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{{*HTML*}}AutomaticDoorsinEgypt??WhenyounextstepthroughthedoorsofasupermarketspareathoughtforHeronatalentedspecialistofancienthightechengineering.NearlytwothousandyearsagohedesignedautomaticallyopeningdoorsforthetemplesoftheEgyptiancityofAlexandna.??Heronhadatalentfordesigningmechanicalwonderstosurprisepeopleandmakepeoplehappy.?46?wasagifttotheEgyptianpriestswhoforcenturieshadusedwondermechanicalorotherwiseasawayofstrengtheningtheirauthority.??EmployingrelativelysimplemechanicalprinciplesHerondevisedameans?47?asifbyunseenhands--whenthepriestlitafireonthealtaroutsidethetemple.Thefireheatedtheairinametalglobeplacedbeneaththealtarforeignthewaterinitthroughapipeintoanenormousbucket.Thebucketwassuspendedbychainsfromasystemofweightsandpulleyswhichturnedthedoorsontheirpivotsasthebucketbecameheavier.??Asecondsurprisetookplacewhenthealtarfirewasputout.?48?thewaterwassuckedtheotherwaythroughthepipe.Whenthebucketemptieditwentupwardmakingthepulleysystemmoveinreverseandthedoorsclosedagain.??AnotherdesignincludedinHeron’swritingscouldmakeatrumpetblowwhenthetempledoorsopened--acombinationofmusicaldoorbellandburglaralarm.??Thereneedbelittledoubtthattheautomatic-doorsystemdescribedbyHeronwasactuallyusedinEgyptiantemplesand?49?Heronhimselfreferredinpassingtoasimilarsystemusedbyotherengineers..SomeinsteadofwaterusequicksilvermercuryUsingmercury?50?wouldcertainlyhavemadeitmoreefficient.??A．wherebythedoorsofasmalltemplewouldopen??B．possiblyelsewhereintheGreco--Roman希腊—罗马的world??C．Hisdesignforautomatictempledoors??D．becauseofthequickheatingoftheairinsidetheglobe??E?insteadofwaterinamachinesimilartoHeron’sdesign??F?Asaresultofthesuddencoolingoftheairintheglobe
TheGreatestMysteryofWhales Thewhaleisamammal哺乳动物warm-bloodedair-breathinggivingbirthtoitsyoungalivesuckingthem—andlikeallmammalsoriginatedonland.Therearemanysignsofthis. 51frontflippers鳍肢usedforsteeringandstabilityaretracesoffeet. Immensestrengthisbuiltintothegreatbodyofthebigwhalesandinfactmostofawhale’sbodyisonegiganticmuscle.Thebluewhale’spulling52hasbeenestimatedat400horsepower.Onespecimenwasreportedtohave53awhalingvesselforsevenhoursatthe54ofeightknots. Anenragedwhalewillattackaship.Afamous55ofthiswasthefateofwhalerEssexwhichwassunk56thecoastofSouthAmericaearlyinthelastcentury.Morerecentlysteelshipshavehadtheirplatesbuckled扭曲变形inthesameway.Spermwhaleswereknownto57theold-timewhaleboatsintheirjawsandcrushthem.Thegreatestmysteryofwhalesistheirdivingability.Thespermwhalecan58thebottomforhisfavoritefoodtheoctopus章鱼.59thatsearchheisknowntogoasfardownas3200feetwherethepressureis1400poundstothesquareinch.Doing60hewillremainsubmerged水下的aslongasonehour.Twofeats绝技areinvolvedinthis:storingupenough61allwhalesareair-breathedandwithstandingthegreatchangeinpressure.Just62hedoesitscientistshavenotdetermined.Itisbelievedthatsomeoftheoxygenisstoredinaspecialsystemofbloodvesselsratherthanjustheldinthelungs.And63isbelievedthataspecialkindofoilinhisheadissomesortofcompensatingmechanismthatautomaticallyadjuststheinternalpressureofhisbody.But64youcan’tbringalivewhaleintothelaboratoryforstudynoone65justhowthesethingswork. 64.
Itishighlyunlikelythatshewillarrivetoday.
TheWhiteHouse Wegetupearlythismorningand51alongwalkafterbreakfast.Wewalkedthroughthebusinesssectionofthecity.Itoldyouyesterdaythatthecitywaslarger52Ithoughtitwouldbe.53thebusinesssectionissmallerthanIthoughtitwouldbe.Isupposethat’s54Washingtonisaspecialkindofcity.55thepeopleinWashingtonworkforthegovernment.About9:30wewenttotheWhiteHouse.It’s56tothepublicfrom10till12andtherewasalonglineofpeoplewaitingtogetin.Wedidn’thavetowaitverylongbecausethelinemoved57quickly. TheWhiteHouseisreallywhite.Itispaintedeveryyear.Anditseemsverywhitebecauseit’sgotbeautifullawnsallaroundit58manytreesandshrubs.Thegrounds59aboutfoursquareblocks.Imeanthey’reabouttwoblockslong60eachside.Thepart61thePresidentlivesandworksisnotopentothepublic.Butthepartwesawwasbeautiful.Wewentthroughfiveofthemainrooms.Oneofthemwasthelibraryonthegroundfloor.Onthenextfloortherearethreeroomsnamed62thecolorsthatare.usedinthem:theRedRoomtheBlueRoomandtheGreenRoom. Thewallsarecoveredwithsilk63.Thereare64oldfurniturefromthetime65theWhiteHousewasfirstbuilt.Andeverywheretherearepaintingsandstatuesofformerpresidentsandotherfamouspeoplefromhistory. 52.
NewYork-theMeltingPotRecentlytheDepartmentofPlanningofNewYorkissuedareportwhichlaidbareafullscaleofchangeofthecity.In197018percentofthecity’spopulationwasforeign-born.By1995thefigurehadrisento33percentandanother20percentweretheUS-bornoffspringsofimmigrants3.Soimmigrantsandtheirchildrennowformamajorityofthecity’spopulation.WhoaretheseNewYorkersWhydotheycomehereWherearetheyfromOKtimetodropthethey.I’moneofthem.Thelastquestionatleastiseasytoanswer:wecomefromeverywhere.Inthelistofthetop20sourcenationsofthosesendingimmigrantstoNewYorkbetween1990and1994aresixcountriesinAsiafiveintheCaribbeanfourinLatinAmericathreeinEuropeplusIsraelandtheformerSovietUnion.Andwhenweimmigrantsgetherewerollupoursleeves.Ifyou’renotreadytoworkwhenyougettoNewYorksaysafriendofmineyou’dbetterhittheroad.ThemayorofNewYorkoncesaidImmigrationcontinuestoshapetheuniquecharacteranddrivetheeconomicengineofNewYorkCity.HebelievesthatimmigrantsareattheheartofwhatmakesNewYorkgreat.InEuropebycontrastitismuchmorecommontohearpoliticiansworryaboutthelossofunitythatimmigrationbringstotheirsocieties.Inthequartercenturysince1970theUnitedStatesadmittedabout12.5millionlegalimmigrantsandhasabsorbedthemintoitssocialstructureswithaneasebeyondtheimaginationofothernations.Sincetheseimmigrantsarepurposefulandhard-workingtheywillhelpAmericatomakeafreshstartinthenextcentury.AccordingtothesecondparagraphwhichofthefollowingistrueoftheimmigrantsinNewYork
Thetraincametoanabruptstopmakinguswonderwherewewere.
Idon'tfeelsecurewhenIamaloneinthehouse.
Medicalfacilitiesarebeingupgraded.
TheWhiteHouse Wegetupearlythismorningand51alongwalkafterbreakfast.Wewalkedthroughthebusinesssectionofthecity.Itoldyouyesterdaythatthecitywaslarger52Ithoughtitwouldbe.53thebusinesssectionissmallerthanIthoughtitwouldbe.Isupposethat’s54Washingtonisaspecialkindofcity.55thepeopleinWashingtonworkforthegovernment.About9:30wewenttotheWhiteHouse.It’s56tothepublicfrom10till12andtherewasalonglineofpeoplewaitingtogetin.Wedidn’thavetowaitverylongbecausethelinemoved57quickly. TheWhiteHouseisreallywhite.Itispaintedeveryyear.Anditseemsverywhitebecauseit’sgotbeautifullawnsallaroundit58manytreesandshrubs.Thegrounds59aboutfoursquareblocks.Imeanthey’reabouttwoblockslong60eachside.Thepart61thePresidentlivesandworksisnotopentothepublic.Butthepartwesawwasbeautiful.Wewentthroughfiveofthemainrooms.Oneofthemwasthelibraryonthegroundfloor.Onthenextfloortherearethreeroomsnamed62thecolorsthatare.usedinthem:theRedRoomtheBlueRoomandtheGreenRoom. Thewallsarecoveredwithsilk63.Thereare64oldfurniturefromthetime65theWhiteHousewasfirstbuilt.Andeverywheretherearepaintingsandstatuesofformerpresidentsandotherfamouspeoplefromhistory. 60.
{{*HTML*}}StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousasoneofnorthernCalifornia’sseveralinstitutionsofhigherlearningissometimescalledtheHarvardoftheWest.TheclosenessofStanfordtoSanFranciscoacitythirty-twomilestothenorthgivestheuniversityadecidedlycosmopolitan世界性的flavor.??2?ThestudentsareenrolledmainlyfromthewesternUnitedStates.ButmostofthefiftystatessendstudentstoStanfordandmanyforeignstudentsstudyhereaswell.Andstandardsforadmissionremainhigh.Youngmenandwomenareselectedtoentertheuniversityfromtheupperfifteenpercentoftheirhighschoolclasses.??3?Notonlybecauseofmehighcaliber素质ofitsstudentsbutalsobecauseofthedesirablelocationandclimateStanfordhasattractedtoitsfacultysomeoftheworld’smostrespectedscholars.TheuniversitystaffhasincludedmanyNobelprizewinnerssuchasDr.FelixBlochDr.RobertHofstadterandDr.WilliamShockleyinphysics.Dr.AuthorKornbergandDr.JoshuaLederberginmedicine.andDr.PaulJ.FloryandDr.LinusPaulinginchemistry.TheRussiannovelistAleksandrSolzhenistsynhasbeeninresidence.Stanford’Sundergraduateschoolofengineeringanditsgraduateschoolsofbusinesslawandmedicineareespeciallywell-regarded.??4?WhatisstudentlifelikeonTheFarm?Culturally.thecampusisamagnetforbothstudentsandcitizensofnearbycommunities.P1aysconcertsandoperasareperformedintheuniversity’sseveralauditoriumsandinitsoutdoortheaterwheregraduationsarealsoheld.Severalfilmseriesarepresentedduringtheschoolyear.Guestlecturersfrompublicandacademiclifefrequentlyappearoncampus.IntheeveningsmanystudentsgathertosocializeintheStudentUnion’scoffeehouseherethebeverages饮料andtheatmospherebothhaveadecidedlyEuropeanflavor.Forthesports—mindedtheStanfordcampusoffershighlydevelopedathleticfacilities.Teamspotsswimmingandtrackandfieldactivityarea11.verymuchpartoftheStanfordpicture.Soarebicyclingandjogging.??5?Inadditiontofinancialsupportfromalumni校友Stanfordreceivesgrantsfromthegovernmentandfromprivatephilanthropic慈善的foundationsInrecentyearsgovernmentgrantshavemadepossibleadvancedstudiesinthefieldsofhistorypsychologyeducationandatomicenergy.AtpresentStanfordiscarryingoutanambitiousbuildingprogramfinancedinpartby山eFordFoundation’s25.milliongrant.Recentlyaddedtothecampusareanewphysicsbuildingnewschoolofbusinessnewgraduateschooloflawnewstudentunionandundergraduatelibrary.Manyprofessorsliketoteachinthisuniversitypartlybecausehere______.
{{*HTML*}}StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousasoneofnorthernCalifornia’sseveralinstitutionsofhigherlearningissometimescalledtheHarvardoftheWest.TheclosenessofStanfordtoSanFranciscoacitythirty-twomilestothenorthgivestheuniversityadecidedlycosmopolitan世界性的flavor.??2?ThestudentsareenrolledmainlyfromthewesternUnitedStates.ButmostofthefiftystatessendstudentstoStanfordandmanyforeignstudentsstudyhereaswell.Andstandardsforadmissionremainhigh.Youngmenandwomenareselectedtoentertheuniversityfromtheupperfifteenpercentoftheirhighschoolclasses.??3?Notonlybecauseofmehighcaliber素质ofitsstudentsbutalsobecauseofthedesirablelocationandclimateStanfordhasattractedtoitsfacultysomeoftheworld’smostrespectedscholars.TheuniversitystaffhasincludedmanyNobelprizewinnerssuchasDr.FelixBlochDr.RobertHofstadterandDr.WilliamShockleyinphysics.Dr.AuthorKornbergandDr.JoshuaLederberginmedicine.andDr.PaulJ.FloryandDr.LinusPaulinginchemistry.TheRussiannovelistAleksandrSolzhenistsynhasbeeninresidence.Stanford’Sundergraduateschoolofengineeringanditsgraduateschoolsofbusinesslawandmedicineareespeciallywell-regarded.??4?WhatisstudentlifelikeonTheFarm?Culturally.thecampusisamagnetforbothstudentsandcitizensofnearbycommunities.P1aysconcertsandoperasareperformedintheuniversity’sseveralauditoriumsandinitsoutdoortheaterwheregraduationsarealsoheld.Severalfilmseriesarepresentedduringtheschoolyear.Guestlecturersfrompublicandacademiclifefrequentlyappearoncampus.IntheeveningsmanystudentsgathertosocializeintheStudentUnion’scoffeehouseherethebeverages饮料andtheatmospherebothhaveadecidedlyEuropeanflavor.Forthesports—mindedtheStanfordcampusoffershighlydevelopedathleticfacilities.Teamspotsswimmingandtrackandfieldactivityarea11.verymuchpartoftheStanfordpicture.Soarebicyclingandjogging.??5?Inadditiontofinancialsupportfromalumni校友Stanfordreceivesgrantsfromthegovernmentandfromprivatephilanthropic慈善的foundationsInrecentyearsgovernmentgrantshavemadepossibleadvancedstudiesinthefieldsofhistorypsychologyeducationandatomicenergy.AtpresentStanfordiscarryingoutanambitiousbuildingprogramfinancedinpartby山eFordFoundation’s25.milliongrant.Recentlyaddedtothecampusareanewphysicsbuildingnewschoolofbusinessnewgraduateschooloflawnewstudentunionandundergraduatelibrary.{{*HTML*}}Financialsupportfrombothprivateorganizationsandthegovernmenthasmadepossible______.??A.theycanfindthebeststudents??B.theuniversity’sacademicadvancementandphysicalextension??C.someofthemostdistinguishedscholars??D.whereasportsmeetisheldeveryyear??E.musthavebeenthetopstudent’sintheirclasses??F.mustbehardworking
EatMoreWeighLessLiveLonger Clevergeneticdetectiveworkmayhavefoundoutthereasonwhyanear-starvationdietprolongsthelifeofmanyanimals. RonaldKahnatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBostonUSandhiscolleagueshavebeenabletoextendthelifespan寿命ofmiceby18percentbyblockingtherodent’s啮齿动物increaseoffatinspecificcells.Thissuggeststhatthinness—andnotnecessarilydiet—promoteslonglifein"calorie热量卡restricted"animals. "It’sverycoalwork"saysagingresearcherCynthiaKenyonoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco."Thesemiceeatalltheywantloseweightandlivelonger.It’slikeheaven." Calorierestriction.dramaticallyextendsthelifespanoforganismsasdifferentaswormsandrodents.Whetherthisworksinhumansisstillunknownpartlybecausefewpeoplearewillingtosubmittosuchastrictdiet. Butmanyresearchershopetheywillbeabletotriggerthesameeffectwithadrugoncetheyunderstandhowless.foodleadstoalongerlife.Onetheoryisthateatinglessreducestheincreaseofharmfulthingsthatcandamagecells.Butkahn’steamwonderedwhethertheanimalssimplybenefitbybecomingthin: Tofindouttheyusedbiologytrickstodisrupttheinsulin胰岛素receptor受体geneinlabmice—butonlyintheirfatcells."Sinceinsulinisneededtohelpfatcellsstorefattheseanimalswereprotectedagainstbecomingfat"explainsKahn. Thisslightgeneticchangeinasingletissuehaddramaticeffects.BythreemonthsofageKahn’smodifiedmicehadupto70percentlessbodyfatthannormalcontrolmicedespitethefactthattheyate55percentmorefoodpergramofbodyweight. Inadditiontheirlifespanincreased.Theaveragecontrolmouselived753dayswhilethethinrodentsaveragedalifespanof887days.Afterthreeyearsallthecontrolmicehaddiedbutone-quarterofthemodifiedrodentswerestillalive. "Thattheygettheseeffectsbyjustmanipulatingthefatcellsiscontroversial"saysLeonardGuarenteoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywhostudiescalorierestrictionandaging.. ButGuarentesaysKahnhasyettoprovethatthesameeffectisresponsibleforincreasedlifespanincalorie-restrictedanimals."Itmightbethesameeffectortheremightbetworoutestolonglife"hepointsout"andthatwouldbeveryinteresting./ Theaveragemodifiedmouselived
U.S.BlacksHard-hitbyCancerDeathratesforcancerarefallingforallAmericansbutblackAmericansarestillmorelikelytodieofcancerthanwhitestheAmericanCancerSocietysaidMondayInaspecialreportoncancerandblackstheorganizationsaidblacksareusuallydiagnosedwithcancerlaterthanwhitesandtheyaremorelikelytodieofthedisease.Thiscouldbebecauseofunequal不平等的accesstomedicalcarebecauseblacksaremorelikelytohaveotherdiseasesaswellandperhapsbecauseofdifferencesinthebiology生物学ofthecanceritselfthereportadded.IngeneralblackAmericanshavelesshopeofsurvivingfiveyearsafterdiagnosisthanwhitesforallcancersitesandallstagesofdiagnosisthereportsaid.IndescribingcancerstatisticsforblackAmericansthisreportrecognizesthatmanyofthedifferencesassociatedwithracemaybecausedbyunfairsocialandeconomicdifferencesandunequalaccesstomedicalcare.Thecancersocietysaidblacksshouldbeencouragedtogetcheck-ups体格检查earlierwhencancerismoretreatableanditsaidmoreresearchisneededtoseeifbiologicaldifferencesplayarole.Thenewstatisticsemphasizethecontinuingimportanceofwipingouttheseunfairsocialdifferencesthroughpublicpolicyandeducationeffortstheorganizationsaidinastatement.Butitalsonotedadropincancerdeathrates.CancerdeathratesinbothsexesforallsitescombinedhavedroppedgreatlyamongblackAmericanssince1992ashaveincidencerates发生率saidthereport.Cancerismoretreatableifitisdetected______.
U.S.BlacksHard-hitbyCancerDeathratesforcancerarefallingforallAmericansbutblackAmericansarestillmorelikelytodieofcancerthanwhitestheAmericanCancerSocietysaidMondayInaspecialreportoncancerandblackstheorganizationsaidblacksareusuallydiagnosedwithcancerlaterthanwhitesandtheyaremorelikelytodieofthedisease.Thiscouldbebecauseofunequal不平等的accesstomedicalcarebecauseblacksaremorelikelytohaveotherdiseasesaswellandperhapsbecauseofdifferencesinthebiology生物学ofthecanceritselfthereportadded.IngeneralblackAmericanshavelesshopeofsurvivingfiveyearsafterdiagnosisthanwhitesforallcancersitesandallstagesofdiagnosisthereportsaid.IndescribingcancerstatisticsforblackAmericansthisreportrecognizesthatmanyofthedifferencesassociatedwithracemaybecausedbyunfairsocialandeconomicdifferencesandunequalaccesstomedicalcare.Thecancersocietysaidblacksshouldbeencouragedtogetcheck-ups体格检查earlierwhencancerismoretreatableanditsaidmoreresearchisneededtoseeifbiologicaldifferencesplayarole.Thenewstatisticsemphasizethecontinuingimportanceofwipingouttheseunfairsocialdifferencesthroughpublicpolicyandeducationeffortstheorganizationsaidinastatement.Butitalsonotedadropincancerdeathrates.CancerdeathratesinbothsexesforallsitescombinedhavedroppedgreatlyamongblackAmericanssince1992ashaveincidencerates发生率saidthereport.BlackAmericansarcmorelikelytodieofcancerthan______.
{{*HTML*}}AutomaticDoorsinEgypt??WhenyounextstepthroughthedoorsofasupermarketspareathoughtforHeronatalentedspecialistofancienthightechengineering.NearlytwothousandyearsagohedesignedautomaticallyopeningdoorsforthetemplesoftheEgyptiancityofAlexandna.??Heronhadatalentfordesigningmechanicalwonderstosurprisepeopleandmakepeoplehappy.?46?wasagifttotheEgyptianpriestswhoforcenturieshadusedwondermechanicalorotherwiseasawayofstrengtheningtheirauthority.??EmployingrelativelysimplemechanicalprinciplesHerondevisedameans?47?asifbyunseenhands--whenthepriestlitafireonthealtaroutsidethetemple.Thefireheatedtheairinametalglobeplacedbeneaththealtarforeignthewaterinitthroughapipeintoanenormousbucket.Thebucketwassuspendedbychainsfromasystemofweightsandpulleyswhichturnedthedoorsontheirpivotsasthebucketbecameheavier.??Asecondsurprisetookplacewhenthealtarfirewasputout.?48?thewaterwassuckedtheotherwaythroughthepipe.Whenthebucketemptieditwentupwardmakingthepulleysystemmoveinreverseandthedoorsclosedagain.??AnotherdesignincludedinHeron’swritingscouldmakeatrumpetblowwhenthetempledoorsopened--acombinationofmusicaldoorbellandburglaralarm.??Thereneedbelittledoubtthattheautomatic-doorsystemdescribedbyHeronwasactuallyusedinEgyptiantemplesand?49?Heronhimselfreferredinpassingtoasimilarsystemusedbyotherengineers..SomeinsteadofwaterusequicksilvermercuryUsingmercury?50?wouldcertainlyhavemadeitmoreefficient.??A．wherebythedoorsofasmalltemplewouldopen??B．possiblyelsewhereintheGreco--Roman希腊—罗马的world??C．Hisdesignforautomatictempledoors??D．becauseofthequickheatingoftheairinsidetheglobe??E?insteadofwaterinamachinesimilartoHeron’sdesign??F?Asaresultofthesuddencoolingoftheairintheglobe
NewYork-theMeltingPotRecentlytheDepartmentofPlanningofNewYorkissuedareportwhichlaidbareafullscaleofchangeofthecity.In197018percentofthecity’spopulationwasforeign-born.By1995thefigurehadrisento33percentandanother20percentweretheUS-bornoffspringsofimmigrants3.Soimmigrantsandtheirchildrennowformamajorityofthecity’spopulation.WhoaretheseNewYorkersWhydotheycomehereWherearetheyfromOKtimetodropthethey.I’moneofthem.Thelastquestionatleastiseasytoanswer:wecomefromeverywhere.Inthelistofthetop20sourcenationsofthosesendingimmigrantstoNewYorkbetween1990and1994aresixcountriesinAsiafiveintheCaribbeanfourinLatinAmericathreeinEuropeplusIsraelandtheformerSovietUnion.Andwhenweimmigrantsgetherewerollupoursleeves.Ifyou’renotreadytoworkwhenyougettoNewYorksaysafriendofmineyou’dbetterhittheroad.ThemayorofNewYorkoncesaidImmigrationcontinuestoshapetheuniquecharacteranddrivetheeconomicengineofNewYorkCity.HebelievesthatimmigrantsareattheheartofwhatmakesNewYorkgreat.InEuropebycontrastitismuchmorecommontohearpoliticiansworryaboutthelossofunitythatimmigrationbringstotheirsocieties.Inthequartercenturysince1970theUnitedStatesadmittedabout12.5millionlegalimmigrantsandhasabsorbedthemintoitssocialstructureswithaneasebeyondtheimaginationofothernations.Sincetheseimmigrantsarepurposefulandhard-workingtheywillhelpAmericatomakeafreshstartinthenextcentury.WherearethenewNewYorkersfrom
{{*HTML*}}A?becostly??B?beharmful??C?savealife??D?stillopentodebate??E?reducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer??F?reducedtotheminimumAdvantagesofscreeningwomenunder50are______.
EatMoreWeighLessLiveLonger Clevergeneticdetectiveworkmayhavefoundoutthereasonwhyanear-starvationdietprolongsthelifeofmanyanimals. RonaldKahnatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBostonUSandhiscolleagueshavebeenabletoextendthelifespan寿命ofmiceby18percentbyblockingtherodent’s啮齿动物increaseoffatinspecificcells.Thissuggeststhatthinness—andnotnecessarilydiet—promoteslonglifein"calorie热量卡restricted"animals. "It’sverycoalwork"saysagingresearcherCynthiaKenyonoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco."Thesemiceeatalltheywantloseweightandlivelonger.It’slikeheaven." Calorierestriction.dramaticallyextendsthelifespanoforganismsasdifferentaswormsandrodents.Whetherthisworksinhumansisstillunknownpartlybecausefewpeoplearewillingtosubmittosuchastrictdiet. Butmanyresearchershopetheywillbeabletotriggerthesameeffectwithadrugoncetheyunderstandhowless.foodleadstoalongerlife.Onetheoryisthateatinglessreducestheincreaseofharmfulthingsthatcandamagecells.Butkahn’steamwonderedwhethertheanimalssimplybenefitbybecomingthin: Tofindouttheyusedbiologytrickstodisrupttheinsulin胰岛素receptor受体geneinlabmice—butonlyintheirfatcells."Sinceinsulinisneededtohelpfatcellsstorefattheseanimalswereprotectedagainstbecomingfat"explainsKahn. Thisslightgeneticchangeinasingletissuehaddramaticeffects.BythreemonthsofageKahn’smodifiedmicehadupto70percentlessbodyfatthannormalcontrolmicedespitethefactthattheyate55percentmorefoodpergramofbodyweight. Inadditiontheirlifespanincreased.Theaveragecontrolmouselived753dayswhilethethinrodentsaveragedalifespanof887days.Afterthreeyearsallthecontrolmicehaddiedbutone-quarterofthemodifiedrodentswerestillalive. "Thattheygettheseeffectsbyjustmanipulatingthefatcellsiscontroversial"saysLeonardGuarenteoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywhostudiescalorierestrictionandaging.. ButGuarentesaysKahnhasyettoprovethatthesameeffectisresponsibleforincreasedlifespanincalorie-restrictedanimals."Itmightbethesameeffectortheremightbetworoutestolonglife"hepointsout"andthatwouldbeveryinteresting./ Accordingtothepassagewedonotknowwhetherhumanswillbenefitfromtakinginfewercaloriespartlybecause
Forurbanareasthisapproachwaswhollyinadequate.
{{*HTML*}}AutomaticDoorsinEgypt??WhenyounextstepthroughthedoorsofasupermarketspareathoughtforHeronatalentedspecialistofancienthightechengineering.NearlytwothousandyearsagohedesignedautomaticallyopeningdoorsforthetemplesoftheEgyptiancityofAlexandna.??Heronhadatalentfordesigningmechanicalwonderstosurprisepeopleandmakepeoplehappy.?46?wasagifttotheEgyptianpriestswhoforcenturieshadusedwondermechanicalorotherwiseasawayofstrengtheningtheirauthority.??EmployingrelativelysimplemechanicalprinciplesHerondevisedameans?47?asifbyunseenhands--whenthepriestlitafireonthealtaroutsidethetemple.Thefireheatedtheairinametalglobeplacedbeneaththealtarforeignthewaterinitthroughapipeintoanenormousbucket.Thebucketwassuspendedbychainsfromasystemofweightsandpulleyswhichturnedthedoorsontheirpivotsasthebucketbecameheavier.??Asecondsurprisetookplacewhenthealtarfirewasputout.?48?thewaterwassuckedtheotherwaythroughthepipe.Whenthebucketemptieditwentupwardmakingthepulleysystemmoveinreverseandthedoorsclosedagain.??AnotherdesignincludedinHeron’swritingscouldmakeatrumpetblowwhenthetempledoorsopened--acombinationofmusicaldoorbellandburglaralarm.??Thereneedbelittledoubtthattheautomatic-doorsystemdescribedbyHeronwasactuallyusedinEgyptiantemplesand?49?Heronhimselfreferredinpassingtoasimilarsystemusedbyotherengineers..SomeinsteadofwaterusequicksilvermercuryUsingmercury?50?wouldcertainlyhavemadeitmoreefficient.??A．wherebythedoorsofasmalltemplewouldopen??B．possiblyelsewhereintheGreco--Roman希腊—罗马的world??C．Hisdesignforautomatictempledoors??D．becauseofthequickheatingoftheairinsidetheglobe??E?insteadofwaterinamachinesimilartoHeron’sdesign??F?Asaresultofthesuddencoolingoftheairintheglobe
TheWhiteHouse Wegetupearlythismorningand51alongwalkafterbreakfast.Wewalkedthroughthebusinesssectionofthecity.Itoldyouyesterdaythatthecitywaslarger52Ithoughtitwouldbe.53thebusinesssectionissmallerthanIthoughtitwouldbe.Isupposethat’s54Washingtonisaspecialkindofcity.55thepeopleinWashingtonworkforthegovernment.About9:30wewenttotheWhiteHouse.It’s56tothepublicfrom10till12andtherewasalonglineofpeoplewaitingtogetin.Wedidn’thavetowaitverylongbecausethelinemoved57quickly. TheWhiteHouseisreallywhite.Itispaintedeveryyear.Anditseemsverywhitebecauseit’sgotbeautifullawnsallaroundit58manytreesandshrubs.Thegrounds59aboutfoursquareblocks.Imeanthey’reabouttwoblockslong60eachside.Thepart61thePresidentlivesandworksisnotopentothepublic.Butthepartwesawwasbeautiful.Wewentthroughfiveofthemainrooms.Oneofthemwasthelibraryonthegroundfloor.Onthenextfloortherearethreeroomsnamed62thecolorsthatare.usedinthem:theRedRoomtheBlueRoomandtheGreenRoom. Thewallsarecoveredwithsilk63.Thereare64oldfurniturefromthetime65theWhiteHousewasfirstbuilt.Andeverywheretherearepaintingsandstatuesofformerpresidentsandotherfamouspeoplefromhistory. 54.
Peopledisagreebecausetheylookatthesameproblemfromadifferentperspective.
{{*HTML*}}A?becostly??B?beharmful??C?savealife??D?stillopentodebate??E?reducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer??F?reducedtotheminimumRadiationexposureshouldhe______.
TheWhiteHouse Wegetupearlythismorningand51alongwalkafterbreakfast.Wewalkedthroughthebusinesssectionofthecity.Itoldyouyesterdaythatthecitywaslarger52Ithoughtitwouldbe.53thebusinesssectionissmallerthanIthoughtitwouldbe.Isupposethat’s54Washingtonisaspecialkindofcity.55thepeopleinWashingtonworkforthegovernment.About9:30wewenttotheWhiteHouse.It’s56tothepublicfrom10till12andtherewasalonglineofpeoplewaitingtogetin.Wedidn’thavetowaitverylongbecausethelinemoved57quickly. TheWhiteHouseisreallywhite.Itispaintedeveryyear.Anditseemsverywhitebecauseit’sgotbeautifullawnsallaroundit58manytreesandshrubs.Thegrounds59aboutfoursquareblocks.Imeanthey’reabouttwoblockslong60eachside.Thepart61thePresidentlivesandworksisnotopentothepublic.Butthepartwesawwasbeautiful.Wewentthroughfiveofthemainrooms.Oneofthemwasthelibraryonthegroundfloor.Onthenextfloortherearethreeroomsnamed62thecolorsthatare.usedinthem:theRedRoomtheBlueRoomandtheGreenRoom. Thewallsarecoveredwithsilk63.Thereare64oldfurniturefromthetime65theWhiteHousewasfirstbuilt.Andeverywheretherearepaintingsandstatuesofformerpresidentsandotherfamouspeoplefromhistory. 58.
TheWhiteHouse Wegetupearlythismorningand51alongwalkafterbreakfast.Wewalkedthroughthebusinesssectionofthecity.Itoldyouyesterdaythatthecitywaslarger52Ithoughtitwouldbe.53thebusinesssectionissmallerthanIthoughtitwouldbe.Isupposethat’s54Washingtonisaspecialkindofcity.55thepeopleinWashingtonworkforthegovernment.About9:30wewenttotheWhiteHouse.It’s56tothepublicfrom10till12andtherewasalonglineofpeoplewaitingtogetin.Wedidn’thavetowaitverylongbecausethelinemoved57quickly. TheWhiteHouseisreallywhite.Itispaintedeveryyear.Anditseemsverywhitebecauseit’sgotbeautifullawnsallaroundit58manytreesandshrubs.Thegrounds59aboutfoursquareblocks.Imeanthey’reabouttwoblockslong60eachside.Thepart61thePresidentlivesandworksisnotopentothepublic.Butthepartwesawwasbeautiful.Wewentthroughfiveofthemainrooms.Oneofthemwasthelibraryonthegroundfloor.Onthenextfloortherearethreeroomsnamed62thecolorsthatare.usedinthem:theRedRoomtheBlueRoomandtheGreenRoom. Thewallsarecoveredwithsilk63.Thereare64oldfurniturefromthetime65theWhiteHousewasfirstbuilt.Andeverywheretherearepaintingsandstatuesofformerpresidentsandotherfamouspeoplefromhistory. 56.
Theuseofthechemicalmaypresentacertainhazardtothelaboratoryworkers.
{{*HTML*}}StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousasoneofnorthernCalifornia’sseveralinstitutionsofhigherlearningissometimescalledtheHarvardoftheWest.TheclosenessofStanfordtoSanFranciscoacitythirty-twomilestothenorthgivestheuniversityadecidedlycosmopolitan世界性的flavor.??2?ThestudentsareenrolledmainlyfromthewesternUnitedStates.ButmostofthefiftystatessendstudentstoStanfordandmanyforeignstudentsstudyhereaswell.Andstandardsforadmissionremainhigh.Youngmenandwomenareselectedtoentertheuniversityfromtheupperfifteenpercentoftheirhighschoolclasses.??3?Notonlybecauseofmehighcaliber素质ofitsstudentsbutalsobecauseofthedesirablelocationandclimateStanfordhasattractedtoitsfacultysomeoftheworld’smostrespectedscholars.TheuniversitystaffhasincludedmanyNobelprizewinnerssuchasDr.FelixBlochDr.RobertHofstadterandDr.WilliamShockleyinphysics.Dr.AuthorKornbergandDr.JoshuaLederberginmedicine.andDr.PaulJ.FloryandDr.LinusPaulinginchemistry.TheRussiannovelistAleksandrSolzhenistsynhasbeeninresidence.Stanford’Sundergraduateschoolofengineeringanditsgraduateschoolsofbusinesslawandmedicineareespeciallywell-regarded.??4?WhatisstudentlifelikeonTheFarm?Culturally.thecampusisamagnetforbothstudentsandcitizensofnearbycommunities.P1aysconcertsandoperasareperformedintheuniversity’sseveralauditoriumsandinitsoutdoortheaterwheregraduationsarealsoheld.Severalfilmseriesarepresentedduringtheschoolyear.Guestlecturersfrompublicandacademiclifefrequentlyappearoncampus.IntheeveningsmanystudentsgathertosocializeintheStudentUnion’scoffeehouseherethebeverages饮料andtheatmospherebothhaveadecidedlyEuropeanflavor.Forthesports—mindedtheStanfordcampusoffershighlydevelopedathleticfacilities.Teamspotsswimmingandtrackandfieldactivityarea11.verymuchpartoftheStanfordpicture.Soarebicyclingandjogging.??5?Inadditiontofinancialsupportfromalumni校友Stanfordreceivesgrantsfromthegovernmentandfromprivatephilanthropic慈善的foundationsInrecentyearsgovernmentgrantshavemadepossibleadvancedstudiesinthefieldsofhistorypsychologyeducationandatomicenergy.AtpresentStanfordiscarryingoutanambitiousbuildingprogramfinancedinpartby山eFordFoundation’s25.milliongrant.Recentlyaddedtothecampusareanewphysicsbuildingnewschoolofbusinessnewgraduateschooloflawnewstudentunionandundergraduatelibrary.Paragraph3______.
U.S.BlacksHard-hitbyCancerDeathratesforcancerarefallingforallAmericansbutblackAmericansarestillmorelikelytodieofcancerthanwhitestheAmericanCancerSocietysaidMondayInaspecialreportoncancerandblackstheorganizationsaidblacksareusuallydiagnosedwithcancerlaterthanwhitesandtheyaremorelikelytodieofthedisease.Thiscouldbebecauseofunequal不平等的accesstomedicalcarebecauseblacksaremorelikelytohaveotherdiseasesaswellandperhapsbecauseofdifferencesinthebiology生物学ofthecanceritselfthereportadded.IngeneralblackAmericanshavelesshopeofsurvivingfiveyearsafterdiagnosisthanwhitesforallcancersitesandallstagesofdiagnosisthereportsaid.IndescribingcancerstatisticsforblackAmericansthisreportrecognizesthatmanyofthedifferencesassociatedwithracemaybecausedbyunfairsocialandeconomicdifferencesandunequalaccesstomedicalcare.Thecancersocietysaidblacksshouldbeencouragedtogetcheck-ups体格检查earlierwhencancerismoretreatableanditsaidmoreresearchisneededtoseeifbiologicaldifferencesplayarole.Thenewstatisticsemphasizethecontinuingimportanceofwipingouttheseunfairsocialdifferencesthroughpublicpolicyandeducationeffortstheorganizationsaidinastatement.Butitalsonotedadropincancerdeathrates.CancerdeathratesinbothsexesforallsitescombinedhavedroppedgreatlyamongblackAmericanssince1992ashaveincidencerates发生率saidthereport.Since1992cancerdeathratesamongblackAmericans______.
Asawriterheturnedoutthreenovelsthatyear.
{{*HTML*}}StanfordUniversity??1?StanfordUniversityfamousasoneofnorthernCalifornia’sseveralinstitutionsofhigherlearningissometimescalledtheHarvardoftheWest.TheclosenessofStanfordtoSanFranciscoacitythirty-twomilestothenorthgivestheuniversityadecidedlycosmopolitan世界性的flavor.??2?ThestudentsareenrolledmainlyfromthewesternUnitedStates.ButmostofthefiftystatessendstudentstoStanfordandmanyforeignstudentsstudyhereaswell.Andstandardsforadmissionremainhigh.Youngmenandwomenareselectedtoentertheuniversityfromtheupperfifteenpercentoftheirhighschoolclasses.??3?Notonlybecauseofmehighcaliber素质ofitsstudentsbutalsobecauseofthedesirablelocationandclimateStanfordhasattractedtoitsfacultysomeoftheworld’smostrespectedscholars.TheuniversitystaffhasincludedmanyNobelprizewinnerssuchasDr.FelixBlochDr.RobertHofstadterandDr.WilliamShockleyinphysics.Dr.AuthorKornbergandDr.JoshuaLederberginmedicine.andDr.PaulJ.FloryandDr.LinusPaulinginchemistry.TheRussiannovelistAleksandrSolzhenistsynhasbeeninresidence.Stanford’Sundergraduateschoolofengineeringanditsgraduateschoolsofbusinesslawandmedicineareespeciallywell-regarded.??4?WhatisstudentlifelikeonTheFarm?Culturally.thecampusisamagnetforbothstudentsandcitizensofnearbycommunities.P1aysconcertsandoperasareperformedintheuniversity’sseveralauditoriumsandinitsoutdoortheaterwheregraduationsarealsoheld.Severalfilmseriesarepresentedduringtheschoolyear.Guestlecturersfrompublicandacademiclifefrequentlyappearoncampus.IntheeveningsmanystudentsgathertosocializeintheStudentUnion’scoffeehouseherethebeverages饮料andtheatmospherebothhaveadecidedlyEuropeanflavor.Forthesports—mindedtheStanfordcampusoffershighlydevelopedathleticfacilities.Teamspotsswimmingandtrackandfieldactivityarea11.verymuchpartoftheStanfordpicture.Soarebicyclingandjogging.??5?Inadditiontofinancialsupportfromalumni校友Stanfordreceivesgrantsfromthegovernmentandfromprivatephilanthropic慈善的foundationsInrecentyearsgovernmentgrantshavemadepossibleadvancedstudiesinthefieldsofhistorypsychologyeducationandatomicenergy.AtpresentStanfordiscarryingoutanambitiousbuildingprogramfinancedinpartby山eFordFoundation’s25.milliongrant.Recentlyaddedtothecampusareanewphysicsbuildingnewschoolofbusinessnewgraduateschooloflawnewstudentunionandundergraduatelibrary.{{*HTML*}}Paragraph5______.???A.ColorfulLifeonCampus??B.IntelligentStudentBody??C.SchoolAdministration??D.DistinguishedFaculty??E.SubstantialFinancialSupport??F.TheHarvardoftheWest
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