首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1) d...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
热门试题
更多
PartB Direction: A.Writeanessaythatconveystheinformationinthefollowingchart/graphaccompaniedbyyourcomments. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points C.Wordlimit:160--200words. AnnualPayrollofaU.S.Ins
Hippiesweremembersofayouthmovementofthe1960’sand1970’sthatstartedintheUnitedStatesandspreadtoCanadaGreatBritainandmanyothercountries.Thehippiesrejectedthecustomstraditionsandlifestylesofsocietyandtriedtodevelopthoseoftheirown.Mosthippiescamefromwhitemiddle-classfamiliesandrangedinagefrom15to25yearsold.Theythoughttoomanyadultscaredaboutmakingmoneyandlittleelse.Thetermhippiemaycomefromthewordhipwhichmeansturned-inoraware.Hippieswantedaworldbasedonloveofhumanityandpeace.Manybelievedthatwonderfulmagicalchangeswereabouttotakeplace.Theythoughtthesechangeswouldhappenassoonaspeoplelearnedtoexpresstheirfeelingshonestlyandtobehavenaturallyatalltimes.HippiesstronglyopposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Manyhippieslivedtogetherinsmallgroupsworkingwithoneanotherandsharingpossessions.Othersrefusedtobetieddowntoafixedjoborhome.Theywanderedfromplacetoplaceseekingpart-timeworkandtemporaryshelter.Somebeggedforsparechangeandlivedinthestreetsorcampedinparksorotherpubliclands.Hippiesweresometimescalledflowerchildrenbecausetheygavepeopleflowerstocommunicategentlenessandlove.Theylettheirhairgrowlongandwalkedbarefootorinsandals.Hippiesattractedpublicattentionbywearingclothingthatfeaturedunusualcombinationsofcolorsandtextures.AlargenumberofhippiesusedmarijuanaLSDandotherdrugs.Drugexperiencesshapedmanyoftheirsymbolsandideas.TheBeatlesapopularEnglishrockgrouphelpedspreadthehippiemovementwiththeirsong.HippiefavoritesincludedsuchotherrockgroupsastheGratefulDeadandtheJeffersonAirplanesingersJoanBaezandBobDylanpoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistKenKesey.ManyhippiesadmiredTimothyLearyapsychologistwhopreachedsalvationthroughtheuseofdrugs.Intimemosthippiesrealizeditwasnoteasytoreformsocietybydropping’outofit.Somejoinedmoreorganizedpoliticalmovementstoworkforspecificsocialcauses.Othersturnedtospiritualityorreligion.Themajoritysimplyleftthehippiestageoftheirlivesbehindwhiletryingtoholdontoatleastafewoftheidealsthatonceinspiredthem.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthatthehippiemovementfinallydeclinedbecause______.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.12
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.8
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.ThevulnerabilityoftheU.S.insurancesystemsliesin______.
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked.ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra.Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload.Thiswillchangepublishingforever!ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator.WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished.There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite.NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub.IthinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyerssaysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential.Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework.BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsaysMostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime.Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforsomepeople’sbeliefthate-publisherswillnotsucceed
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked.ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra.Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload.Thiswillchangepublishingforever!ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator.WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished.There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite.NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub.IthinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyerssaysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential.Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework.BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsaysMostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime.Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists.Whichofthefollowingcanserveasanappropriatetitleforthepassage
Hippiesweremembersofayouthmovementofthe1960’sand1970’sthatstartedintheUnitedStatesandspreadtoCanadaGreatBritainandmanyothercountries.Thehippiesrejectedthecustomstraditionsandlifestylesofsocietyandtriedtodevelopthoseoftheirown.Mosthippiescamefromwhitemiddle-classfamiliesandrangedinagefrom15to25yearsold.Theythoughttoomanyadultscaredaboutmakingmoneyandlittleelse.Thetermhippiemaycomefromthewordhipwhichmeansturned-inoraware.Hippieswantedaworldbasedonloveofhumanityandpeace.Manybelievedthatwonderfulmagicalchangeswereabouttotakeplace.Theythoughtthesechangeswouldhappenassoonaspeoplelearnedtoexpresstheirfeelingshonestlyandtobehavenaturallyatalltimes.HippiesstronglyopposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Manyhippieslivedtogetherinsmallgroupsworkingwithoneanotherandsharingpossessions.Othersrefusedtobetieddowntoafixedjoborhome.Theywanderedfromplacetoplaceseekingpart-timeworkandtemporaryshelter.Somebeggedforsparechangeandlivedinthestreetsorcampedinparksorotherpubliclands.Hippiesweresometimescalledflowerchildrenbecausetheygavepeopleflowerstocommunicategentlenessandlove.Theylettheirhairgrowlongandwalkedbarefootorinsandals.Hippiesattractedpublicattentionbywearingclothingthatfeaturedunusualcombinationsofcolorsandtextures.AlargenumberofhippiesusedmarijuanaLSDandotherdrugs.Drugexperiencesshapedmanyoftheirsymbolsandideas.TheBeatlesapopularEnglishrockgrouphelpedspreadthehippiemovementwiththeirsong.HippiefavoritesincludedsuchotherrockgroupsastheGratefulDeadandtheJeffersonAirplanesingersJoanBaezandBobDylanpoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistKenKesey.ManyhippiesadmiredTimothyLearyapsychologistwhopreachedsalvationthroughtheuseofdrugs.Intimemosthippiesrealizeditwasnoteasytoreformsocietybydropping’outofit.Somejoinedmoreorganizedpoliticalmovementstoworkforspecificsocialcauses.Othersturnedtospiritualityorreligion.Themajoritysimplyleftthehippiestageoftheirlivesbehindwhiletryingtoholdontoatleastafewoftheidealsthatonceinspiredthem.Hippiesgaveflowerstopeoplebecausethey______.
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingadvantagesofpublicityEXCEPT______.
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.Thepassageimpliesthat______.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.14
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.FromthefirstsentencewelearnthattheUnitedStates______.
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.2
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.4
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.Thepassageismostlikelytobe______.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.6
The1990shavebeendesignatedtheDecadeAgainstDrugAbusebytheUnitedNations.But1lessthanthreeyearstogobeforetheendofthedecadegovernmentsandhealthorganizations2thattheyhavemade3progressinreducingdrugalcoholandtobaccoabuse.Todayconsumptionofallthesesubstancesisincreasinglysteadilyworldwide.4everycountrynowhasproblemswith5drugs.Andtheworldisproducingandconsumingmorealcoholandtobaccothanever.Between1970and1990beerproduction6rosebyover80percent.And7thenumberofsmokerskeepson8bythesecondorthird9ofthenextcenturytherecouldbe10milliondeathseachyear10smokingrelatedillnesses. Drugsarealsoahugeburden11theworldeconomy.IntheUnitedStatesforexampleit’sestimatedthatalcoholandillegaldrugusecoststhecountrytensofbillionsofdollarseachyearmainly12healthcare.Whenthecostoftobaccorelatedillnessesisadded13totalmorethandoubles. Drugsarealsoclosely14crime.Manypoliceforcesnolonger15betweenillegalandlegaldrugswhenfightingcrime.InAustraliaforexampleexperts16thatpoliceinsomepartsofthecountryspendbetween70and80percentoftheirtimedealingwithalcohol-relatedincidents. Oneexplanationfortheincreaseindrug17issimplythatpeoplehavemoremoneytospend.Tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesarenow18muchmoreondevelopingcountriestotake19ofgreaterwealththere.Andcriminalsinvolvedintheillegaldrugtradearefollowing20introducingdrugsintocountrieswheretheywerepreviouslyhardlyuse. 2
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts
"Avoidtherush-hour"mustbethesloganoflargecitiestheworldover.Ifitisit’saslogannoonetakestheleastnoticeof.Twiceadaywithpredictableregularitythepotboilsover.Whereveryoulookit’speoplepeoplepeople.Thetrainswhichleaveorarriveeveryfewminutesarepacked:anendlessprocessionofhumansardinetins.Thestreetsaresocrowed;thereishardlyroomtomoveonthepavements.Thequeuesforbusesreachstaggeringproportions.Ittakesagesforabustogettoyoubecausethetrafficontheroadshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.Evenwhenabusdoesatlastarriveit’ssofullitcan’ttakeanymorepassengers.Thiswholecrazysystemofcommutingstretchesman’sresourcestotheutmost.Thesmallestunforeseeneventcanbringaboutconditionsofutterchaos.Apower-cutforinstanceanexceptionallyheavysnowfalloraminorderailmentmustalwaysmakecity-dwellersrealizehowprecariousthebalanceis.41__________ 42__________Theyimposetheirownlivingconditionsonthepeoplewhoinhabitthem.Citydwellersareobligedbytheirenvironmenttoadoptawhollyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandrhythmofnature.Itispossibletolivesuchahair-conditionedexistenceinalargecitythatyouarebarelyconsciousoftheseasons.Afewflowersinapublicparkifyouhavethetimetovisititmayremindyouthatitisspringorsummer.Afewleavesclingingtothepavementmayremindyouthatitisautumn.Beyondthatwhatisgoingoninnatureseemstotallyirrelevant.Allthesimplegoodthingsoflifelikesunshineandfreshairareatapremium.Tallbuildingsblotoutthesun.Trafficfumespollutetheatmosphere.Eventhedistinctionbetweendayandnightislost.Theflowoftrafficgoesonunceasinglyandthenoiseneverstops. 43__________Thedemandforaccommodationissogreatthatitisoftenimpossibleforordinarypeopletobuyahouseoftheirown.Exorbitantrentsmustbepaidfortinyflatswhichevencountryhenswoulddisdaintolivein.44__________ 45__________Thecrimerateinmostcitiesisveryhigh.Housesareburgleswithalarmingfrequency.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolenceandarefullofplacesyouwouldbeafraidtovisitatnight.Ifyouthinkaboutitthey’renotreallyfittoliveinatall.Cananyonereallydoubtthatthecountryiswhatmanwasbornforandwherehetrulybelongs. [A]Howeverpeopleneverdoubtthattheyactuallybelongtothecountry. [B]Theextraordinarythingisnotthatpeopleputupwiththeseconditionsbutthattheyactuallychoosetheminpreferencetoanythingelse. [C]Accommodationapartthecostoflivingisveryhigh.Justabouteverythingyoubuyislikelytobemoreexpensivethanitwouldbeinthecountry. [D]Inadditiontoallthiscity-dwellersliveunderconstantthreat. [E]Theprimedifferenceliesinpeople’sattitudetowardslife. [F]Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol. [G]Thefunnythingaboutitallisthatyoupaydearlyforthe"privilege"oflivinginacity. 42
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.TheexampleinParagraph3isintendedtodemonstrate______.
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.
"Avoidtherush-hour"mustbethesloganoflargecitiestheworldover.Ifitisit’saslogannoonetakestheleastnoticeof.Twiceadaywithpredictableregularitythepotboilsover.Whereveryoulookit’speoplepeoplepeople.Thetrainswhichleaveorarriveeveryfewminutesarepacked:anendlessprocessionofhumansardinetins.Thestreetsaresocrowed;thereishardlyroomtomoveonthepavements.Thequeuesforbusesreachstaggeringproportions.Ittakesagesforabustogettoyoubecausethetrafficontheroadshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.Evenwhenabusdoesatlastarriveit’ssofullitcan’ttakeanymorepassengers.Thiswholecrazysystemofcommutingstretchesman’sresourcestotheutmost.Thesmallestunforeseeneventcanbringaboutconditionsofutterchaos.Apower-cutforinstanceanexceptionallyheavysnowfalloraminorderailmentmustalwaysmakecity-dwellersrealizehowprecariousthebalanceis.41__________ 42__________Theyimposetheirownlivingconditionsonthepeoplewhoinhabitthem.Citydwellersareobligedbytheirenvironmenttoadoptawhollyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandrhythmofnature.Itispossibletolivesuchahair-conditionedexistenceinalargecitythatyouarebarelyconsciousoftheseasons.Afewflowersinapublicparkifyouhavethetimetovisititmayremindyouthatitisspringorsummer.Afewleavesclingingtothepavementmayremindyouthatitisautumn.Beyondthatwhatisgoingoninnatureseemstotallyirrelevant.Allthesimplegoodthingsoflifelikesunshineandfreshairareatapremium.Tallbuildingsblotoutthesun.Trafficfumespollutetheatmosphere.Eventhedistinctionbetweendayandnightislost.Theflowoftrafficgoesonunceasinglyandthenoiseneverstops. 43__________Thedemandforaccommodationissogreatthatitisoftenimpossibleforordinarypeopletobuyahouseoftheirown.Exorbitantrentsmustbepaidfortinyflatswhichevencountryhenswoulddisdaintolivein.44__________ 45__________Thecrimerateinmostcitiesisveryhigh.Housesareburgleswithalarmingfrequency.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolenceandarefullofplacesyouwouldbeafraidtovisitatnight.Ifyouthinkaboutitthey’renotreallyfittoliveinatall.Cananyonereallydoubtthatthecountryiswhatmanwasbornforandwherehetrulybelongs. [A]Howeverpeopleneverdoubtthattheyactuallybelongtothecountry. [B]Theextraordinarythingisnotthatpeopleputupwiththeseconditionsbutthattheyactuallychoosetheminpreferencetoanythingelse. [C]Accommodationapartthecostoflivingisveryhigh.Justabouteverythingyoubuyislikelytobemoreexpensivethanitwouldbeinthecountry. [D]Inadditiontoallthiscity-dwellersliveunderconstantthreat. [E]Theprimedifferenceliesinpeople’sattitudetowardslife. [F]Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol. [G]Thefunnythingaboutitallisthatyoupaydearlyforthe"privilege"oflivinginacity. 44
Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepictureandinterpretthemeaning 2analyzethephenomenonand 3giveyourcommentsonthisissue.
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontierthatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.46Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfarmingthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedStatesupuntilthattime.47Itistruethatagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. TheemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.48Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.49Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericanparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.50Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerethosewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanhadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.18
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.16
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.20
热门题库
更多
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
仲裁法学
湘公网安备 43130202000226号