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Keeping Cut Flowers ? ?1 ?While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around his house, few people know...
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{{*HTML*}}TheFirstFourMinutes??Whendopeopledecidewhetherornottheywanttobecomefriends?DuringtheirfirstfourminutestogetheraccordingtoabookbyDr.LeonardZunin.InhisbookContact:TheFirstFourMinutesheoffersthisadvicetoanyoneinterestedinstartingnewfriendships:?46?Alotofpeople’swholeliveswouldchangeiftheydidjustthat.??Youmayhavenoticedthataveragepersondoesnotgivehisundividedattentiontosomeonehehasjustmet.?47?Ifanyonehaseverdonethistoyouyouprobablydidnotlikehimverymuch.??Whenweareintroducedtonewpeopletheauthorsuggestsweshouldtrytoappearfriendlyandself-confident.IngeneralhesaysPeoplelikepeoplewholikethemselves.??Ontheotherhandweshouldnotmaketheotherpersonthinkwearetoosureofourselves.Itisimportanttoappearinterestedandsympatheticrealizingthattheotherpersonhashiswonneedsfearsandhopes.??HearingsuchadviceonemightsayButI’mnotafriendlyself-confidentperson.That’snotmynature.Itwouldbedishonestformetoactthatway.???48?Wecanbecomeaccustomedtoanychangeswechoosetomakeinourpersonality.Itislikegettingusedtoanewcar.Itmaybeunfamiliaratfirstbutitgoesmuchbetterthantheoldone.??Butisn’titdishonesttogivetheappearanceoffriendlyself-confidencewhenwedon’tactuallyfeelthatway?PerhapsbutaccordingtoDr.Zunintotalhonestisnotalwaysgoodforsocialrelationshipsespeciallyduringthefirstfewminutesofcontact.Thereisatimeforeverythingandacertainamountofplay-actingmaybebestforthefirstfewminutesofcontactwithastranger.Thatisnotthetimetocomplainaboutone’shealthortomentionfaultsonefindsinotherpeople.Itisnotthetimetotellthewholetruthaboutone’sopinionsandimpressions.???49?Forahusbandandwifeoraparentandchildproblemsoftenariseduringtheirfirstfourminutestogetheraftertheyhavebeenapart.Dr.Zuninsuggeststhatthesefirstfewminutestogetherbetreatedwithcare.Ifthereareunpleasantmatterstobediscussedtheyshouldbedealtwithlater.???Theauthorsaysthatinterpersonalrelationsshouldbetaughtasarequiredcourseineveryschoolalongwithreadingwritingandmathematics.?50?Thatisatleastasimportantashowmuchweknow.???A.InreplyDr.Zuninwouldclaimthatalittlepracticecanhelpusfeelcomfortableaboutchangingoursocialhabits.???B.Muchofwhathasbeensaidaboutstrangersalsoappliestorelationshipswithfamilymembersandfriends.???C.Inhisopinionsuccessinlifedependsmainlyonhowwegetalongwithotherpeople.???D.Everytimeyoumeetsomeoneinasocialsituationgivehimyourundividedattentionforfourminutes.???E.Hekeepslookingovertheotherperson’sshoulderasifhopingtofindsomeonemoreinterestinginanotherpartoftheroom.???F.Heiseagertomakefriendswitheveryone.
{{*HTML*}}Hurricanes龙卷风??1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshadnonames?Theyweresimplygivennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlphaBravoCharlieetc.Butin1953femalesnamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability不可预知factorofthestorms.In1979realizingthesexist性别歧视的natureofsuchnamesthelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenandwomen.???2.Hurricanesandtyphoons台风arethesamethings.IftheyformintheAtlanticwecallthesestrongstormshurricanesfromtheWestIndianwordhurricanemeaningbigwind.AndiftheyarePacificstormstheyarecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifengmeaninggreatwind.Tobeclassifiedasahurricanethestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast75mph.Thesestormsarebigmanyhundredsofmilesindiameter.???3.Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-upenergy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses凝结fromagaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator赤道.Tomakeahurricaneyoumusthaveextremelywetwarmairthekindofairthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregion.???4.Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwatercondensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustonedayalonethestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrializednationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowtomakesuresuchgreatenergyworkforus.???5.Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforforecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Somestormsmayraceattwicethisspeedthensuddenlystopandremaininthesamelocationforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening发疯的ifyouliveinacoastalareathatmaybehit.???6.Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweathersatellites.Withthesewecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfullyfrombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroypropertyhurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.{{*HTML*}}A.AShortHistoryofNamingHurricanes??B.HarnessingtheHurricaneEnergy??C.DifficultyinForecastingtheCourseofaHurricane??D.HugeEnergyStoredinaHurricane??E.ForecastingaHurricaneThroughSatelliteWatching??F.DifferentNamesfortheSameThings??Paragraph1______
It’salmost5o’clocktimetoquit.
WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWell HowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemasteryofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasemayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand.Whataccountsforthisdifference Despiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksinallthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminaflashever-bubblingspring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation. Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled. Finallythoughachild’s"teachers"maynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy. Gesturesandfacialexpressionsmayassistachildinmasteringhisnativelanguage.
ASunshadeforthePlanet Evenwiththebestwillintheworldreducingourcarbonemissionsisnotgoingtopreventglobalwarming.Ithasbecomeclearthatevenifwetakethemoststrongmeasurestocontrolemissionstheuncertaintiesinourclimatemodelsstillleaveopenthepossibilityofextremewarmingandrisesinsealevel.Atthesametimeresistancebygovernmentsandspecialinterestgroupsmakesitquitepossiblethattheactionssuggestedbyclimatescientistsmightnotbeimplementedsoonenough. Fortunatelyiftheworstcomestotheworstscientistsstillhaveafewtricksuptheirsleeves.Forthemostparttheyhavestronglyresisteddiscussingtheseoptionsforfearofinvitingasenseofcomplacencythatmightthwarteffortstotackletherootoftheproblem.Untilnowthatis.Agrowingnumberofresearchersaretakingafreshlookatlarge-scale"geoengineering"projectsthatmightbeusedtocounteractglobalwarming."Iusetheanalogyofmethadone"saysStephenSchneideraclimateresearcheratStanfordUniversityinCaliforniawhowasamongthefirsttodrawattentiontoglobalwarming."Ifyouhaveaheroinaddictthecorrecttreatmentishospitalizationandalongrehab.Butiftheyabsolutelyrefusemethadoneisbetterthanheroin." Basicallytheideaistoapply"sunscreen"tothewholeplanet.OneastronomerhascomeupwitharadicalplantocoolEarth;launchtrillionsoffeather-lightdiscsintospacewheretheywouldformavastcloudthatwouldblockthesun’srays.It’scontroversialbutrecentstudiessuggesttherearewaystodeflectjustenoughofthesunlightreachingtheEarth’ssurfacetocounteractthewarmingproducedbythegreenhouseeffect.Globalclimatemodelsshowthatblockingjust1.8percentoftheincidentenergyinthesun’srayswouldcanceloutthewarmingeffectsproducedbyadoublingofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Thatcouldbecrucialbecauseeventhemostsevereemissions-controlmeasuresbeingproposedwouldleaveuswithadoublingofcarbondioxidebytheendofthiscenturyandthatwouldlastforatleastacenturymore. Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphstheauthorthinksthat.
ASunshadeforthePlanet Evenwiththebestwillintheworldreducingourcarbonemissionsisnotgoingtopreventglobalwarming.Ithasbecomeclearthatevenifwetakethemoststrongmeasurestocontrolemissionstheuncertaintiesinourclimatemodelsstillleaveopenthepossibilityofextremewarmingandrisesinsealevel.Atthesametimeresistancebygovernmentsandspecialinterestgroupsmakesitquitepossiblethattheactionssuggestedbyclimatescientistsmightnotbeimplementedsoonenough. Fortunatelyiftheworstcomestotheworstscientistsstillhaveafewtricksuptheirsleeves.Forthemostparttheyhavestronglyresisteddiscussingtheseoptionsforfearofinvitingasenseofcomplacencythatmightthwarteffortstotackletherootoftheproblem.Untilnowthatis.Agrowingnumberofresearchersaretakingafreshlookatlarge-scale"geoengineering"projectsthatmightbeusedtocounteractglobalwarming."Iusetheanalogyofmethadone"saysStephenSchneideraclimateresearcheratStanfordUniversityinCaliforniawhowasamongthefirsttodrawattentiontoglobalwarming."Ifyouhaveaheroinaddictthecorrecttreatmentishospitalizationandalongrehab.Butiftheyabsolutelyrefusemethadoneisbetterthanheroin." Basicallytheideaistoapply"sunscreen"tothewholeplanet.OneastronomerhascomeupwitharadicalplantocoolEarth;launchtrillionsoffeather-lightdiscsintospacewheretheywouldformavastcloudthatwouldblockthesun’srays.It’scontroversialbutrecentstudiessuggesttherearewaystodeflectjustenoughofthesunlightreachingtheEarth’ssurfacetocounteractthewarmingproducedbythegreenhouseeffect.Globalclimatemodelsshowthatblockingjust1.8percentoftheincidentenergyinthesun’srayswouldcanceloutthewarmingeffectsproducedbyadoublingofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Thatcouldbecrucialbecauseeventhemostsevereemissions-controlmeasuresbeingproposedwouldleaveuswithadoublingofcarbondioxidebytheendofthiscenturyandthatwouldlastforatleastacenturymore. WhatdoesStephenSchneidersayaboutaheroinaddictandmethadone
LateralThinking Lateralthinking迂回思维firstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasperwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutdeBononamewassofamousCasper’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnap"Wheredoyougetthatideafrom" "Wehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoit"Edwardadmits.NowCasperisatOxford—whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic诵读困难.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance."Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessions"hisfathersays"usingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell."SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbookTeachYourChildrenHowtoThinkinwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare. Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothink"Youknow"EdwarddeBonosays"ifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview." TeachYourChildHowtoThinkofferslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives. CaspersucceededinapplyingtoOxfordbecause
{{*HTML*}}Hurricanes龙卷风??1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshadnonames?Theyweresimplygivennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlphaBravoCharlieetc.Butin1953femalesnamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability不可预知factorofthestorms.In1979realizingthesexist性别歧视的natureofsuchnamesthelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenandwomen.???2.Hurricanesandtyphoons台风arethesamethings.IftheyformintheAtlanticwecallthesestrongstormshurricanesfromtheWestIndianwordhurricanemeaningbigwind.AndiftheyarePacificstormstheyarecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifengmeaninggreatwind.Tobeclassifiedasahurricanethestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast75mph.Thesestormsarebigmanyhundredsofmilesindiameter.???3.Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-upenergy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses凝结fromagaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator赤道.Tomakeahurricaneyoumusthaveextremelywetwarmairthekindofairthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregion.???4.Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwatercondensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustonedayalonethestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrializednationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowtomakesuresuchgreatenergyworkforus.???5.Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforforecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Somestormsmayraceattwicethisspeedthensuddenlystopandremaininthesamelocationforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening发疯的ifyouliveinacoastalareathatmaybehit.???6.Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweathersatellites.Withthesewecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfullyfrombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroypropertyhurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.Paragraph4______
{{*HTML*}}Hurricanes龙卷风??1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshadnonames?Theyweresimplygivennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlphaBravoCharlieetc.Butin1953femalesnamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability不可预知factorofthestorms.In1979realizingthesexist性别歧视的natureofsuchnamesthelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenandwomen.???2.Hurricanesandtyphoons台风arethesamethings.IftheyformintheAtlanticwecallthesestrongstormshurricanesfromtheWestIndianwordhurricanemeaningbigwind.AndiftheyarePacificstormstheyarecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifengmeaninggreatwind.Tobeclassifiedasahurricanethestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast75mph.Thesestormsarebigmanyhundredsofmilesindiameter.???3.Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-upenergy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses凝结fromagaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator赤道.Tomakeahurricaneyoumusthaveextremelywetwarmairthekindofairthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregion.???4.Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwatercondensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustonedayalonethestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrializednationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowtomakesuresuchgreatenergyworkforus.???5.Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforforecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Somestormsmayraceattwicethisspeedthensuddenlystopandremaininthesamelocationforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening发疯的ifyouliveinacoastalareathatmaybehit.???6.Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweathersatellites.Withthesewecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfullyfrombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroypropertyhurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.Energyspecialistsmaybeinterestedin______ofhurricanes.
ASunshadeforthePlanet Evenwiththebestwillintheworldreducingourcarbonemissionsisnotgoingtopreventglobalwarming.Ithasbecomeclearthatevenifwetakethemoststrongmeasurestocontrolemissionstheuncertaintiesinourclimatemodelsstillleaveopenthepossibilityofextremewarmingandrisesinsealevel.Atthesametimeresistancebygovernmentsandspecialinterestgroupsmakesitquitepossiblethattheactionssuggestedbyclimatescientistsmightnotbeimplementedsoonenough. Fortunatelyiftheworstcomestotheworstscientistsstillhaveafewtricksuptheirsleeves.Forthemostparttheyhavestronglyresisteddiscussingtheseoptionsforfearofinvitingasenseofcomplacencythatmightthwarteffortstotackletherootoftheproblem.Untilnowthatis.Agrowingnumberofresearchersaretakingafreshlookatlarge-scale"geoengineering"projectsthatmightbeusedtocounteractglobalwarming."Iusetheanalogyofmethadone"saysStephenSchneideraclimateresearcheratStanfordUniversityinCaliforniawhowasamongthefirsttodrawattentiontoglobalwarming."Ifyouhaveaheroinaddictthecorrecttreatmentishospitalizationandalongrehab.Butiftheyabsolutelyrefusemethadoneisbetterthanheroin." Basicallytheideaistoapply"sunscreen"tothewholeplanet.OneastronomerhascomeupwitharadicalplantocoolEarth;launchtrillionsoffeather-lightdiscsintospacewheretheywouldformavastcloudthatwouldblockthesun’srays.It’scontroversialbutrecentstudiessuggesttherearewaystodeflectjustenoughofthesunlightreachingtheEarth’ssurfacetocounteractthewarmingproducedbythegreenhouseeffect.Globalclimatemodelsshowthatblockingjust1.8percentoftheincidentenergyinthesun’srayswouldcanceloutthewarmingeffectsproducedbyadoublingofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Thatcouldbecrucialbecauseeventhemostsevereemissions-controlmeasuresbeingproposedwouldleaveuswithadoublingofcarbondioxidebytheendofthiscenturyandthatwouldlastforatleastacenturymore. WhatisNOTtrueoftheeffectivenessofsunscreenaccordingtothelastparagraph
LateralThinking Lateralthinking迂回思维firstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasperwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutdeBononamewassofamousCasper’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnap"Wheredoyougetthatideafrom" "Wehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoit"Edwardadmits.NowCasperisatOxford—whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic诵读困难.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance."Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessions"hisfathersays"usingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell."SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbookTeachYourChildrenHowtoThinkinwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare. Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothink"Youknow"EdwarddeBonosays"ifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview." TeachYourChildHowtoThinkofferslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives. AccordingtoParagraph3whichofthefollowingstatementsexpressesEdwarddeBono’sview
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves 51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelast"official"stocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus—justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62.Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit. 55
Agreatdealhasbeendonetoremedythesituation.
WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWell HowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemasteryofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasemayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand.Whataccountsforthisdifference Despiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksinallthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminaflashever-bubblingspring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation. Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled. Finallythoughachild’s"teachers"maynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy. Plentyofpracticeinlisteningduringthefirstyearsoflifepartlyensureschildren’ssuccessoflearningtheirmothertongue.
NewUSPlanforDiseasePrevention UrgingAmericanstotakeresponsibilityfortheirhealthHealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsononTuesdaylauncheda$15millionprogramtotrytoencouragecommunitiestodomoretopreventchronicdiseaseslikeheartdiseasecanceranddiabetes. Theinitiativehighlightsthecostofchronicdiseases—theleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates—andoutlineswaysthatpeoplecanpreventthemincludingbetterdietandincreasedexercise. "IntheUnitedStatestoday7of10deathsandthevastmajorityofseriousillnessdisabilityandhealthcarecostsarecausedbychronicdiseases"theHealthandHumanServicesDepartmentsaidinastatement. Thecausesareoftenbehavioral—smokingpooreatinghabitsandalackofexercise. "Iamconvincedthatpreventingdiseasebypromotingbetterhealthisasmartpolicychoiceforourfuture"Thompsontoldaconferenceheldtolaunchtheinitiative. "Ourcurrenthealthcaresystemisnotstructuredtodealwiththeescalatingcostsoftreatingdiseasesthatarelargelypreventablethroughchangesinourlifestylechoices." Thompsonsaidheartdiseaseandstrokeswillcostthecountrymorethan$351billionin2003. "TheseleadingcausesofdeathformenandwomenarelargelypreventableyetweasanationarenottakingthestepsnecessaryforUStoleadhealthierlongerlives"hesaid. The$15millionisslatedtogotocommunitiestopromotepreventionpushingforchangesassimpleasbuildingsidewalkstoencouragepeopletowalkmore. Dailyexercisesuchaswalkingcanpreventandevenreverseheartdiseaseanddiabetesandpreventcancerandstrokes. Themoneywillalsogotocommunityorganizationsclinicsandnutritionistswhoarebeingencouragedtoworktogethertoeducatepeopleatriskofdiabetesaboutwhattheycandotopreventitandencouragemorecancerscreening. TheAmericanCancerSocietyestimatesthathalfofallcancerscanbecaughtbyscreeningincludingPaptestsforcervicalcancermammogramsforbreastcancercolonoscopiesandprostatechecks. Ifsuchcancerswereallcaughtbyearlyscreeningthegroupestimatesthatthesurvivalrateforcancerwouldriseto95percent. Earlycancerscreeningcanhelpreducesignificantly.
NewUSPlanforDiseasePrevention UrgingAmericanstotakeresponsibilityfortheirhealthHealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsononTuesdaylauncheda$15millionprogramtotrytoencouragecommunitiestodomoretopreventchronicdiseaseslikeheartdiseasecanceranddiabetes. Theinitiativehighlightsthecostofchronicdiseases—theleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates—andoutlineswaysthatpeoplecanpreventthemincludingbetterdietandincreasedexercise. "IntheUnitedStatestoday7of10deathsandthevastmajorityofseriousillnessdisabilityandhealthcarecostsarecausedbychronicdiseases"theHealthandHumanServicesDepartmentsaidinastatement. Thecausesareoftenbehavioral—smokingpooreatinghabitsandalackofexercise. "Iamconvincedthatpreventingdiseasebypromotingbetterhealthisasmartpolicychoiceforourfuture"Thompsontoldaconferenceheldtolaunchtheinitiative. "Ourcurrenthealthcaresystemisnotstructuredtodealwiththeescalatingcostsoftreatingdiseasesthatarelargelypreventablethroughchangesinourlifestylechoices." Thompsonsaidheartdiseaseandstrokeswillcostthecountrymorethan$351billionin2003. "TheseleadingcausesofdeathformenandwomenarelargelypreventableyetweasanationarenottakingthestepsnecessaryforUStoleadhealthierlongerlives"hesaid. The$15millionisslatedtogotocommunitiestopromotepreventionpushingforchangesassimpleasbuildingsidewalkstoencouragepeopletowalkmore. Dailyexercisesuchaswalkingcanpreventandevenreverseheartdiseaseanddiabetesandpreventcancerandstrokes. Themoneywillalsogotocommunityorganizationsclinicsandnutritionistswhoarebeingencouragedtoworktogethertoeducatepeopleatriskofdiabetesaboutwhattheycandotopreventitandencouragemorecancerscreening. TheAmericanCancerSocietyestimatesthathalfofallcancerscanbecaughtbyscreeningincludingPaptestsforcervicalcancermammogramsforbreastcancercolonoscopiesandprostatechecks. Ifsuchcancerswereallcaughtbyearlyscreeningthegroupestimatesthatthesurvivalrateforcancerwouldriseto95percent. Thearticleindicatesthatmoremoneyspentondiseasepreventionwillmean.
WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWell HowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemasteryofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasemayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand.Whataccountsforthisdifference Despiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksinallthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminaflashever-bubblingspring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation. Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled. Finallythoughachild’s"teachers"maynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy. Adults’knowledgeandmentalpowershindertheircompletemasteryofaforeignlanguage.
{{*HTML*}}TheFirstFourMinutes??Whendopeopledecidewhetherornottheywanttobecomefriends?DuringtheirfirstfourminutestogetheraccordingtoabookbyDr.LeonardZunin.InhisbookContact:TheFirstFourMinutesheoffersthisadvicetoanyoneinterestedinstartingnewfriendships:?46?Alotofpeople’swholeliveswouldchangeiftheydidjustthat.??Youmayhavenoticedthataveragepersondoesnotgivehisundividedattentiontosomeonehehasjustmet.?47?Ifanyonehaseverdonethistoyouyouprobablydidnotlikehimverymuch.??Whenweareintroducedtonewpeopletheauthorsuggestsweshouldtrytoappearfriendlyandself-confident.IngeneralhesaysPeoplelikepeoplewholikethemselves.??Ontheotherhandweshouldnotmaketheotherpersonthinkwearetoosureofourselves.Itisimportanttoappearinterestedandsympatheticrealizingthattheotherpersonhashiswonneedsfearsandhopes.??HearingsuchadviceonemightsayButI’mnotafriendlyself-confidentperson.That’snotmynature.Itwouldbedishonestformetoactthatway.???48?Wecanbecomeaccustomedtoanychangeswechoosetomakeinourpersonality.Itislikegettingusedtoanewcar.Itmaybeunfamiliaratfirstbutitgoesmuchbetterthantheoldone.??Butisn’titdishonesttogivetheappearanceoffriendlyself-confidencewhenwedon’tactuallyfeelthatway?PerhapsbutaccordingtoDr.Zunintotalhonestisnotalwaysgoodforsocialrelationshipsespeciallyduringthefirstfewminutesofcontact.Thereisatimeforeverythingandacertainamountofplay-actingmaybebestforthefirstfewminutesofcontactwithastranger.Thatisnotthetimetocomplainaboutone’shealthortomentionfaultsonefindsinotherpeople.Itisnotthetimetotellthewholetruthaboutone’sopinionsandimpressions.???49?Forahusbandandwifeoraparentandchildproblemsoftenariseduringtheirfirstfourminutestogetheraftertheyhavebeenapart.Dr.Zuninsuggeststhatthesefirstfewminutestogetherbetreatedwithcare.Ifthereareunpleasantmatterstobediscussedtheyshouldbedealtwithlater.???Theauthorsaysthatinterpersonalrelationsshouldbetaughtasarequiredcourseineveryschoolalongwithreadingwritingandmathematics.?50?Thatisatleastasimportantashowmuchweknow.???A.InreplyDr.Zuninwouldclaimthatalittlepracticecanhelpusfeelcomfortableaboutchangingoursocialhabits.???B.Muchofwhathasbeensaidaboutstrangersalsoappliestorelationshipswithfamilymembersandfriends.???C.Inhisopinionsuccessinlifedependsmainlyonhowwegetalongwithotherpeople.???D.Everytimeyoumeetsomeoneinasocialsituationgivehimyourundividedattentionforfourminutes.???E.Hekeepslookingovertheotherperson’sshoulderasifhopingtofindsomeonemoreinterestinginanotherpartoftheroom.???F.Heiseagertomakefriendswitheveryone.
WhereDidAlltheShipsGo TheBermudaTriangleisone51thegreatestmysteriesofthesea.InthistriangularareabetweenFloridaPuertoRicoandBermudainAtlanticshipsandairplanes52todisappearmoreoftenthanin53partsoftheocean.Andtheydoso54leavinganysignofallaccidentoranydeadbodies. Itis55thatChristopherColumbuswasthefirstpersontorecordstrangehappeningsinthearea.Hiscompassstoppedworkingaflamecameclownfromtheskyandawave100to200-feet-highcarriedhisshipaboutamileaway. ThemostfamousdisappearanceintheBermudaTrianglewastheUSNavalAirFlight19.56December51945fivebomberplanescarrying14men57onatrainingmissionfromtheFloridacoast.LaterthatdayallcommunicationswithFlight19werelost.Theyjustdisappearedwithoutatrace. Thenextmorning242planesand19shipstookpartinthelargestair-seasearchinhistory.Buttheyfoundnothing. Somepeopleblamethedisappearances58supernaturalforces.Itissuggestedthe59shipsandplaneswereeithertransportedtoothertimesandplaceskidnappedbyaliens60attackedbyseacreatures. Thereare61naturalexplanationsthough.TheUSNavysaysthattheBermudaTriangleisoneoftwoplacesonearth52amagneticcompasspointstowardstruenorth63magneticnorth.64planesandshipscanlosetheirwayiftheydon’tmakeadjustments. Theareaalsohaschangingweatherandisknown65itshighwaves.Stormscanturnupsuddenlyanddestroyaplaneorship.Fastcurrentscouldthensweepawayanytraceofanaccident. 64
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves 51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelast"official"stocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus—justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62.Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit. 57
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves 51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelast"official"stocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus—justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62.Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit. 51
TheweatherisaconstantsubjectofconversationinBritain.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves 51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelast"official"stocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus—justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62.Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit. 53
{{*HTML*}}Hurricanes龙卷风??1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950hurricaneshadnonames?Theyweresimplygivennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlphaBravoCharlieetc.Butin1953femalesnamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability不可预知factorofthestorms.In1979realizingthesexist性别歧视的natureofsuchnamesthelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenandwomen.???2.Hurricanesandtyphoons台风arethesamethings.IftheyformintheAtlanticwecallthesestrongstormshurricanesfromtheWestIndianwordhurricanemeaningbigwind.AndiftheyarePacificstormstheyarecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifengmeaninggreatwind.Tobeclassifiedasahurricanethestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast75mph.Thesestormsarebigmanyhundredsofmilesindiameter.???3.Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-upenergy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses凝结fromagaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator赤道.Tomakeahurricaneyoumusthaveextremelywetwarmairthekindofairthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregion.???4.Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwatercondensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustonedayalonethestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrializednationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon’tknowhowtomakesuresuchgreatenergyworkforus.???5.Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforforecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Somestormsmayraceattwicethisspeedthensuddenlystopandremaininthesamelocationforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening发疯的ifyouliveinacoastalareathatmaybehit.???6.Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweathersatellites.Withthesewecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfullyfrombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroypropertyhurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.{{*HTML*}}A.thetimely及时的discovery??B.convenience??C.sexequality??D.itsconnectionwithhumans??E.thehugepower??F.itsuncertainty??Bothmaleandfemalenamesareusedforhurricanesinconsiderationof______
NewUSPlanforDiseasePrevention UrgingAmericanstotakeresponsibilityfortheirhealthHealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsononTuesdaylauncheda$15millionprogramtotrytoencouragecommunitiestodomoretopreventchronicdiseaseslikeheartdiseasecanceranddiabetes. Theinitiativehighlightsthecostofchronicdiseases—theleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates—andoutlineswaysthatpeoplecanpreventthemincludingbetterdietandincreasedexercise. "IntheUnitedStatestoday7of10deathsandthevastmajorityofseriousillnessdisabilityandhealthcarecostsarecausedbychronicdiseases"theHealthandHumanServicesDepartmentsaidinastatement. Thecausesareoftenbehavioral—smokingpooreatinghabitsandalackofexercise. "Iamconvincedthatpreventingdiseasebypromotingbetterhealthisasmartpolicychoiceforourfuture"Thompsontoldaconferenceheldtolaunchtheinitiative. "Ourcurrenthealthcaresystemisnotstructuredtodealwiththeescalatingcostsoftreatingdiseasesthatarelargelypreventablethroughchangesinourlifestylechoices." Thompsonsaidheartdiseaseandstrokeswillcostthecountrymorethan$351billionin2003. "TheseleadingcausesofdeathformenandwomenarelargelypreventableyetweasanationarenottakingthestepsnecessaryforUStoleadhealthierlongerlives"hesaid. The$15millionisslatedtogotocommunitiestopromotepreventionpushingforchangesassimpleasbuildingsidewalkstoencouragepeopletowalkmore. Dailyexercisesuchaswalkingcanpreventandevenreverseheartdiseaseanddiabetesandpreventcancerandstrokes. Themoneywillalsogotocommunityorganizationsclinicsandnutritionistswhoarebeingencouragedtoworktogethertoeducatepeopleatriskofdiabetesaboutwhattheycandotopreventitandencouragemorecancerscreening. TheAmericanCancerSocietyestimatesthathalfofallcancerscanbecaughtbyscreeningincludingPaptestsforcervicalcancermammogramsforbreastcancercolonoscopiesandprostatechecks. Ifsuchcancerswereallcaughtbyearlyscreeningthegroupestimatesthatthesurvivalrateforcancerwouldriseto95percent. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofchronicdiseasesintheUS
Thesearetheirmotivesfordoingit.
Ihavebeentryingtoquitsmoking.
Henrycannotresistthelureofdrugs.
Itisvirtuallyimpossibletopersuadehimtoapplyforthejob.
Hehasn’tthefundstocarryouthisdesign.
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