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Directions: Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled "On Education of Ch...
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Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: A.Studythetwopicturesgivenbelowcarefu
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: A.Studythetwopicturesgivenbelowcarefu
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions:Studythetwo;picturesabovecarefullyandwr
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: A.Studythetwopicturesgivenbelowcarefu
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythetwo;picturesabovecarefullyand
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Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare
Directions:Yesterdayyoulearntinanewspaperadvertisementthatthereisajobvacancyinaforeignownedcompany.Whatisbeingrecruitedisasecretaryforthemanager.Writealettertoitspersonneldepartment1showingyourintentionfortheposition2displayingyourqualifications3andexpressingyourinquiryaboutanjobinterview.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental. 42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional: Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway. 43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful: Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt. 44.Instances--noneedtofeelguilty: Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed. Nooneisperfect: Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically. 45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant: Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring. Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨 [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelievedlitcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrect--andalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandiiihealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 43
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguagebutfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthissomeobvioussomeperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounceandconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskillonethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkindandonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguagewhilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccenttendtoneglectintheirpracticalteachingthebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothisandbyhiswholeattitudetothesubjectshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.SothereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglishsuchasgrammarorspellingareallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciationtherearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:thefirstknowledge;thesecondtechnique.Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeechandofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.ItisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguagesbetweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthosesayofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapictureanycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents’pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuseandlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetime-wasted.Butitdoesnotfollowthatyoucanteachpronunciationsuccessfullyassoonasyouhavereadthenecessarybooks.Itdependsafterthatonwhatuseyoumakeofyourknowledgeandthisisamatteroftechnique.Nowthefirstandmostimportantpartofalanguageteacher’stechniqueishisownperformancehisabilitytodemonstratethespokenlanguageineverydetailofarticulationaswellasinfluentspeakingsothatthestudent’slatentcapacityforimitationisgiventhefullestscopeandencouragement.Theteacherthenshouldbeasperfectamodelinthisrespectashecanmakehimself.Andtosupplementhisownperformancehoweversatisfactorythismaybethemodernteacherhasathisdisposalrecordingsradiotelevisionandvideotosupplytheauthenticvoicesofnativespeakersoriftheteacherhappenstobeanativespeakerhimselforspeaksjustlikeonethentovarythemethodofpresentingthelanguagematerial.537wordsNotes:setabout着手试图articulation发音latent潜在的不明显的atone’sdisposal供某人任意支配使用Whatisitthatteachersaresaidtobeinclinedtoforget
Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguagebutfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthissomeobvioussomeperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounceandconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskillonethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkindandonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguagewhilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccenttendtoneglectintheirpracticalteachingthebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothisandbyhiswholeattitudetothesubjectshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.SothereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglishsuchasgrammarorspellingareallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciationtherearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:thefirstknowledge;thesecondtechnique.Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeechandofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.ItisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguagesbetweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthosesayofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapictureanycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents’pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuseandlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetime-wasted.Butitdoesnotfollowthatyoucanteachpronunciationsuccessfullyassoonasyouhavereadthenecessarybooks.Itdependsafterthatonwhatuseyoumakeofyourknowledgeandthisisamatteroftechnique.Nowthefirstandmostimportantpartofalanguageteacher’stechniqueishisownperformancehisabilitytodemonstratethespokenlanguageineverydetailofarticulationaswellasinfluentspeakingsothatthestudent’slatentcapacityforimitationisgiventhefullestscopeandencouragement.Theteacherthenshouldbeasperfectamodelinthisrespectashecanmakehimself.Andtosupplementhisownperformancehoweversatisfactorythismaybethemodernteacherhasathisdisposalrecordingsradiotelevisionandvideotosupplytheauthenticvoicesofnativespeakersoriftheteacherhappenstobeanativespeakerhimselforspeaksjustlikeonethentovarythemethodofpresentingthelanguagematerial.537wordsNotes:setabout着手试图articulation发音latent潜在的不明显的atone’sdisposal供某人任意支配使用Whatdoesthewriteractuallysayaboutpronouncingforeignlanguages
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksofecocideinhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing:AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.In1972theU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday.WearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworkerstatesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.HoweverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthantheWatergatecover-up.Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthoritiessummedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthesafelimitimposedbyDowChemicalCompany.422wordsNotes:plutonium钚asbestos石棉polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯Thestyleofthesecondparagraphismainly
Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates.HuaMeiwasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally.TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.402wordsNotes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊Themainpurposeofthelastparagraphisto
Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguagebutfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthissomeobvioussomeperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounceandconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskillonethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkindandonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguagewhilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccenttendtoneglectintheirpracticalteachingthebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothisandbyhiswholeattitudetothesubjectshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.SothereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglishsuchasgrammarorspellingareallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciationtherearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:thefirstknowledge;thesecondtechnique.Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeechandofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.ItisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguagesbetweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthosesayofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapictureanycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents’pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuseandlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetime-wasted.Butitdoesnotfollowthatyoucanteachpronunciationsuccessfullyassoonasyouhavereadthenecessarybooks.Itdependsafterthatonwhatuseyoumakeofyourknowledgeandthisisamatteroftechnique.Nowthefirstandmostimportantpartofalanguageteacher’stechniqueishisownperformancehisabilitytodemonstratethespokenlanguageineverydetailofarticulationaswellasinfluentspeakingsothatthestudent’slatentcapacityforimitationisgiventhefullestscopeandencouragement.Theteacherthenshouldbeasperfectamodelinthisrespectashecanmakehimself.Andtosupplementhisownperformancehoweversatisfactorythismaybethemodernteacherhasathisdisposalrecordingsradiotelevisionandvideotosupplytheauthenticvoicesofnativespeakersoriftheteacherhappenstobeanativespeakerhimselforspeaksjustlikeonethentovarythemethodofpresentingthelanguagematerial.537wordsNotes:setabout着手试图articulation发音latent潜在的不明显的atone’sdisposal供某人任意支配使用Accordingtothetextinrelationtosomeoneteachinghisownlanguagetoforeignersaudio-visualaidscan
Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividualtheapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimalswhichasidefromcloninghavenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivorsensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.LikelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmemberssuchastheAfricanBongoAntelopetheSumatranTigerandtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPandasomeartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformedperhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworldtheurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates.HuaMeiwasbornin1999afterherparentsHsing-HsingandLing-Linghadtroubleconceivingnaturally.TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPandatheAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbearwhereitwillgrowandmatureuntilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethodssuchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies’habitatsanywaymakingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebatedasbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.402wordsNotes:ethically道德上genepool基因库inseminationn.受精fertilize使受精embryo胚胎proponent支持者拥护者weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊TheauthordirectsattentiontoHuaMeithebabypandabornintheSanDiegoZooinorderto
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksofecocideinhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing:AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.In1972theU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday.WearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworkerstatesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.HoweverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthantheWatergatecover-up.Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthoritiessummedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthesafelimitimposedbyDowChemicalCompany.422wordsNotes:plutonium钚asbestos石棉polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯Byecocidetheauthormostprobablymeans
Directions:Yourcompanyintendstopurchasesomecarparts.Nowithasreceivedafaxoffer传真报价单.Writealettertothesalesdepartmentofacarpartscompanytoexpressyour:注:Shouldthistransactionprovetobesuccessful是虚拟条件句的省略形式也可以写为Ifthistransactionshouldprovetobesuccessful1thanksforthefaxoffer2willingnesstoacceptallthetermsexceptpriceand3requestofreductioninprice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.AthirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninanAha!experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454wordsNotes:capriciousness多变反复无常runcounterto与背道而驰违反bypass绕过incloseconcert一齐一致givenprep.考虑到由于Whenmentioningthinking/actingcyclesinPara.4theauthorismostlikelytobelievethat
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloptionieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. 1
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife--foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup. 47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine. Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.376words Notes:glimmering迹象 Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.
Ascivilizationproceedsinthedirectionoftechnologyitpassesthepointofsupplyingallthebasicessentialsoflife--foodshelterclothesandwarmth.46Thenweeitherraiseourstandardoflivingabovethenecessaryforcomfortandhappinessorleaveitatthislevelandworkshorterhours.Mankindhasprobablychosenthelatteralternative.Menwillbeworkingshorterandshorterhoursintheirpaidemployment.Andthegreatmajorityofthehousewiveswillwishtoberelievedcompletelyoftheroutineoperationsofthehomesuchaswashingtheclothesorwashingup. 47Byfarthemostlogicalsteptorelievethehousewifeofroutineistoprovidearobotslavewhichcanbetrainedtomeettherequirementsofaparticularhomeandcanbeprogrammedtocarryouthalfadozenormorestandardoperationswhensoswitchedbythehousewife.48Itwillbeamachinehavingnomoreemotionsthanacarbuthavingamemoryforinstructionsandalimiteddegreeofinstructedorbuilt-inadaptabilityaccordingtothepositionsinwhichitfindsvarioustypesofobjects.Itwilloperateothermorespecializedmachinesforexamplethevacuumcleanerorclothes-washingmachine. Therearenoproblemsintheproductionofsuchadomesticrobottowhichwedonothavealreadytheglimmeringofasolution.WhenIhavediscussedthiskindofdevicewithhousewivessome90percentofthemhavetheimmediatereaction"HowsooncanIbuyone"Theother10percenthavethereaction"Iwouldbeterrifiedtohaveitmovingaboutmyhouse."49Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.50Nowitisgenerallyrecognizedthatthereisnogreaterpleasurethantogotobedintheeveningandknowthatthewashingupisbeingdonedownstairsafteroneisasleep.Mostfamiliesarenowdelightednodoubttohavearobotslavedoingallthedownstairshouseworkaftertheywereinbedatnight.376words Notes:glimmering迹象 Butwhenoneexplainstothemthatitcouldbeswitchedofforunpluggedorstoppedwithouttheslightestdifficultyormadetogoandputitselfawayinacupboardatanytimetheyquicklyrealizethatitisahighlydesirableobject.
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.AthirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninanAha!experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454wordsNotes:capriciousness多变反复无常runcounterto与背道而驰违反bypass绕过incloseconcert一齐一致givenprep.考虑到由于InrelationtothewritersonmanagementmentionedinPara.2thetextsuggeststhatthey
Whenanyoneopensacurrentaccountatabankheislendingthebankmoney.Hemay1therepaymentofthemoneyatanytimeeither2cashorbydrawingacheckinfavorofanotherperson.3thebanker-customerrelationshipisthatofdebtorandcreditorwhois4dependingonwhetherthecustomer’saccountis5creditorisoverdrawn.Butin6tothatbasicallysimpleconceptthebankanditscustomer7alargenumberofobligationstooneanother.Manyoftheseobligationscangive8toproblemsandcomplicationsbutabankcustomerunlikesayabuyerofgoodscannotcomplainthatthelawis9againsthim. Thebankmust10itscustomer’sinstructionsandnotthoseofanyoneelse.11forexampleacustomeropensanaccountheinstructsthebanktodebithisaccountonlyin12ofchecksdrawnbyhimself.Hegivesthebank13ofhissignatureandthereisaveryfirmrulethatthebankhasnorightor14topayoutacustomer’smoney15acheckonwhichitscustomer’ssignaturehasbeen16Itmakesnodifferencethattheforgerymayhavebeenavery17one:thebankmustrecognizeitscustomer’ssignature.Forthisreasonthereisno18tothecustomerinthepractice19bybanksofprintingthecustomer’snameonhischecks.Ifthis20Forgeryitisthebankthatwilllosenotthecustomer.254words Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Informationchannelingisundergoingremarkableprogressinvarioussectorsofsocietyinindustrialactivitiespublicservicesandmorerecentlyindailyliving. Inthesectorofindustrialactivitiesautomationiscontinuingwiththeaimofincreasingproductivity--introductionofcomputersforprocesscontrolbythemanufacturingindustryandintroductionofnumericallycontrolledmachinetoolsindustrialrobotscomputer-aideddesignsystemsandmorerecentlyflexiblemanufacturingsystembyprocessingandassemblingindustries. 46MeanwhileinofficesrapidofficeautomationispresentlyinprogressstimulatedbythepopularacceptanceofcomputerizedsystemsexpansionofcommunicationsnetworksandtheremarkabletechnologicalprogressachievedinrelatedequipmentsuchasJapanesewordprocessors.Rapidautomationandefficiencyimprovementarealsobeingachievedinthesectorofcommoditydistributionthroughtheintroductionofadvancedpointofsalessystems. Informationchannelingisbeingutilizedactivelyinthefieldofpublicservices.47Forexamplelargecapacitycomputerswereintroducedfromanearlystageforthecontrolofrailwaytrainsandforextendingseatreservationservicesandmorerecentlydiagnosticsystemsutilizingcomputershavebecomecommonplaceinmedicalcare.48Tocopewiththesteadyshifttowardanagingsocietyresearchisinprogresstodeveloptechnologiesrelatedtomedicalinformationsystemswiththeaimofimprovingefficiencyinmedicalservices.RegardingeducationcomputerizedsystemsincludingtheCAIcomputerassistedinstructionsystemandCMIcomputermanagedinstructionsystemarepresentlybeingputtotrialoperation. Inthesectorofadministrationefficiencyofclericalworkisbeingimprovedthroughtheintroductionofcomputersandhugevolumesofadministrativedataaremorerecentlybeingstoredindatabasesystems.49Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience. Dailylivingisalsoasectorinwhichinformationchannelingistakingfirmroot.50Tocopewithcivilianneedsformoreconvenienceinhomelivingandinordertomeettheneedsraisedbygrowingdiversificationoflifestyleactiveresearchispresentlyinprogresstodevelopandcommercializenewmediaincorporatingsophisticateddataprocessingfunctionsforuseinadditiontoexistingmediainvolvingthetelevisionradioandtelephone.Inconcertresearchisbeingdirectedatdevelopingtechnologiesrelated’toautomationinthehome. Inthewakeofthesemovescomputershavebecomeindispensableforadvancinglarge-scaleR&Dresearchanddevelopmentprojectsasinconnectionwithspacedevelopmentandatomicpowerdevelopmentandalsointhefieldofbasicresearchinlifescience.
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental. 42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional: Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway. 43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful: Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt. 44.Instances--noneedtofeelguilty: Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed. Nooneisperfect: Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically. 45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant: Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring. Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨 [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelievedlitcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrect--andalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandiiihealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 41
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotypesofstressplacedonhumanbeings--physicalandmental. 42.Effectsofstress--physicaloremotional: Whetherphysicaloremotionalinoriginstresscausesthebodytoreactinthesameway. 43.Guilty--usefulthoughmostharmful: Probablythemostharmfulofallthestressesisguilt. 44.Instances--noneedtofeelguilty: Howevermanyofusaschildrenlearnedrulesthatwenolongerneed. Nooneisperfect: Guiltandtheworrythatoftenaccompaniesthismajorstressaredifficulttoeradicatebutpeoplesubjecttoexcessiveguiltfeelingsshouldrealizeassimpleasitsoundsthatnooneisperfect.Peoplecannotalwaysbecheerfulandhelpfultoeveryonetheymeet.Anothergoodlessonisthatmistakesshouldbeforgottennotlingeredoverandbroughtouttoexamineperiodically. 45.Lifewithalittlestress--significant: Alifewithoutstresssuchasretirementwithnothingtodowouldbeboring. Notes:respiration呼吸pupil瞳孔dilate膨胀perspiration出汗勤奋date约会sour使别扭eradicatevt.消除根除atbest充其量lingerover细细品味meditation深思沉思mightaswell不妨 [A]FatadultsshouldnolongerfeelguiltyaboutleavingalittlefoodontheplateasuccessfulbusinessmanneednotfeelguiltyaboutspendingalittletoomuchmoneyonavacationnorshouldhefeelguiltythathecancombineabusinesstriptotheWestCoastwithsomeswimmingandgolfatanoceanresort.Butmanypeopledofeelguiltyoversuchapparentlyinnocentactions.Excessiveguiltcansouralloflifeandmakelifenotworthliving;itcanalsocauseself-hatredaswellasotherfearsandanxietiesthatcausealllife’ssuccessestobebittersweetatbest. [B]Stressfromphysicalactivityifnotcarriedtoofarisactuallybeneficial.Exerciserelaxesyouandmayhelpforgetaboutmentalandemotionalstress.Butmentalstressisalmostalwaysbadforyou.Ifmentalstressisunrelievedlitcanactuallycausediseasessuchasulcersmigraineheadachesheartproblemsormentalillness. [C]Justasweneedalittleguilt--tokeepuscorrect--andalittleworry--tomakeusplanahead--weneedalittlestresstostayinterestedinlife.Butwhenstressbeginstobotheryouyoumightaswellchangeyourroutine.Takeyourmindoffyourworrieswithsomephysicalactivity;youmaydiscoverasolutionyouhaveoverlookedbefore. [D]Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infactitisnotthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgivepurposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformanceandiiihealth. [E]Somepeoplearenotafraidofstressandsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerialresponsibilitiesothersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties. [F]Inthefirststageyourbodypreparestomeetthestress.Theheartbeatandrespirationratesincreaseandthepupilsoftheeyesdilate;thebloodsugarlevelincreasesandtherateofperspirationspeedsupwhiledigestionslowsdownasbloodandmuscularactivityisdivertedelsewhere.Inthesecondstageyourbodyreturnstonormalandrepairsanydamagecausedbythestressfulsituation.Howeverifstresscontinuesthebodycannotrepairitselfandthefinalstageexhaustionthenbegins.Ifthisstagecontinuesifforexampleyouarefrustratedbyyourworkandcontinuetobefrustratedforalongtimephysicaloremotionaldamagewilloccur.Thesestagesofstressreactionarealwaysthesamewhetherthestressiscausedbyacross-countryrunafirstdatebuyingahouseornarrowlymissinganautomobileaccident. [G]Thiscommonemotionisusefultohavewhenithelpsustorealizethatwehaveinfactcommittedsomeerrorviolatedourownrulesorsocialrules.Ifwedidnotfeelguiltywewouldneverdoanythingexceptthethingsthatbroughtusimmediatepleasure--we’dneverobeythelawworkexerciseorevenstudyinschoolunlesswewantedtodosointhefirstplace.Asaperson’sconsciencedevelopsguiltfeelingsbecomeinevitable;guiltisthesorrowweexperiencewhenweknowwehavedonesomethingincorrect. 45
WhenDr.JohnW.GofmanprofessorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcriticspeaksofecocideinhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnologyhemeansthefollowing:AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkartheNetherlandswouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepoundreleasedintotheatmospherecouldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomyitisestimatedthattherewillbe10000tonsofthismaterialinWesternEuropeofwhichonetable-spoonfulofplutonium-239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradableplutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.In1972theU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofairbuttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers’Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician40--70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestionoutofatotalof29deathsthusfarsevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday.WearenowinfactfindingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworkerstatesDr.IrvingSelikoffoftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchlorideagasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremadecausesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselcellsoftheliver.HoweverthehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideisinsomewaysmoredisturbingthantheWatergatecover-up.Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthoritiessummedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10yearsworkershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthesafelimitimposedbyDowChemicalCompany.422wordsNotes:plutonium钚asbestos石棉polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorbelievesthat
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