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Directions: Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1) d...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenspeededbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.NotonlywasTurner’sthesisinfluentialatthetimeitwaslateradoptedandelaboratedbyotherscholarssuchasJohnD.HicksinThepopulistRevolt1931.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfanningthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedstatesupuntilthattime.Itistruethatahighproportionofthenewlyfannedlandwassuitableonlyforgrazinganddryfarmingbutagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. Theemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearance’oftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.In1869theSuezCanalwasopenedandthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUnitedStateswascompleted.Anextensivenetworkoftelegraphandtelephonecommunicationswasspun:EuropewasconnectedbysubmarinecablewiththeUnitedStatesin1866andwithSouthAmericain1874.Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanshadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingoccurredpriorto1890.9
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 14
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyoursuggestionsastohowtocooperateinharmony. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 6
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenspeededbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.NotonlywasTurner’sthesisinfluentialatthetimeitwaslateradoptedandelaboratedbyotherscholarssuchasJohnD.HicksinThepopulistRevolt1931.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfanningthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedstatesupuntilthattime.Itistruethatahighproportionofthenewlyfannedlandwassuitableonlyforgrazinganddryfarmingbutagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. Theemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearance’oftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.In1869theSuezCanalwasopenedandthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUnitedStateswascompleted.Anextensivenetworkoftelegraphandtelephonecommunicationswasspun:EuropewasconnectedbysubmarinecablewiththeUnitedStatesin1866andwithSouthAmericain1874.Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanshadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. TheauthorprovidesinformationconcerningnewlyfarmedlandsintheUnitedStatesinparagraph1tosupport
FormyproposedjourneythefirstprioritywasclearlytostartlearningArabic.Ihaveneverbeenalinguist.ThoughIhadtraveledwidelyasajournalistIhadnevermanagedtopickupmorethanasmatteringofphrasesinanytongueotherthanFrenchandevenmyFrenchwaslaboriousforwantoflengthypractice.Theprospectoftacklingoneofthenotoriouslydifficultlanguagesattheageoffortyandtryingtospeakitwellbothdeterredandexcitedme.ItwasperhapsexpectingalittletoomuchofacuriouslyunreceptivepartofmyselfyetthepossibilitythatImightgainaccesstoacompletelyaliencultureandtraditionbythismeanswasenormouslypleasing. Ienrolledasapupilinasmallschoolinthecenterofthecity.ItwasrunbyaMrBeheitofdapperappearanceandexplosivetemperamentwhoassuredmethatafterthreemonthsofhisspecialtreatmentIwouldspeakArabicfluently.WhereuponhedrewfromhisdeskapostcardwhichanoldpupilhadsenthimfromsomewhereintheMiddleEastexpressinggreatgratitudeandreportingtheastonishmentoflocalArabsthathecouldconversewiththemlikeanative.ItwaswritteninEnglish.MrBeheithimselfspentmostofhistimecoachingbusinessmeninFrenchandthroughthethinpartitionedwallsofhisschoolonecouldhearhimbellowinginexasperationatsomeconfusedentrepreneur:"NonM.Jones.Janesuispasfrancais.PasPasPas!"NoMr.JonesI’mNOTFrenchI’mnotnotNOT!.IwasgratifiedthatmyowntutorwhosenamewasAhmedwasinfinitelysofterandlesspublicinapproach. Foracoupleofhourseverymorningwewouldfaceeachotheracrossasmalltablewhilewediscussedinmeticulousdetailthecolourschemeofthetinycubicletheeventsinthestreetbelowandonceaweekthehair-raisingprogressofawindow-cleaneracrossthewallofthebuildingopposite.InbetweenhearinginmindtheparticularinterestIhadinacquiringArabicIwouldinquirethewaytosomeimaginaryoasisanxiouslydemandfodderandwaterformycamelswonderpolitelywhetherthesheikhwaspreparedtograntmeaudiencenow.Itwasallhardgoing.IfrequentlydespairedofeverbecominganythinglikeafluentspeakerthoughAhmedassuredmethatmypronunciationwasaboveaverageforaWestemer.ThisIsuspectedwaspartlyflatteryforthereareacoupleofArabicsoundswhichnotevenagiftformimicryallowedmetograspforages.ThereweremoreovervastdistinctionsofmeaningconveyedbysubtlesoundshiftsrarelyemployedinEnglish.AndformetheproblemwasincreasedbytheneedtoassimilateavocabularythatwouldvaryfromplacetoplaceacrossfiveessentiallyArabic-speakingcountriesthatpracticedvernacularsoftheirown:sothatthewordfor"people"forinstancemightbenaissah’aborsooken. EachdayIwasmentallyexhaustedbythestrainofamorninginschoolfollowedbyanafternoonstrugglingathomewithataperecorder.Yettherewasreliefinthemostelementaryformsofunderstandingandprogress.WhenmerelygotthedriftofatorrentwhichAhmedhadjustreleasedIwaschildishlyelated.WhenImanagedtorollacompletesentenceoffmytonguewithoutapparentlythinkingwhatIwassayinganditcameoutrightIbeamedlikeanidiot.AndtheenjoymentofreadingandwritingtheflowingArabicscriptwassomethingthatdidnotleavemeonceIhadmasteredit.BytheendofJuneno-onecouldhavedescribedmeasanythinglikeafluentspeakerofArabic.Iwasapproximatelyinthepositionofafifteen-yearoldwhoequippedwithamodicumofschoolroomFrenchnervouslyawaitshisfirsttriptoParis.ButthiswassomethingIcouldreproveuponinmyowntime.IbadefarewelltoMrBeheitstillstrugglingtodrivetheFrenchnegativeintothestillconfusedmindofMrJones. Thewordmodicuminthelastparagraphcanbereplacedby
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke--probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.IcouldtellyouhorrorstoriessaysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hoursonewrites.Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromworkwritesanother.Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105kin/h].Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemywritesathirdbecausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelievesdoctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment.TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 18
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently--thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone--isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife--nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.BysayingFromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedparagraph3theauthormeans
TheBibleisthegreatworkofthereligiousliteratureandwasinprocessofformationforabouttwelvehundredyears. TheBibleiscomposedof1legendbiographygenealogiesethicslawproverbialwisdomsermonsprophesylyricpoetryhymnsandtheology.Itisnotonly2abookbuta3ofbooks. TheBible4twomajor5theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentwaswrittenoriginallyalmostentirely6HebrewwithalittleAramaicfromtheeleventhtothesecondcenturyBC.Itisthenational7literatureofthepeopleofIsrael.TheNewTestamentwaswritteninGreekfromabout40ADto150.It8theearliestdocuments9thelifeteachingcrucifixionandresurrectionofJesusandtheestablishmentofthe10church.The11workisfromthefirstbookGenesistothelastRevelations. The12andrichnessoftheBible13literature14theOldTestamentareunparalleled.Intheliterary15poetryTheBibleis16. TheBibleisanassemblageofliterature.Itisinaunique17amongtheworld’sbooks18therichnessofits19andspiritualvalues.Itcanbecalledthe20ofbooks. 2
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently--thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone--isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife--nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Onallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldwefind
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 2
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke--probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly. Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare. Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep. "Icouldtellyouhorrorstories"saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound." "PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105kin/h]." "Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy"writesathird"becausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep." Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit. Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment." TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed. OnJayaAgrawal’swebsitewhatarethecommonresponsestothedoctors’sleepproblems
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 8
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance.44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility.45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither.[A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem.[B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.[C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem.[D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare.[E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues.[F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision.[G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem.
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 12
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke--probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly. Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare. Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep. "Icouldtellyouhorrorstories"saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound." "PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105kin/h]." "Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy"writesathird"becausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep." Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit. Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment." TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed. Whoiswellawareoftheconsequencesofthedoctors’sleepproblemandrunsawebsitetoraisethecommonpeople’sawareness
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 16
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas81.HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquartercenturya46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.KilbydesignedshortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail.Hisachievement—theintegration—yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2000.47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilby’sinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera.It’shardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn’taffectyourlifetodayRichardK.TempletonTexasInstruments’presidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday.That’showbroaditsimpactis.ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillionhesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments.49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyeeinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby.In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas.
Directions:Writeanessayaccordingtothefollowingtitleinwhichyoushould:1giveyourcomment;2writeabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.WhatLessonsCanChineseDrawfromSARSNote:SARS:SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromes.严重急性呼吸道综合征Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
JackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas81.HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquartercenturya46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.KilbydesignedshortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail.Hisachievement—theintegration—yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin2000.47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilby’sinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera.It’shardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn’taffectyourlifetodayRichardK.TempletonTexasInstruments’presidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday.That’showbroaditsimpactis.ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdon’tthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillionhesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments.49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyeeinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby.In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMoore’slawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas.
FormyproposedjourneythefirstprioritywasclearlytostartlearningArabic.Ihaveneverbeenalinguist.ThoughIhadtraveledwidelyasajournalistIhadnevermanagedtopickupmorethanasmatteringofphrasesinanytongueotherthanFrenchandevenmyFrenchwaslaboriousforwantoflengthypractice.Theprospectoftacklingoneofthenotoriouslydifficultlanguagesattheageoffortyandtryingtospeakitwellbothdeterredandexcitedme.ItwasperhapsexpectingalittletoomuchofacuriouslyunreceptivepartofmyselfyetthepossibilitythatImightgainaccesstoacompletelyaliencultureandtraditionbythismeanswasenormouslypleasing. Ienrolledasapupilinasmallschoolinthecenterofthecity.ItwasrunbyaMrBeheitofdapperappearanceandexplosivetemperamentwhoassuredmethatafterthreemonthsofhisspecialtreatmentIwouldspeakArabicfluently.WhereuponhedrewfromhisdeskapostcardwhichanoldpupilhadsenthimfromsomewhereintheMiddleEastexpressinggreatgratitudeandreportingtheastonishmentoflocalArabsthathecouldconversewiththemlikeanative.ItwaswritteninEnglish.MrBeheithimselfspentmostofhistimecoachingbusinessmeninFrenchandthroughthethinpartitionedwallsofhisschoolonecouldhearhimbellowinginexasperationatsomeconfusedentrepreneur:"NonM.Jones.Janesuispasfrancais.PasPasPas!"NoMr.JonesI’mNOTFrenchI’mnotnotNOT!.IwasgratifiedthatmyowntutorwhosenamewasAhmedwasinfinitelysofterandlesspublicinapproach. Foracoupleofhourseverymorningwewouldfaceeachotheracrossasmalltablewhilewediscussedinmeticulousdetailthecolourschemeofthetinycubicletheeventsinthestreetbelowandonceaweekthehair-raisingprogressofawindow-cleaneracrossthewallofthebuildingopposite.InbetweenhearinginmindtheparticularinterestIhadinacquiringArabicIwouldinquirethewaytosomeimaginaryoasisanxiouslydemandfodderandwaterformycamelswonderpolitelywhetherthesheikhwaspreparedtograntmeaudiencenow.Itwasallhardgoing.IfrequentlydespairedofeverbecominganythinglikeafluentspeakerthoughAhmedassuredmethatmypronunciationwasaboveaverageforaWestemer.ThisIsuspectedwaspartlyflatteryforthereareacoupleofArabicsoundswhichnotevenagiftformimicryallowedmetograspforages.ThereweremoreovervastdistinctionsofmeaningconveyedbysubtlesoundshiftsrarelyemployedinEnglish.AndformetheproblemwasincreasedbytheneedtoassimilateavocabularythatwouldvaryfromplacetoplaceacrossfiveessentiallyArabic-speakingcountriesthatpracticedvernacularsoftheirown:sothatthewordfor"people"forinstancemightbenaissah’aborsooken. EachdayIwasmentallyexhaustedbythestrainofamorninginschoolfollowedbyanafternoonstrugglingathomewithataperecorder.Yettherewasreliefinthemostelementaryformsofunderstandingandprogress.WhenmerelygotthedriftofatorrentwhichAhmedhadjustreleasedIwaschildishlyelated.WhenImanagedtorollacompletesentenceoffmytonguewithoutapparentlythinkingwhatIwassayinganditcameoutrightIbeamedlikeanidiot.AndtheenjoymentofreadingandwritingtheflowingArabicscriptwassomethingthatdidnotleavemeonceIhadmasteredit.BytheendofJuneno-onecouldhavedescribedmeasanythinglikeafluentspeakerofArabic.Iwasapproximatelyinthepositionofafifteen-yearoldwhoequippedwithamodicumofschoolroomFrenchnervouslyawaitshisfirsttriptoParis.ButthiswassomethingIcouldreproveuponinmyowntime.IbadefarewelltoMrBeheitstillstrugglingtodrivetheFrenchnegativeintothestillconfusedmindofMrJones. Itisknownfrom’thepassagethatthewriter
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 20
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 10
AllAmericansareatleastvaguely1withthe2oftheAmericanIndian.CutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianshavemadetheirproblems3moresevereinrecentyears.Josephyreports"41981itwasestimatedthatcutbacksinfederalprogramsforIndianstotaledabout$500million"5molethantentimesthecutsaffectingtheir6fellowAmericans.Thisreducedfundingisaffectingalmostallaspectsofreservationlife7education.IftheIndianscouldsolvetheir8problemssolutionstomanyoftheirotherproblemsmightnotbefarbehind.InthispaperthecurrentstatusofIndianeducationwillbedescribedand9andsomewaysofimprovingthiseducationwillbeproposed. Whetherto10withthedominantAmericancultureorto11IndianculturehasbeenalongstandingissueinIndianeducation.Thenextfiftyyearsbecameaperiodof12assimilationinallareasofIndianculturebutespeciallyinreligionandeducationJacoby83r84. JohnCollierareformerwhoagitated.13Indiansandtheirculturefromtheearly1920suntilhisdeathin1968hadadifferentidea.HebelievedthatinsteadofeffacingnativecultureIndianschools14encourageand15itDippie’276325. Pressuretoassimilateremainsapotentforcetoday16.MoreandmoreIndiansaregraduatingfromhighschoolandcollegeandbecoming17forjobsinthenon-Indiansociety."WhenIndiansobtaintherequisiteskillsmanyofthementerthebroaderAmericansocietyandsucceed."18approximately90percentofallIndianchildrenareeducatedinstatepublicschoolsystemsTaylor136155.19thesechildrencompetewiththemembersofthedominantsocietyhoweverisanother20. 4
41____________Manyoftheoptionshavealreadybeenrehearsedinthepress:excludingsometreatmentsfromtheNHSchargingforcertaindrugsandservicesanddevelopingvoluntaryorcompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemes.42____________Wespendabout7percentofGDPonhealthcomparedwith9percentintheNetherlandsand10percentinFranceandGermany.Intermsofhealthoutcomesversusspendwecompareprettyfavourably.Idon’tseeprivatehealthcareprovidingmuchofthesolutiontocurrentproblems.43____________Neitherisclosetobeingimplementedbutthefuturecouldseeadeliberateshiftofattentiontovoluntaryhealthinsuranceandanemphasisonsocialinsurance.44____________Evensohighertaxeswillplainlybeneededtofundhealthcare.Ithinkwe’lleventuallyseelargerNHSchargesmorerationingofmedicalservicesandrestrictionsoncertainprocedureswithoutprovenoutcomes.Strictereligibilitycriteriaforcertaintreatmentsareanotherpossibility.45____________.Noneofthemisgoingtowinvotesforthepoliticalpartydesperateenoughtointroducethem—butthennobodyisgoingtovoteforill—healthoranearlydeatheither.[A]EnglishNationalHealthServiceisauniversalhealthkeepingsystem.ButNowtheshortageofmoneybecomesaseriousproblem.[B]Allsuchoptionswouldmeanasharpbreakwithtraditionandpoliticalfalloutthatcouldbeextremelydamaging.[C]Theoptionsprovidessolutiontotheshortageofmoneyproblem.[D]Iexpectindividualstotakegreaterresponsibilityfortheirpersonalhealthusingtechnologythatallowsselfdiag-nosisfollowedbyserf-treatmentorhomecare.[E]Lookingathowfarwe’11beabletofundtheHealthServiceinthe21stcenturyraisesanynumberofthornyis-sues.[F]Morelikelyisashiftfromuniversalhealthcoveragetotopupschemeswhichgivepeoplebasichealthentitlementsbutrequirethemtofinanceothertreatmentthroughprivatefinancingoroptoutschemeswhichusetaxrelieftoencourageindividualstomakeprivateprovision.[G]ComparedtoitsEuropeanUnioncounterpartsBritain.operatesalowcosthealthsystem.
TheworldisatanenvironmentalcrossroadswherethechoicebetweengreedandhumanitywilldecidethefateofmillionsofpeoplefordecadestocometheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramUNEPsaid.FundamentalchangesarepossibleandrequiredUNEPexecutivedirectorKlausToepfertoldanewsconferencepresentingthethirdGlobalEnvironmentOutlookGEOreport.Itwouldbeadisastertositbackandignorethepicturepainted46TheGEO-3reportdesignedtokickworldleadersintoactionaheadoftheJohannesburgearthsummitinlateAugustseesableakoutlookforthefutureunlessradicalactionistakennow.Thechoicesmadetodayarecriticalfortheforestsoceansriversmountainswildlifeandotherlifesupportsystemsuponwhichcurrentandfuturegenerationsdependitsaid.Thereportpaintedfourpossiblescenarios假定rangingfromthegreed-drivenmarketsfirstfuturetothecaringandsharingsustainabilityfirstapproach.Underthefirstthreepercentoftheearth’ssurfacedisappearsunderconcreteby2032morethanhalfthepopulationislivingwithdrought70percentoftheremaininglandandanimalsareunderthreatand16billiontonsofcarbondioxideisbeingbelched猛烈喷出intotheaireachyearfromfossilfuels.47Underthelatterscenariocitiesandhighwayseatuplesslanddroughtiskeptatbaybybetterwatermanagementthepressureonlandandanimalsstabilizesandglobalcarbondioxidemissionsstabilizeatjusthalfthegreedpolicyroute.InthedecadesincethefirstworldearthsummitinRiodeJaneiro58speciesoffishonemammalandonebirdspecieshavebecomeextinctandaremainingquarteroftheworld’smammalsandoneineightofitsbirdsareonthecriticallist.48Lifegivingforestsarebeingtippedapartfertilelandisdisappearingunderconcreteorintotheseaandwaterwaysaredryingupordyingofpollution.Awfulpovertyhungerandsicknessarerampant猖獗的acrosstheplanetandtheglobalizationoftradeiscarryingpollutionwithitonaglobalscale.49Theworld’sseasalreadyunderattackfromgarbageandpoisonsarealsobeingplunderedbymantotheextentthatnearlyone-thirdoftheworld’sstockoffishisnowrankedasusedupoverexploitedorrecoveringthereportsaid.ButToepferaformerGermanenvironmentministerstressedthatwhilethepicturewasbleakitwasnotbeyondredemption拯救.Thisisaneyeopener.Thefiguresarenotanightmareprognosis预后forthesakeofmakinganightmareprognosishesaidcallingontheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment-dubbedthesecondworldearthsummit—totakeurgentsteps.Decisiveactioncanachievepositiveresults.50OurthemeforJohannesburgisplanetpeopleprosperityhesaidurgingthemeetingtosetclearachievableandeffectivetargetstotacklepovertyanddeprivationwithoutdestroyingtheenvironment.Weneedaconcreteactionplan...concreteprojects...andaboveallaclearpoliticaldeclarationToepfersaid.Thatisthemostimportantofall.Wenowhavehundredsofdeclarationsagreementsguidelinesandlegally-bindingtreaties.Letusnowfindthepoliticalcourageandtheinnovativefinancingneededtoimplementthesedealsheadded.
ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenspeededbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatisthedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.NotonlywasTurner’sthesisinfluentialatthetimeitwaslateradoptedandelaboratedbyotherscholarssuchasJohnD.HicksinThepopulistRevolt1931.ActuallyhowevernewlandsweretakenupforfarmingintheUnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenthcentury.Inthe1890’swhenagrariandiscontenthadbecomemostacute1100000newfarmsweresettledwhichwas500000morethanhadbeensettledduringthepreviousdecade.After1890underthetermsoftheHomesteadActanditssuccessorsmorenewlandwastakenupforfanningthanhadbeentakenupforthispurposeintheUnitedstatesupuntilthattime.Itistruethatahighproportionofthenewlyfannedlandwassuitableonlyforgrazinganddryfarmingbutagriculturalpracticeshadbecomesufficientlyadvancedtomakeitpossibletoincreasetheprofitabilityoffarmingbyutilizingeventheserelativelybarrenlands. Theemphasisgivenbybothscholarsandstatesmentothepresumeddisappearance’oftheAmericanfrontierhelpedtoobscurethegreatimportanceofchangesintheconditionsandconsequencesofinternationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.In1869theSuezCanalwasopenedandthefirsttranscontinentalrailroadintheUnitedStateswascompleted.Anextensivenetworkoftelegraphandtelephonecommunicationswasspun:EuropewasconnectedbysubmarinecablewiththeUnitedStatesin1866andwithSouthAmericain1874.Byabout1870improvementsinagriculturaltechnologymadepossiblethefullexploitationofareasthatweremostsuitableforextensivefarmingonamechanizedbasis.HugetractsoflandwerebeingsettledandfarmedinArgentinaAustraliaCanadaandintheAmericanWestandtheseareaswerejoinedwithoneanotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoaninterdependentmarketsystem.Asaconsequenceagrariandepressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscopeandtheystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweentheearly1870’sandthe1890’sthemountingagrariandiscontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupteddeclineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductsonforeignmarkets.Thosestaple-growingfarmersintheUnitedStateswhoexhibitedthegreatestdiscontentwerewhohadbecomemostdependentonforeignmarketsforthesaleoftheirproducts.InsofarasAmericanshadbeendeterredfromtakingupnewlandforfarmingitwasbecausemarketconditionshadmadethisperiodaperiloustimeinwhichtodoso. Comparedtotheyearlypricechangesthatactuallyoccurredonforeignagriculturalmarketsduringthe1880’sAmericanfarmerswouldhavemostpreferredyearlypricechangesthatwere
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