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Directions: Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1) d...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
ClimaticconditionsaredelicatelyadjustedtothecompositionoftheEarth’satmosphere.Iftherewereachangeintheatmosphere--forexampleintherelativeproportionsofatmosphericgases-theclimatewouldprobablychangealso.Aslightincreaseinwatervaporforinstancewouldincreasetheheat-retainingcapacityoftheatmosphereandwouldleadtoariseinglobaltemperatures.IncontrastalargeincreaseinwatervaporwouldincreasethethicknessandextentofthecloudlayerreducingtheamountofsolarenergyreachingtheEarth’ssurface.Thelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmospherehasanimportanteffectonclimaticchange.MostoftheEarth’sincomingenergyisshort-wavelengthradiationwhichtendstopassthroughatmosphericcarbondioxideeasily.TheEarthhoweverreradiatesmuchofthereceivedenergyaslong-wavelengthradiationwhichcarbondioxideabsorbsandthenremitstowardtheEarth.Thisphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffectcanresultinanincreaseinthesurfacetemperatureofaplanet.AnextremeexampleoftheeffectisshownbyVenusaplanetcoveredbyheavycloudscomposedmostlyofcarbondioxidewhosesurfacetemperatureshavebeenmeasuredat43012.Ifthecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphereisreducedthetemperaturefalls.AccordingtoonerespectabletheoryiftheatmosphericcarbondioxideconcentrationwerehalvedtheEarthwouldbecomecompletelycoveredwithice.Anotherequallyrespectabletheoryhoweverstatesthatahalvingofthecarbondioxideconcentrationwouldleadonlytoreductioninglobaltemperaturesof312.Ifbecauseofanincreaseinforestfiresorvolcanicactivitythecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphereincreasedawarmerclimatewouldbeproduced.Plantgrowthwhichreliesonboththewarmthandtheavailabilityofcarbondioxidewouldprobablyincrease.Asaconsequenceplantswouldusemoreandmorecarbondioxide.Eventuallycarbondioxidelevelswoulddiminishandtheclimateinturnwouldbecomecooler.Withreducedtemperaturesmanyplantswoulddie;carbondioxidewouldtherebybereturnedtotheatmosphereandgraduallythetemperaturewouldriseagain.Thusifthisprocessoccurredtheremightbealong-termoscillationintheamountofcarbondioxidepresentintheatmospherewithregulartemperatureincreasesanddecreasesofasetmagnitude.Someclimatologistsarguethattheburningoffossilfuelshasraisedthelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereandhascausedaglobaltemperatureincreaseofatleast1C.Butasupposedglobaltemperatureriseof112mayinrealitybeonlyseveralregionaltemperatureincreasesrestrictedtoareaswheretherearemanymeteorologicalstationsandmusedsimplybyshiftsinthepatternofatmosphericcirculation.OtherareasforexampletheSouthernHemisphereOceanicZonemaybeexperiencinganequivalenttemperaturedecreasethatisunrecognizedbecauseoftheshortageofmeteorologicalrecordingstations.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith______.
Theongoingincreaseinthenumberofself-financeduniversitystudentsand.theopeningofprivateuniversitiesareindispensablestepsifChinaistodevelopthelargeanddiverseeducationsectoritwillneedtosustainitseconomicgrowthinthecomingdecades.ButifpayingtuitionandhousingfeesbecomesthenormwhatwillhappentostudentsfrompoorfamiliesShouldtheyjustbewrittenoffOrprovidedwithatrickleofcharityscholarshipsjustsufficienttobringahandfulofthebrightestpoorstudentstoeachcampus41__________.Forlessgiftedyoungpeoplethereisconsiderablefinancialaidintheformofpartialscholarshipsbasedoneconomicneedgovernmentbackedbankloansandcampusjobs.Plustherearelow-payingbutnonethelesshelpfuloff-campusjobsintheservicesectorusuallyabundantincitiesandtownswithlargestudentpopulations.AnymodestlyintelligentAmericankidfromapoorfamilycanifheunderstandsthevalueofauniversityeducationfindthemeanstoattenduniversity.42__________.Chinaneedseasyeducationalcredit.Thecostofhighereducationhereisstillfairlylowespeciallyrelativetothesalariesthatpeoplewithuniversitydegreesarelikelytobeearning10or15yearsaftergraduation.Scholarshipsforthebrightchildrenoftheruralandurbanpoorshouldbeexpandedbutsomethingmoreisrequired:asystemofcheapgovernment-guaranteedlong-termloansthatanyteenageradmittedtoauniversitycouldreadilyobtain.Theinvestmentwouldbemodestthesocialpayoffhugeinpromotingtalentfunnelingideasfordevelopmenttoout-of-the-wayandeconomicallydepressedlocalitiesandmaintainingthecountry’sstability.43__________.HavingtaughtinChinaattheuniversitylevelformanyyearsIamverymuchinfavorofincreasingthenumberofstudentsfrompeasantandurbanpoorfamilies.SomeofthemostimpressivestudentsIhaveknownheretendedwaterbuffaloorplantedriceaschildren--andmanynaymostoftheleastimpressivegrewupinprosperousurbanfamilies.44__________.Theyarelearninghowtoadapttonewsettingsanddevelopanunderstandingofpeopleverydifferentfromthemselves.Theireyesareopen.45__________.Andthesehot-housekidsaresupposedtomakecareerchoicesat18—onthebasisofwhatIntheendofwhateverotherpeoplearedoingorwhattheirparentstellthemtodowhichamountstomuchthesamething.Thisisaboutasfoolishawaytoconductone’slifeasIcanimagine.Theytooneedtoacquireasenseoflifeasagrandexplorationhoweverpuzzlingandlearntonegotiatealienenvironmentsandunfamiliarsituations.Theymustlearntoquestionanddiscovertomaketheirownmistakesandtolearnfromthem.A.AndtheyneedtoknowtheirowncountrywhichwillneverhappenonthebasisofclassroominstructionandwatchingTV.B.IncontrastIamforeveramazedtotalktoquitebrightBeijingkidswhoknownexttonothingevenaboutthiscitytheirownimmediateenvironment;worsetheydonothaveaninklingoftheextentoftheirownignorance.C.IntheUSparadoxicallypoorstudentsoftenhaveaneasiertimefinancingtheirhighereducationthandomiddle-classkids.Brightteenagersfromunderprivilegedbackgroundsareactivelyrecruitedbyeliteprivateuniversitieswhichsupplygenerousfinancialaid.D.Indeedthesystemofloansoughttobeopentosecondarystudentsaswellsnochildshouldbeforcedtodropoutofschoolintoday’sChinabecausehisorherparentscan’taffordschoolfees.E.Mixingwell-offBeijingkidswithpeasantandpoorteenagersoncampusissuretoproducebetterinformedandshrewderChinesecitizens.Anycampusintoday’sChinawithoutasubstantialnumberofpeasantandpoorstudentsisnotafitenvironmentforeducatingyoungpeople.F.TheruralstudentsinparticularknowthingsaboutlifeinChinathatarewhollylostonkidswhohavegrownupinsideover-protectiveBeijingfamilieswheretheyspenttheiradolescencedoingpreciouslittlebutplayvideogameswatchTVandstudyforthenationaluniversityentranceexam.Theruralstudentshavealreadyhadexperienceoftwoorthreemajorsocialadjustmentstypicallyvillagelargetown—bigcity;theirlivesareanunfoldingexploration.G.Inotherwordsitisculturalfactorsandpsychologicalmotivationnotfamilyincomethatdeterminewhocango.SinceWorldWarⅡcollegesanduniversitiesabovealllow-coststateschoolshaveactedassocialescalatorsliftingmillionsofpoorimmigrantandworking-classyoungpeopleintothemiddleclass.
Thefactthatblindpeoplecanseethingsusingotherpartsoftheirbodiesapartfromtheireyesmayhelpustounderstandourfeelingsaboutcolor.Iftheycan1colordifferencesthenperhapswetooareaffectedby2unconsciously.Manufacturershavediscoveredby3thatsugarsellsbadlyingreenwrappings4bluefoodsareconsideredunpleasantandthecosmeticsshouldneverbepackaged5brown.Thesediscoverieshavegrown6awholedisciplineofcolorpsychologythatnowfinds7ineverythingfromfashiontointeriordecoration.Someofour8areclearlypsychological.Darkblueisthecolorofthenightskyand9associatedwithpassivityandcalmwhileyellowisadaycolorwith10ofenergyandincentive.Forprimitivemanactivityduringtheday11huntingandattackingwhilehesoonsawasredthecolorofbloodandrageandtheheatthatcame12effort.Andgreenisassociatedwithpassive13andselfpreservation.Experimentshave14thatgreenpartlybemuseofitsphysiologicalassociationsalsohasadirectpsychological15itisacalmingcolor.16itsexcitingconnotationsredwaschosenasthesignalforchanger17closeranalysisshowsthatavividyellowcanproducea18basicstateofalertnessand19sofireenginesandambulancesinsomeadvancedcommunitiesarenow20aroundinbrightyellowcolorsthatstopthetrafficdead.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
Directions:Title:IdolofThisAge:BillGatesorLeiFangOutline:thepresentstateyouropinionandyourreasons.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
Theenvironmentalandsocialcostsofclosingandrehabilitating恢复oldandabandonedminesaroundtheworldarelikelyintrillionsofdollarsandfarbeyondthecapabilityofminingcompaniesalonetodealwithSirRobertWilsonchairmanofLondon-basedmetalsgiantRioTintoPlcsaidonTuesday.46WilsontoldReutersataminingindustryconferenceonsustainabledevelopmentinTorontothatarecentestimateputsrehabilitationcostsjustintheUnitedStateswhereregulationisstricterthaninmanyothercountriesat＄35billion.IfyoulookatwheretherealproblemsareinRussiaEasternEuropeSouthAfricaIndiainatheextentoftheminelegacyissuesisnormousandit’stotallybeyondthecapabilityofthisindustryeitherfinanciallyortechnicallytomakeameaningfulcontributiontothatWilsonsaid.47Hugeandgiganticwereothertermsbeingtossedaroundtodescribetheproblemofoldandabandonedminesatthethree-dayGlobalMiningInitiativemeetinginTorontowhichisbeingheldinpreparationfortheWorldSummitforSustainableDevelopmentinJohannesburginAugust.Butattemptswerefewatfixinganexactcostonwhattheindustrycallsheritageissues—theenvironmentaldestructionandtearsinthesocialfabricleftoverfroma100yearsofminingprojectsthatnoonehastakenresponsibilityfor.Prodtheyarestillhappeningsomeexpertsattheconferencesaid.JamesKuipersoftheU.S.CenterforScienceinPublicParticipationwhichprovidestechnicalservicestolocalandtribalgovernmentssaidhisgroupestimatesthat95percentofoperatingminesintheUnitedStateshaveonlyvagueplansfordealingwiththeenvironmentalconsequencesofshuttingdownsuchasthepollutionoflocalwatercourses.48Hesaidthatincaseswhereownershavejustwalkedawayorgonebankruptitisthetaxpayerthathasbeenstuckwiththeliability.ThepublicnolongerfavorsnewminingintheUnitedStatesandmistrustsexistingminesheadded.WilsontoldReutersthatmostlargeestablishedcompaniesareabletocometotermswithmineclosures.RioTintoandseveralotherbigcompaniesmakeseriousprovisionsforenvironmentalandsocialrehabilitationastheplanningstagesoftheirprojectshesaid.49ButtherearesomeparticularareasofconcernforlargegoldoperationsintheUnitedStateswhichhavegotquiteasubstantialenvironmentalheritage.Iknowthatisworryingoneortwocompaniesquitealotintermsofthepotentiallyverylargeliabilitiesthatwillbecrystallized明确onclosure.Therearegoingtobesomecompaniesthataregoingtobesweatingonthisabithesaid.50ManydelegatesattheconferencestressedthatgovernmentsmustbecomemoreinvolvedintheissuesofmineclosingsandKuiperssuggestedtaxingmetalsconsumptiontohelppayfortheclean-up.Somesaidaglobalclosurefundshouldbecreatedwithcontributionsfromindustrygovernmentandinstitutions.ButWorldBankofficialMonikaWeberFahrwhonotedthattheWorldBankistheNo.1sourceofmine-closingfinanceswarnedthatknowingthereisaback-upwouldencourageirresponsibility.Itshouldbethepolluterthatshouldbepayingshesaid.
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.YoungwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepiecesnotedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime.InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60sDr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere.They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations.Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo.Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupiedhesaid.EachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheotherDr.Cohlerwenton.Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport.Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.WhatdoesthephrasepickupthepiecesSentence2Paragraph2probablymean
IfnationalhealthinsurancewouldnotcuretheproblemsoftheAmericanhealthcaresystemwhatthenisresponsibleforthemSuspicionfallsheavilyonhospitalswhichmakeupthelargestcomponentofthesystem.In1988hospitalsaccountedfor39%ofallhealthexpenditures-morethandoctornursinghomesdrugsandhomehealthcarecombined.AlthoughU.S.hospitalsprovideoutstandingresearchandfrequentlyexcellentcaretheyalsoexhibittheclassicattributesofinsufficientorganizations:increasingcostsanddecreasinguse.Theaveragecostofahospitalstayin1987—＄3850—wasmorethandoublethe1980cost.Acarefulgovernmentanalysispublishedin1987revealedtheinflationofhospitalcostsoverandabovegeneralpriceinflationasamajorfactorintheirgrowthevenafterallowancesweremadeforincreasesinthepopulationandinintensityofcare.Whiletherateofincreaseforhospitalcostswas2796greaterthanthatforallmedicalcareand163%greaterthanthatforallothergoodsandservicesdemandforhospitalservicesfellby34%.Buthospitalsseemedobliviousofthedecline:duringthisperiodthenumberofhospitalbedsshrankonlybyabout396andthenumberoffull-timeemployeesgrewbymorethan240000.Afteryetanotherunexpectedlyhighhospital-costincreaselastyearonepuzzledgovernmentanalystasked:Where’sthemoneygoingMuchoftheincreaseinhospitalcosts—amountingto＄180billionfrom1965to1987—wenttoduplicatingmedicaltechnologyavailableinnearbyhospitalsandmaintainingexcessbeds.ModernHealthcarealeadingjournalinthefieldrecentlynotedthatanecdotesofhospitals’unnecessaryspendingontechnologyabound.Medicaltechnologyisveryexpensive.Anoperatingroomoutfittedtoperformopen-heartsurgerycostshundredsofthousandsofdollars.From1982to1989thenumberofhospitalswithopen-heart-surgeryfacilitiesgrewby33%andthemostrapidgrowthoccurredamongsmallerandmoderate-sizedhospitals.Thisgrowthwasworrisomeforreasonsofbothcostsandquality.Underusedtechnologyalmostinevitablydecreasesqualityofcare.Inmedicineasineverythingelsepracticemakesperfect.Forexamplemostofthehospitalswiththelowestra6rtaiityratesforcoronary-bypasssurgeryperformatleastfiftytoahundredsuchproceduresannuallyandinsomecasesmanymore:themajorityofthosewiththehighestmortalityratesperformfewerthanfiftyayear.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatifahospitalusesitsmedicaltechnologytothefull______.
Directions:Title:Speedvs.SafetyinRidingaBicycleOutline:IslowspeedtheonlyguaranteeofsafetyinridingabicycleWhyIsitthesameinotherthingsinourlifeYoushouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.YoungwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepiecesnotedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime.InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60sDr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere.They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations.Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo.Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupiedhesaid.EachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheotherDr.Cohlerwenton.Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport.Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.WhatcanbeinferredfromthesentenceSometimeslifegetstobetoomuchSentence4Paragraph3
Theenvironmentalandsocialcostsofclosingandrehabilitating恢复oldandabandonedminesaroundtheworldarelikelyintrillionsofdollarsandfarbeyondthecapabilityofminingcompaniesalonetodealwithSirRobertWilsonchairmanofLondon-basedmetalsgiantRioTintoPlcsaidonTuesday.46WilsontoldReutersataminingindustryconferenceonsustainabledevelopmentinTorontothatarecentestimateputsrehabilitationcostsjustintheUnitedStateswhereregulationisstricterthaninmanyothercountriesat＄35billion.IfyoulookatwheretherealproblemsareinRussiaEasternEuropeSouthAfricaIndiainatheextentoftheminelegacyissuesisnormousandit’stotallybeyondthecapabilityofthisindustryeitherfinanciallyortechnicallytomakeameaningfulcontributiontothatWilsonsaid.47Hugeandgiganticwereothertermsbeingtossedaroundtodescribetheproblemofoldandabandonedminesatthethree-dayGlobalMiningInitiativemeetinginTorontowhichisbeingheldinpreparationfortheWorldSummitforSustainableDevelopmentinJohannesburginAugust.Butattemptswerefewatfixinganexactcostonwhattheindustrycallsheritageissues—theenvironmentaldestructionandtearsinthesocialfabricleftoverfroma100yearsofminingprojectsthatnoonehastakenresponsibilityfor.Prodtheyarestillhappeningsomeexpertsattheconferencesaid.JamesKuipersoftheU.S.CenterforScienceinPublicParticipationwhichprovidestechnicalservicestolocalandtribalgovernmentssaidhisgroupestimatesthat95percentofoperatingminesintheUnitedStateshaveonlyvagueplansfordealingwiththeenvironmentalconsequencesofshuttingdownsuchasthepollutionoflocalwatercourses.48Hesaidthatincaseswhereownershavejustwalkedawayorgonebankruptitisthetaxpayerthathasbeenstuckwiththeliability.ThepublicnolongerfavorsnewminingintheUnitedStatesandmistrustsexistingminesheadded.WilsontoldReutersthatmostlargeestablishedcompaniesareabletocometotermswithmineclosures.RioTintoandseveralotherbigcompaniesmakeseriousprovisionsforenvironmentalandsocialrehabilitationastheplanningstagesoftheirprojectshesaid.49ButtherearesomeparticularareasofconcernforlargegoldoperationsintheUnitedStateswhichhavegotquiteasubstantialenvironmentalheritage.Iknowthatisworryingoneortwocompaniesquitealotintermsofthepotentiallyverylargeliabilitiesthatwillbecrystallized明确onclosure.Therearegoingtobesomecompaniesthataregoingtobesweatingonthisabithesaid.50ManydelegatesattheconferencestressedthatgovernmentsmustbecomemoreinvolvedintheissuesofmineclosingsandKuiperssuggestedtaxingmetalsconsumptiontohelppayfortheclean-up.Somesaidaglobalclosurefundshouldbecreatedwithcontributionsfromindustrygovernmentandinstitutions.ButWorldBankofficialMonikaWeberFahrwhonotedthattheWorldBankistheNo.1sourceofmine-closingfinanceswarnedthatknowingthereisaback-upwouldencourageirresponsibility.Itshouldbethepolluterthatshouldbepayingshesaid.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatfight.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.Alldiseaseisanoutrageanddiseasethataffectstheyoungandhealthyseemsparticularlyoutrageous.Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.Decentpeopleareoffendedbythisunfairnessandinthenameofbenevolencehavebeendriventodomorallyirresponsiblethingssuchasdenyingtheunpleasantfactsofthediseaseoutofcompassionforthevictims.Wecannotdistortthefactstocomforttheafflictedwhensuchconfusioncompoundsthetragedy.Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.Wenowhaveteatsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot.TostatethatthetestforAIDSisambiguousasaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Tostatethatthetestdoesnotdirectlyindicatethepresenceofthevirusisahalf-truththatmisleadsandanimmoralact.ThetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsideredI00percentcertainbyexperts.EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialvectorfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfromcontamination.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteptocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman.Wemustdoeverythinginourpowertokeepthisstilluntreatablediseasefrombecomingpandemic.Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex.Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahigh-riskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwellwishingandplatitudes老生常谈abouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhile’theycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy.ThewordoutrageSentence1Paragraph2mostprobablymeans______.
Theenvironmentalandsocialcostsofclosingandrehabilitating恢复oldandabandonedminesaroundtheworldarelikelyintrillionsofdollarsandfarbeyondthecapabilityofminingcompaniesalonetodealwithSirRobertWilsonchairmanofLondon-basedmetalsgiantRioTintoPlcsaidonTuesday.46WilsontoldReutersataminingindustryconferenceonsustainabledevelopmentinTorontothatarecentestimateputsrehabilitationcostsjustintheUnitedStateswhereregulationisstricterthaninmanyothercountriesat＄35billion.IfyoulookatwheretherealproblemsareinRussiaEasternEuropeSouthAfricaIndiainatheextentoftheminelegacyissuesisnormousandit’stotallybeyondthecapabilityofthisindustryeitherfinanciallyortechnicallytomakeameaningfulcontributiontothatWilsonsaid.47Hugeandgiganticwereothertermsbeingtossedaroundtodescribetheproblemofoldandabandonedminesatthethree-dayGlobalMiningInitiativemeetinginTorontowhichisbeingheldinpreparationfortheWorldSummitforSustainableDevelopmentinJohannesburginAugust.Butattemptswerefewatfixinganexactcostonwhattheindustrycallsheritageissues—theenvironmentaldestructionandtearsinthesocialfabricleftoverfroma100yearsofminingprojectsthatnoonehastakenresponsibilityfor.Prodtheyarestillhappeningsomeexpertsattheconferencesaid.JamesKuipersoftheU.S.CenterforScienceinPublicParticipationwhichprovidestechnicalservicestolocalandtribalgovernmentssaidhisgroupestimatesthat95percentofoperatingminesintheUnitedStateshaveonlyvagueplansfordealingwiththeenvironmentalconsequencesofshuttingdownsuchasthepollutionoflocalwatercourses.48Hesaidthatincaseswhereownershavejustwalkedawayorgonebankruptitisthetaxpayerthathasbeenstuckwiththeliability.ThepublicnolongerfavorsnewminingintheUnitedStatesandmistrustsexistingminesheadded.WilsontoldReutersthatmostlargeestablishedcompaniesareabletocometotermswithmineclosures.RioTintoandseveralotherbigcompaniesmakeseriousprovisionsforenvironmentalandsocialrehabilitationastheplanningstagesoftheirprojectshesaid.49ButtherearesomeparticularareasofconcernforlargegoldoperationsintheUnitedStateswhichhavegotquiteasubstantialenvironmentalheritage.Iknowthatisworryingoneortwocompaniesquitealotintermsofthepotentiallyverylargeliabilitiesthatwillbecrystallized明确onclosure.Therearegoingtobesomecompaniesthataregoingtobesweatingonthisabithesaid.50ManydelegatesattheconferencestressedthatgovernmentsmustbecomemoreinvolvedintheissuesofmineclosingsandKuiperssuggestedtaxingmetalsconsumptiontohelppayfortheclean-up.Somesaidaglobalclosurefundshouldbecreatedwithcontributionsfromindustrygovernmentandinstitutions.ButWorldBankofficialMonikaWeberFahrwhonotedthattheWorldBankistheNo.1sourceofmine-closingfinanceswarnedthatknowingthereisaback-upwouldencourageirresponsibility.Itshouldbethepolluterthatshouldbepayingshesaid.
Contrarytotheimpressionthatgrandmothersaredelightedtohelptheirgrowndaughtersandcarefortheirgrandchildrenastudyofmultigenerationalfamiliesindicatesthatmanyolderwomenresentthefrequentimpositionsoftheyoungergenerationsontheirhomeandenergy.YoungwomenwithchildrenareunderalotofpressurethesedaysandtheyexpecttheirmotherstohelpthempickupthepiecesnotedDr.BertramJ.CohlerabehavioralscientistattheUniversityofChicago.ThisisoftenthestrongestsourceofresentmentonthepartofGrandmotherwhohasfinishedwithchildcaringandnowhasherownlifetolive.Grandmothersliketoseetheirchildrenandgrandchildrenbutontheirowntime.InallthefourNewEnglandfamiliesstudiedtheolderwomenresentedthenumerousphonecallsandvisitsfromtheirgrowndaughterwhooftenturnedtotheirmothersforadvicephysicalresourcesaffectionandcompanionshipaswellasbabysittingservices.Americansocietykeepspilingontheburdensforolderpeopleparticularlythoseintheir50sand60sDr.Cohlersaidinaninterviewhere.They’restillworkingandthey’retakingcareoftheirgrownchildrenandmaybealsotheiragedparents.Sometimeslifegetstobetoomuch.That’sonereasonmanyolderfolksmovefarawaytoFloridaorArizona.Theyneedmorespaceandtimetoattendtotheirownaffairandfriends.Youngpeopledon’tunderstandthisandthat’spartofwhatcreatetensionbetweengenerations.Hehasfoundthatcontrarytowhattheyoungergenerationsmayhavethoughtolderpeoplehaveanenormousamounttodo.Morethanhalfofworking-classgrandmothersstillworkandifthey’reretiredtheyhaveactivitiesinthecommunitythatkeepthemoccupiedhesaid.EachgenerationhasgottoappreciatetheuniqueneedsoftheotherDr.Cohlerwenton.Theyoungergenerationhastorealizethatgrandparentshavebusyactivelivesandthattheyneedprivacyandmorespaceforthemselves.Andtheoldergenerationhastorealizethatcontinuingtobepartofthefamilyisimportanttotheyoungergenerationandthattheyneedhelpandsupport.Henotedthatproblemswithinterdependencebetweengenerationswerelikelytobemoreintenseinworking-classfamiliesthaninmiddleandupper-classfamilies.Heexplainedthattheworkingclasstendedtobegeographicallylessmobileandtohavefeweroutsideresourcesandthatdaughtersweremorelikelytoberearedwithastrongfamilyorientationandlessemphasisonestablishinganindependentlife.Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe______.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
Theongoingincreaseinthenumberofself-financeduniversitystudentsand.theopeningofprivateuniversitiesareindispensablestepsifChinaistodevelopthelargeanddiverseeducationsectoritwillneedtosustainitseconomicgrowthinthecomingdecades.ButifpayingtuitionandhousingfeesbecomesthenormwhatwillhappentostudentsfrompoorfamiliesShouldtheyjustbewrittenoffOrprovidedwithatrickleofcharityscholarshipsjustsufficienttobringahandfulofthebrightestpoorstudentstoeachcampus41__________.Forlessgiftedyoungpeoplethereisconsiderablefinancialaidintheformofpartialscholarshipsbasedoneconomicneedgovernmentbackedbankloansandcampusjobs.Plustherearelow-payingbutnonethelesshelpfuloff-campusjobsintheservicesectorusuallyabundantincitiesandtownswithlargestudentpopulations.AnymodestlyintelligentAmericankidfromapoorfamilycanifheunderstandsthevalueofauniversityeducationfindthemeanstoattenduniversity.42__________.Chinaneedseasyeducationalcredit.Thecostofhighereducationhereisstillfairlylowespeciallyrelativetothesalariesthatpeoplewithuniversitydegreesarelikelytobeearning10or15yearsaftergraduation.Scholarshipsforthebrightchildrenoftheruralandurbanpoorshouldbeexpandedbutsomethingmoreisrequired:asystemofcheapgovernment-guaranteedlong-termloansthatanyteenageradmittedtoauniversitycouldreadilyobtain.Theinvestmentwouldbemodestthesocialpayoffhugeinpromotingtalentfunnelingideasfordevelopmenttoout-of-the-wayandeconomicallydepressedlocalitiesandmaintainingthecountry’sstability.43__________.HavingtaughtinChinaattheuniversitylevelformanyyearsIamverymuchinfavorofincreasingthenumberofstudentsfrompeasantandurbanpoorfamilies.SomeofthemostimpressivestudentsIhaveknownheretendedwaterbuffaloorplantedriceaschildren--andmanynaymostoftheleastimpressivegrewupinprosperousurbanfamilies.44__________.Theyarelearninghowtoadapttonewsettingsanddevelopanunderstandingofpeopleverydifferentfromthemselves.Theireyesareopen.45__________.Andthesehot-housekidsaresupposedtomakecareerchoicesat18—onthebasisofwhatIntheendofwhateverotherpeoplearedoingorwhattheirparentstellthemtodowhichamountstomuchthesamething.Thisisaboutasfoolishawaytoconductone’slifeasIcanimagine.Theytooneedtoacquireasenseoflifeasagrandexplorationhoweverpuzzlingandlearntonegotiatealienenvironmentsandunfamiliarsituations.Theymustlearntoquestionanddiscovertomaketheirownmistakesandtolearnfromthem.A.AndtheyneedtoknowtheirowncountrywhichwillneverhappenonthebasisofclassroominstructionandwatchingTV.B.IncontrastIamforeveramazedtotalktoquitebrightBeijingkidswhoknownexttonothingevenaboutthiscitytheirownimmediateenvironment;worsetheydonothaveaninklingoftheextentoftheirownignorance.C.IntheUSparadoxicallypoorstudentsoftenhaveaneasiertimefinancingtheirhighereducationthandomiddle-classkids.Brightteenagersfromunderprivilegedbackgroundsareactivelyrecruitedbyeliteprivateuniversitieswhichsupplygenerousfinancialaid.D.Indeedthesystemofloansoughttobeopentosecondarystudentsaswellsnochildshouldbeforcedtodropoutofschoolintoday’sChinabecausehisorherparentscan’taffordschoolfees.E.Mixingwell-offBeijingkidswithpeasantandpoorteenagersoncampusissuretoproducebetterinformedandshrewderChinesecitizens.Anycampusintoday’sChinawithoutasubstantialnumberofpeasantandpoorstudentsisnotafitenvironmentforeducatingyoungpeople.F.TheruralstudentsinparticularknowthingsaboutlifeinChinathatarewhollylostonkidswhohavegrownupinsideover-protectiveBeijingfamilieswheretheyspenttheiradolescencedoingpreciouslittlebutplayvideogameswatchTVandstudyforthenationaluniversityentranceexam.Theruralstudentshavealreadyhadexperienceoftwoorthreemajorsocialadjustmentstypicallyvillagelargetown—bigcity;theirlivesareanunfoldingexploration.G.Inotherwordsitisculturalfactorsandpsychologicalmotivationnotfamilyincomethatdeterminewhocango.SinceWorldWarⅡcollegesanduniversitiesabovealllow-coststateschoolshaveactedassocialescalatorsliftingmillionsofpoorimmigrantandworking-classyoungpeopleintothemiddleclass.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
IfnationalhealthinsurancewouldnotcuretheproblemsoftheAmericanhealthcaresystemwhatthenisresponsibleforthemSuspicionfallsheavilyonhospitalswhichmakeupthelargestcomponentofthesystem.In1988hospitalsaccountedfor39%ofallhealthexpenditures-morethandoctornursinghomesdrugsandhomehealthcarecombined.AlthoughU.S.hospitalsprovideoutstandingresearchandfrequentlyexcellentcaretheyalsoexhibittheclassicattributesofinsufficientorganizations:increasingcostsanddecreasinguse.Theaveragecostofahospitalstayin1987—＄3850—wasmorethandoublethe1980cost.Acarefulgovernmentanalysispublishedin1987revealedtheinflationofhospitalcostsoverandabovegeneralpriceinflationasamajorfactorintheirgrowthevenafterallowancesweremadeforincreasesinthepopulationandinintensityofcare.Whiletherateofincreaseforhospitalcostswas2796greaterthanthatforallmedicalcareand163%greaterthanthatforallothergoodsandservicesdemandforhospitalservicesfellby34%.Buthospitalsseemedobliviousofthedecline:duringthisperiodthenumberofhospitalbedsshrankonlybyabout396andthenumberoffull-timeemployeesgrewbymorethan240000.Afteryetanotherunexpectedlyhighhospital-costincreaselastyearonepuzzledgovernmentanalystasked:Where’sthemoneygoingMuchoftheincreaseinhospitalcosts—amountingto＄180billionfrom1965to1987—wenttoduplicatingmedicaltechnologyavailableinnearbyhospitalsandmaintainingexcessbeds.ModernHealthcarealeadingjournalinthefieldrecentlynotedthatanecdotesofhospitals’unnecessaryspendingontechnologyabound.Medicaltechnologyisveryexpensive.Anoperatingroomoutfittedtoperformopen-heartsurgerycostshundredsofthousandsofdollars.From1982to1989thenumberofhospitalswithopen-heart-surgeryfacilitiesgrewby33%andthemostrapidgrowthoccurredamongsmallerandmoderate-sizedhospitals.Thisgrowthwasworrisomeforreasonsofbothcostsandquality.Underusedtechnologyalmostinevitablydecreasesqualityofcare.Inmedicineasineverythingelsepracticemakesperfect.Forexamplemostofthehospitalswiththelowestra6rtaiityratesforcoronary-bypasssurgeryperformatleastfiftytoahundredsuchproceduresannuallyandinsomecasesmanymore:themajorityofthosewiththehighestmortalityratesperformfewerthanfiftyayear.Whendemandforhospitalservicesfellhospitals______.
IfnationalhealthinsurancewouldnotcuretheproblemsoftheAmericanhealthcaresystemwhatthenisresponsibleforthemSuspicionfallsheavilyonhospitalswhichmakeupthelargestcomponentofthesystem.In1988hospitalsaccountedfor39%ofallhealthexpenditures-morethandoctornursinghomesdrugsandhomehealthcarecombined.AlthoughU.S.hospitalsprovideoutstandingresearchandfrequentlyexcellentcaretheyalsoexhibittheclassicattributesofinsufficientorganizations:increasingcostsanddecreasinguse.Theaveragecostofahospitalstayin1987—＄3850—wasmorethandoublethe1980cost.Acarefulgovernmentanalysispublishedin1987revealedtheinflationofhospitalcostsoverandabovegeneralpriceinflationasamajorfactorintheirgrowthevenafterallowancesweremadeforincreasesinthepopulationandinintensityofcare.Whiletherateofincreaseforhospitalcostswas2796greaterthanthatforallmedicalcareand163%greaterthanthatforallothergoodsandservicesdemandforhospitalservicesfellby34%.Buthospitalsseemedobliviousofthedecline:duringthisperiodthenumberofhospitalbedsshrankonlybyabout396andthenumberoffull-timeemployeesgrewbymorethan240000.Afteryetanotherunexpectedlyhighhospital-costincreaselastyearonepuzzledgovernmentanalystasked:Where’sthemoneygoingMuchoftheincreaseinhospitalcosts—amountingto＄180billionfrom1965to1987—wenttoduplicatingmedicaltechnologyavailableinnearbyhospitalsandmaintainingexcessbeds.ModernHealthcarealeadingjournalinthefieldrecentlynotedthatanecdotesofhospitals’unnecessaryspendingontechnologyabound.Medicaltechnologyisveryexpensive.Anoperatingroomoutfittedtoperformopen-heartsurgerycostshundredsofthousandsofdollars.From1982to1989thenumberofhospitalswithopen-heart-surgeryfacilitiesgrewby33%andthemostrapidgrowthoccurredamongsmallerandmoderate-sizedhospitals.Thisgrowthwasworrisomeforreasonsofbothcostsandquality.Underusedtechnologyalmostinevitablydecreasesqualityofcare.Inmedicineasineverythingelsepracticemakesperfect.Forexamplemostofthehospitalswiththelowestra6rtaiityratesforcoronary-bypasssurgeryperformatleastfiftytoahundredsuchproceduresannuallyandinsomecasesmanymore:themajorityofthosewiththehighestmortalityratesperformfewerthanfiftyayear.AccordingtothepassagetheAmericanhealth-caresystem______.
ClimaticconditionsaredelicatelyadjustedtothecompositionoftheEarth’satmosphere.Iftherewereachangeintheatmosphere--forexampleintherelativeproportionsofatmosphericgases-theclimatewouldprobablychangealso.Aslightincreaseinwatervaporforinstancewouldincreasetheheat-retainingcapacityoftheatmosphereandwouldleadtoariseinglobaltemperatures.IncontrastalargeincreaseinwatervaporwouldincreasethethicknessandextentofthecloudlayerreducingtheamountofsolarenergyreachingtheEarth’ssurface.Thelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmospherehasanimportanteffectonclimaticchange.MostoftheEarth’sincomingenergyisshort-wavelengthradiationwhichtendstopassthroughatmosphericcarbondioxideeasily.TheEarthhoweverreradiatesmuchofthereceivedenergyaslong-wavelengthradiationwhichcarbondioxideabsorbsandthenremitstowardtheEarth.Thisphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffectcanresultinanincreaseinthesurfacetemperatureofaplanet.AnextremeexampleoftheeffectisshownbyVenusaplanetcoveredbyheavycloudscomposedmostlyofcarbondioxidewhosesurfacetemperatureshavebeenmeasuredat43012.Ifthecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphereisreducedthetemperaturefalls.AccordingtoonerespectabletheoryiftheatmosphericcarbondioxideconcentrationwerehalvedtheEarthwouldbecomecompletelycoveredwithice.Anotherequallyrespectabletheoryhoweverstatesthatahalvingofthecarbondioxideconcentrationwouldleadonlytoreductioninglobaltemperaturesof312.Ifbecauseofanincreaseinforestfiresorvolcanicactivitythecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphereincreasedawarmerclimatewouldbeproduced.Plantgrowthwhichreliesonboththewarmthandtheavailabilityofcarbondioxidewouldprobablyincrease.Asaconsequenceplantswouldusemoreandmorecarbondioxide.Eventuallycarbondioxidelevelswoulddiminishandtheclimateinturnwouldbecomecooler.Withreducedtemperaturesmanyplantswoulddie;carbondioxidewouldtherebybereturnedtotheatmosphereandgraduallythetemperaturewouldriseagain.Thusifthisprocessoccurredtheremightbealong-termoscillationintheamountofcarbondioxidepresentintheatmospherewithregulartemperatureincreasesanddecreasesofasetmagnitude.Someclimatologistsarguethattheburningoffossilfuelshasraisedthelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereandhascausedaglobaltemperatureincreaseofatleast1C.Butasupposedglobaltemperatureriseof112mayinrealitybeonlyseveralregionaltemperatureincreasesrestrictedtoareaswheretherearemanymeteorologicalstationsandmusedsimplybyshiftsinthepatternofatmosphericcirculation.OtherareasforexampletheSouthernHemisphereOceanicZonemaybeexperiencinganequivalenttemperaturedecreasethatisunrecognizedbecauseoftheshortageofmeteorologicalrecordingstations.Thepassagesuggeststhatiftherewereaslightglobalwarmingatthepresenttimeitwouldbe______.
Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessmaybe1ifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoices2uponcurrentmedicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonorliketoseeit3whenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourpersonaldecisionsthatmay4ourhealth.Ifwe5desirewecansmokedrinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbeltseat6foodswewantandlives7sedentarylife-stylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisthefundamental8ofoursociety9thewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativeto10oftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybe11byfriendsintobelievingitisasocially12thingtodo.A13ofactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealth-relatedbehaviorsanditis14thescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectany15individual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealth-relatedbehavioris16oneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.Expertssuggestthattoknowinglygive17overtoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityof18lifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.19personalhealthchoicesshould20thosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity.
PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatfight.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus.Alldiseaseisanoutrageanddiseasethataffectstheyoungandhealthyseemsparticularlyoutrageous.Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome.Decentpeopleareoffendedbythisunfairnessandinthenameofbenevolencehavebeendriventodomorallyirresponsiblethingssuchasdenyingtheunpleasantfactsofthediseaseoutofcompassionforthevictims.Wecannotdistortthefactstocomforttheafflictedwhensuchconfusioncompoundsthetragedy.Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown.Wenowhaveteatsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot.TostatethatthetestforAIDSisambiguousasaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Tostatethatthetestdoesnotdirectlyindicatethepresenceofthevirusisahalf-truththatmisleadsandanimmoralact.ThetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsideredI00percentcertainbyexperts.EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialvectorfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfromcontamination.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteptocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman.Wemustdoeverythinginourpowertokeepthisstilluntreatablediseasefrombecomingpandemic.Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex.Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahigh-riskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwellwishingandplatitudes老生常谈abouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhile’theycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy.AccordingtoexpertsthetestforAIDSis______.
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
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