Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody’sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblemstoo.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon’tgetenoughsleepsaysMaryCarskadonasleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidenceRI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn. Butjustlikeyouralarmclockyourinternalclockcanbereset.Infactitautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.HowByusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes. Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryearsresearchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody’sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee. Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit’sdayornight. Theclocklocatedinsideourbrainsissimilartoourbedsidealarmclockbecause

WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50???A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.??D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.

A.Airportservices??B.Trainingofpilots??C.Beginningperiod??D.RapidgrowthintheU.S.??E.Development??F.CompetitionParagraph3______

TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese. There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling.Yourhonorableself. Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. OmaenokaachandebesoisdifferentfromothernastyexpressionsinJapaneseinthatitisinsultingbothinitsliteralmeaningandinitspracticaluse.

TheFrenchandIndianWarof1756-1763pittedBritainherAmericancolonistsandherIndianalliesagainstFranceherCanadiancolonistsandherIndianallies.

Onlypeopleover18areeligibletovote.

TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese. There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling.Yourhonorableself. Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. ThewordNickintheArabiclanguageisacurse.

Accordingtosomebiologiststheinstincttocarefortheyoungisperhapsthemostinterestingcharacteristicofanimals.

By1929twoyearsafterthestartofthetalkiesmotionpicturetheatersintheUnitedStateswereattracting100millionpatronseveryweek.

TheMoonandmostartificialsatellitestravelaroundtheEarthinellipticalpaths.

Aseedplantedinthesensitiveliningofanoysterbeginsaperpetualcoatingprocessthatformsapearl.

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 51

A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportation??B.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperated??C.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengers??D.toprovidedifferentservices??E.theshortageofqualifiedpilots??F.travellingbyairwasverycheapThefortyyearsfromthe1930stothe1970swasanimportantperiod______.

Throughoutmostoftheirliveshumanbeingsperpetuallylearnandincreasetheirmentalcapacities.

A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportation??B.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperated??C.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengers??D.toprovidedifferentservices??E.theshortageofqualifiedpilots??F.travellingbyairwasverycheapAirtransportcompaniesusedifferentplanes______.

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 53

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 54

WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50???A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.??D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.

EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ WhichofthefollowingfactorswasultimatelyresponsibleforthefallofthecivilizationofancientEgypt

CaliforniathefirstcityontheAmericancontinentreacheditspeakofdevelopmentandpoweraboutAD1100.

TheSea WhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.Whatotherthingsdoweknowaboutit Thefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld. Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace! Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea! Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese. Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres! Whycan’tpeoplegoverydeepinthesea

A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportation??B.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperated??C.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengers??D.toprovidedifferentservices??E.theshortageofqualifiedpilots??F.travellingbyairwasverycheapNowadaysairportsprovideallkindsofservices______.

TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese. There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling.Yourhonorableself. Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. TheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyshowingtheirrespectinanironicway.

MakingLightofSleep Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclockyourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscyclecalledacircadianrhythmhelpscontrolwhenyouwakewhenyoueatandwhenyousleep. Somewherearoundpubertysomethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforwardsoadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit’stimeforbedyourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater. Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody’sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblemstoo.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon’tgetenoughsleepsaysMaryCarskadonasleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidenceRI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn. Butjustlikeyouralarmclockyourinternalclockcanbereset.Infactitautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.HowByusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes. Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryearsresearchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody’sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee. Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit’sdayornight. Inthethirdparagraphtheauthorwantstotellthereaderthat.

Thelatestcarmodelembodiesthenewresearchdevelopment.

EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ Whydoestheauthormentionpyramidbuilders

InthebookAutobiographyofValuestheaviationheroCharlesLindberghrevealshisparadoxicalandoftensoberingthoughtsonlife.

JuliaMargaretCameronwasamongthepioneersinanewkindofportraitphotography—theclose-up.

GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecallpapermoneyusuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 56

EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue

TheSea WhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.Whatotherthingsdoweknowaboutit Thefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld. Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace! Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea! Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese. Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres! WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheDeadSeaisNOTtrue

Throughherportrayalofeightcollege-educatedwomeninthebookTheGroupauthorMaryMcCarthycriticizesanentireperiod.

Theanhingaisablackwaterbirdthatfrequentstheperimetersoftheeverglades.

TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese. There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling.Yourhonorableself. Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans.Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. Peopleinotherlanguagesmayinsultawomanwithanexpressionmeaningliterallyafemaledog.

TheSea WhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.Whatotherthingsdoweknowaboutit Thefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld. Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace! Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea! Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese. Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres! WhydoestheauthorcitetheseasomewherenearJapan

NumerousparallelsexistbetweenErnestHemingway’slifeandthelivesofhischaracters.

Althoughresearchhasshownthatasparagusdoescontainmanyimportantnutrientsitisnotasitwasonceregardedapanacea.

MakingLightofSleep Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclockyourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscyclecalledacircadianrhythmhelpscontrolwhenyouwakewhenyoueatandwhenyousleep. Somewherearoundpubertysomethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforwardsoadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit’stimeforbedyourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater. Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody’sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblemstoo.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon’tgetenoughsleepsaysMaryCarskadonasleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidenceRI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn. Butjustlikeyouralarmclockyourinternalclockcanbereset.Infactitautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.HowByusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes. Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryearsresearchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody’sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee. Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit’sdayornight. Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphswhatdidthepreviousresearchersthinkaboutthehumaneye’slight-sensingsystem

WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50???A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.??D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.

EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ theworddevastatinginthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby.

WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50???A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.??D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.

A.Airportservices??B.Trainingofpilots??C.Beginningperiod??D.RapidgrowthintheU.S.??E.Development??F.CompetitionParagraph5______

ThehistoryoftheexplorationofAntarcticarecountsmanytalesofperseveranceandsuffering.

MakingLightofSleep Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclockyourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscyclecalledacircadianrhythmhelpscontrolwhenyouwakewhenyoueatandwhenyousleep. Somewherearoundpubertysomethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforwardsoadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit’stimeforbedyourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater. Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody’sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblemstoo.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon’tgetenoughsleepsaysMaryCarskadonasleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidenceRI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn. Butjustlikeyouralarmclockyourinternalclockcanbereset.Infactitautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.HowByusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes. Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryearsresearchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody’sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee. Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit’sdayornight. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefourthandfifthparagraphs

A.Airportservices??B.Trainingofpilots??C.Beginningperiod??D.RapidgrowthintheU.S.??E.Development??F.CompetitionParagraph2______

EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ AccordingtoKromEgypt’sOldKingdomfell

WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50???A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.??D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.