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What’skillingtheBats Firstitwasbees.Nowitisbats.BiologistsinAmericaareworkinghardtodiscoverthecauseofthemysteriousdeathsoftensofthousandsofbatsinthenortheasternpartofthecountry.MostofthebatsaffectedarethecommonlittlebrownbatsMyotislucifugusbutotherspeciessuchasthelong-earedbatthesmall-footedhattheeasternpipistrelleandtheIndianabathavealsobeenaffected.Insomecavesmorethan90percentofthebatpopulationshavedied. Onepossibilityisdisease.Awhitefungus真菌knownasfusariumhasbeenfoundonthenosesofbothlivinganddeadbats.Howeverscientistsdon’tknowIfthefungusistheprimarycauseofdeathasecondarycauseofdeathornotacauseatallbuttheresultofsomeotherconditions. Anotherpossiblecauseisalackoffood.Forexamplebatstypicallyeatalargenumberofmoths蛾andinsomestatessuchasNewYorkthenumberofmothshasbeendeclininginrecentyears.Ifbatscan’teatenoughfoodtheystarvetodeath. Stillotherscientistsbelievethatglobalwarmingistoblame.Warmertemperaturesinrecentyearshavebeenwakinguphibernating冬眠batsearlierthanusual.Ifbatsbreaktheirhibernationatthewrongtimetheymightnotfindtheirexpectedfoodsources.Theweathermightalsoturncoldagainandweakenorkillthebats. Scientistsmightnotagreeonthecausesofthebatdie-offbuttheydoagreeontheconsequences.Batsareanimportantpredatorofmosquitoes;asinglebrownbatcaneat1000ormoreinsectsinanhour.Theyalsoeatbeetlesandotherinsectsthatdamageplantcrops.Iftherearen’tenoughbatsdamagewillbegreatfromtheinsectstheyeatWhilebatslivealongtimefortheirsize－thelittlebrownbatcanliveformorethan30years－afemalebathasonlyonebabyperyearsobatpopulationsgrowslowly.ManybatspeciesintheUnitedStatesarealreadyprotectedorendangered. Howcanyouhelp?Donotdisturbsleepingornestingbats.IfyoudiscoverbatethatseemtobesickorthataredeadcontactyourlocalFish＆WildlifeDepartmentwiththedetails.Howeverbecarefulnottotouchtheanimals. WhatdoesthefirstsentenceinParagraph1mean?
Irealizedtomy{{U}}horror{{/U}}thatIhadforgottenthepresent.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeatMoreLight Solarphotovoltaic光伏的thermalenergysystemsorPVTsgeneratebothheatandelectricitybutuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystalline晶体的siliconsolarcellswhichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat. That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroofleavinglittleroomforthermalapplications. InapairofstudiesJoshuaPearceanassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineeringhasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversityCanada. Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesiliconbutyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphous非晶体的siliconcommonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricitybuttheyarelighterflexibleandcheaper.Andbecausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicontheyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunatelythin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect. Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcellPearceexplainswhichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket. HoweverPearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.InfactPearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperaturesneartheboilingpointofwatertheycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollectortheyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceadaytheyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanadvantageofthin-filmsiliconsolarcells?
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Currentcomputerstransferinformationusing
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What’skillingtheBats Firstitwasbees.Nowitisbats.BiologistsinAmericaareworkinghardtodiscoverthecauseofthemysteriousdeathsoftensofthousandsofbatsinthenortheasternpartofthecountry.MostofthebatsaffectedarethecommonlittlebrownbatsMyotislucifugusbutotherspeciessuchasthelong-earedbatthesmall-footedhattheeasternpipistrelleandtheIndianabathavealsobeenaffected.Insomecavesmorethan90percentofthebatpopulationshavedied. Onepossibilityisdisease.Awhitefungus真菌knownasfusariumhasbeenfoundonthenosesofbothlivinganddeadbats.Howeverscientistsdon’tknowIfthefungusistheprimarycauseofdeathasecondarycauseofdeathornotacauseatallbuttheresultofsomeotherconditions. Anotherpossiblecauseisalackoffood.Forexamplebatstypicallyeatalargenumberofmoths蛾andinsomestatessuchasNewYorkthenumberofmothshasbeendeclininginrecentyears.Ifbatscan’teatenoughfoodtheystarvetodeath. Stillotherscientistsbelievethatglobalwarmingistoblame.Warmertemperaturesinrecentyearshavebeenwakinguphibernating冬眠batsearlierthanusual.Ifbatsbreaktheirhibernationatthewrongtimetheymightnotfindtheirexpectedfoodsources.Theweathermightalsoturncoldagainandweakenorkillthebats. Scientistsmightnotagreeonthecausesofthebatdie-offbuttheydoagreeontheconsequences.Batsareanimportantpredatorofmosquitoes;asinglebrownbatcaneat1000ormoreinsectsinanhour.Theyalsoeatbeetlesandotherinsectsthatdamageplantcrops.Iftherearen’tenoughbatsdamagewillbegreatfromtheinsectstheyeatWhilebatslivealongtimefortheirsize－thelittlebrownbatcanliveformorethan30years－afemalebathasonlyonebabyperyearsobatpopulationsgrowslowly.ManybatspeciesintheUnitedStatesarealreadyprotectedorendangered. Howcanyouhelp?Donotdisturbsleepingornestingbats.IfyoudiscoverbatethatseemtobesickorthataredeadcontactyourlocalFish＆WildlifeDepartmentwiththedetails.Howeverbecarefulnottotouchtheanimals. ThemothsinParagraph3aretakenasanexampleof
FaceMasksMayNotProtectfromSuper-Flu Ifasuper-flustrikesfacemasksmaynotprotectyou.Whetherwidespreaduseofmaskswillhelporharmduringthenextworldwidefluoutbreakisaquestionthatresearchersarestudyingfuriously.Noresultshavecomefromtheirmaskresearchyet. Howeverthegovernmentsayspeopleshouldconsiderwearingthemcertainstationsanywayjustincase. Butit’saquestionthepublickeepsaskingwhilethegovernmentismakingpreparationsforthenextflupandemic大流行.SotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDCcameupwithpreliminaryguidelines.Wedon’twantPeoplewearingthemeverywheresaidtheCDC.Theoverallrecommendationreallyistoavoidexposure. Whenthatisnotpossibletheguidelinessayyoushouldconsiderwearingasimplesurgicalmaskifyouareinoneofthethreefollowingsituations.Firstyou’rehealthyandcan’tavoidgoingtoacrowdedplace.Secondyou’resickandthinkyoumayhaveclosecontactwiththehealthysuchasafamilymembercheckingonyou.Thirdyoulivewithsomeonewho’ssickandthusmightbeintheearlystagesofinfectionbutstillneedtogoout. Influenzapandemicscanstrikewhentheeasy-to-mutate变异fluvirusshiftstoastrain菌株thatpeopleneverhaveexperienced.ScientistscannotpredictwhenthenextpandemicwillarrivealthoughconcernisrisingthattheAsianbirdflumighttriggeroneifitstartsspreadingeasilyfrompersontoperson. Duringtheflupandemicyoushouldprotectyourself.Avoidcrowdsandavoidclosecontactwiththesickunlessyoumustcareforsomeone.Whyaren’tmasksaddedtothisself-protectionlist?Becausetheycanhelptrapvirus-ladendropletsflyingthroughtheairwithacoughorsneeze.Simplesurgicalmasksonlyfilterthelargerdroplets飞沫.BesidestheCDCisafraidmasksmaycreateafalsesenseofsecurity.Perhapssomeonewhoshouldhavestayedhomewoulddon戴anill-fittingmaskandhoponthesubwayinstead. Nordoesfluonlyspreadthroughtheair.Saysomeonecoversasneezewithhisorherhandthentouchesadoorknoborsubwaypole.Ifyoutouchthatspotnextandthenputgermyhandsonyournoseormouthyou’vebeenexposed.It’shardertorubyournosewhilewearingamasksoyourfacemaygetprettysweatyundermasks.Youreachundertowipethatsweatandmaytransfergermscaughtontheoutsideofthemaskstraighttothenose.Thesearetheproblemsfacemasksmaycreatefortheirusers. Whetherpeopleshouldorshouldnotusefacemasksstillremainsaquestion.Thegeneralpublichastowaitpatientlyfortheresultsofthemaskresearchscientistsarestilldoing. OneoftheconcernstheCDChasisthat
BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeatMoreLight Solarphotovoltaic光伏的thermalenergysystemsorPVTsgeneratebothheatandelectricitybutuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystalline晶体的siliconsolarcellswhichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat. That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroofleavinglittleroomforthermalapplications. InapairofstudiesJoshuaPearceanassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineeringhasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversityCanada. Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesiliconbutyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphous非晶体的siliconcommonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricitybuttheyarelighterflexibleandcheaper.Andbecausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicontheyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunatelythin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect. Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcellPearceexplainswhichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket. HoweverPearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.InfactPearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperaturesneartheboilingpointofwatertheycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollectortheyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceadaytheyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent. PVTsarenotefficientin
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Paragraph3
GorillashaveawordforitKokoisthefirstgorillatohavebeentaughtsignlanguageawayofcommunicatingbyusinghandsandfingersratherthanspeech.Withavocabularyofmorethan1000wordssheisthefirsttoproveweshareaworldwithotherintelligentbeingswhofeelemotionslookforwardtocelebrationsandalsohaveasenseofhumour.The30-yearstudyofKokohasredefinedscience’sconceptofgorillaintelligence._____46.Butwhathadnotbeenrecognisedbythescientificcommunitywasthatgorillashavetheabilitytolearnalanguageandhavecomplexemotions.KokolivesintheSantaCruzmountainsinNorthAmericainawoodedspotoverlookingavalley._____47.Shehasabarrelonwhichshelikestositwhen’talking’tohumans-gorillasfeelmoresecurewhentheycanlookdownonothers-whilehertoysarespreadeverywhere.Inadditionshehasanoutsideenclosurewhereshespendsherdayswhenitisnotraining.ItisherconversationswithherteacherDrPennyPattersonthatareinspiring.Pennyexplains:‘Therealityofmydiscoveryisthatourabilitiesashumansourskillssensibilitiesandemotionsareverysimilartothegreatapes._____48.WhenshebeganteachingKokosignlanguageplacingthelittlefingersoftheone-year-oldgorillaintothecorrectpositionsfor’drink’’eat’’more’andrewardingherwithfoodDrPattersonhadnoideahowquicklyKokowouldlearn."AtfirstitseemedKokowasusingsignlanguageasatooltogetsomething"saysPatterson.’Itbecamethekindofrewardsystemthatyoucouldexpectofacatoradog.Butearlyinhertrainingshebegantocombinesignsthatmademethinkshewascapableofmore.’_____49.Forexampleshedidn’tknowthewordfor’ring’soshecombinedthesignsfor’finger’and’bracelet’toexpressit.DrPattersoncontinues:’Kokolovesbabiesandyoungpeople.Andwhensheisaskedwhatgorillaslikebestshealwayssays"Gorillaloveeatgood".OneofPatterson’sfavouritestoriesdemonstratesKoko’ssenseofhumour._____50.FromtheageofthreeKokosharedheraccommodationwithMichaelwhowasintendedasamate.HoweverMichaeldiedsuddenlytwoyearsagoofaheartattack.’KokowentintoadepressionfollowingMichael’sdeath’saysPatterson."Shewouldsitforhourswithherheadhunglowlookingupset."DrPattersonaskedherifshewaslookingforwardtomovingtoHawaiiwherePattersonisraisingmoneytobuildagorillarefuge.Kokosigned"Yes"providedshecouldhavecurtainsinhernewhome! 49
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. KidswithADHDcommonlyfailinschool.
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. PereraandherteamchosenonsmokingpregnantwomenalloverAmerica.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. TrafficandhomeheatingwereconsideredtobethebiggestsourcesofPAHsforthesubjectsintheresearch.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
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RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
GorillashaveawordforitKokoisthefirstgorillatohavebeentaughtsignlanguageawayofcommunicatingbyusinghandsandfingersratherthanspeech.Withavocabularyofmorethan1000wordssheisthefirsttoproveweshareaworldwithotherintelligentbeingswhofeelemotionslookforwardtocelebrationsandalsohaveasenseofhumour.The30-yearstudyofKokohasredefinedscience’sconceptofgorillaintelligence._____46.Butwhathadnotbeenrecognisedbythescientificcommunitywasthatgorillashavetheabilitytolearnalanguageandhavecomplexemotions.KokolivesintheSantaCruzmountainsinNorthAmericainawoodedspotoverlookingavalley._____47.Shehasabarrelonwhichshelikestositwhen’talking’tohumans-gorillasfeelmoresecurewhentheycanlookdownonothers-whilehertoysarespreadeverywhere.Inadditionshehasanoutsideenclosurewhereshespendsherdayswhenitisnotraining.ItisherconversationswithherteacherDrPennyPattersonthatareinspiring.Pennyexplains:‘Therealityofmydiscoveryisthatourabilitiesashumansourskillssensibilitiesandemotionsareverysimilartothegreatapes._____48.WhenshebeganteachingKokosignlanguageplacingthelittlefingersoftheone-year-oldgorillaintothecorrectpositionsfor’drink’’eat’’more’andrewardingherwithfoodDrPattersonhadnoideahowquicklyKokowouldlearn."AtfirstitseemedKokowasusingsignlanguageasatooltogetsomething"saysPatterson.’Itbecamethekindofrewardsystemthatyoucouldexpectofacatoradog.Butearlyinhertrainingshebegantocombinesignsthatmademethinkshewascapableofmore.’_____49.Forexampleshedidn’tknowthewordfor’ring’soshecombinedthesignsfor’finger’and’bracelet’toexpressit.DrPattersoncontinues:’Kokolovesbabiesandyoungpeople.Andwhensheisaskedwhatgorillaslikebestshealwayssays"Gorillaloveeatgood".OneofPatterson’sfavouritestoriesdemonstratesKoko’ssenseofhumour._____50.FromtheageofthreeKokosharedheraccommodationwithMichaelwhowasintendedasamate.HoweverMichaeldiedsuddenlytwoyearsagoofaheartattack.’KokowentintoadepressionfollowingMichael’sdeath’saysPatterson."Shewouldsitforhourswithherheadhunglowlookingupset."DrPattersonaskedherifshewaslookingforwardtomovingtoHawaiiwherePattersonisraisingmoneytobuildagorillarefuge.Kokosigned"Yes"providedshecouldhavecurtainsinhernewhome! 47
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Paragraph5
BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeatMoreLight Solarphotovoltaic光伏的thermalenergysystemsorPVTsgeneratebothheatandelectricitybutuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystalline晶体的siliconsolarcellswhichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat. That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroofleavinglittleroomforthermalapplications. InapairofstudiesJoshuaPearceanassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineeringhasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversityCanada. Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesiliconbutyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphous非晶体的siliconcommonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricitybuttheyarelighterflexibleandcheaper.Andbecausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicontheyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunatelythin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect. Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcellPearceexplainswhichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket. HoweverPearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.InfactPearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperaturesneartheboilingpointofwatertheycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollectortheyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceadaytheyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
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ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. NonsmokingmotherswereselectedbecausetheeffectofsmokingonPAHswasunclear.
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RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
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