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41. Two types of stress: There are basically two types of stress placed on human beings--physic...
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41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotype
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstre
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotype
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstress
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Directions: Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstress
41.Twotypesofstress:Therearebasicallytwotypesofstr
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstress
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotype
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwoty
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotype
41.Twotypesofstress:Therearebasicallytwotypesofstr
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstress
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstre
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotype
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstre
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstre
41.Twotypesofstress: Therearebasicallytwotype
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutstress
41.Twotypesofstress:Therearebasicallytwotypesofstr
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Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 13
AllU.S.nuclearweaponsproductionfacilitiesarepresentlycloseddownandifthevariousagreementsareadheredtothosefacilitieswillneverberequiredexceptforonecriticalcapability.Allmodernnuclearweaponsuseuranium铀plutonium钚andtritium氚.Uraniumandplutoniumhaveverylonghalf-livesandthereislargesurplusofthesematerials. Tritiumhoweverhasarelativelyshorthalflifeofabout12.6yearssoabout5percentoftheamountonhandmustbereplacedeachyeartomaintainthecurrentinventory.46BecauseofthelargeretirementofnuclearweaponsbytheUnitedStatesincompliancewithearlyagreementsandnationalpolicytritiumfromretiredweaponshasbeenusedtomakeupthatlostthroughnaturaldecay.47Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon. InanticipationofthisfutureneedtoproducetritiumDefenseOfficeExecutiveispursuingtwotechnologies.Oneusesanuclearreactorthatcouldalsoproduceelectricitywhosesalewouldrecovernotonlythecapitalcostofthereactorbutalsoitsannualoperationalcost.48UnfortunatelythepresentAdministrationhasadefinitebiasagainstnuclearpowersoanalternativemethodisalsobeingpursuedeventhoughitisagreedthatitwillcosttwiceasmuchasareactoranduseasmuchelectricityasareactorwouldproduce.Thistechnologyusesanacceleratortoproducehigh-energyprotonsthatinturnproduceneutrons. Themainargumentfortheacceleratoristhatitproducesnoconventionalnuclearwastes.49Proponentsreadilyadmitthatitwillproduceradioactivematerialsbutwitharelativelyshorthalf-lifecomparedwiththatofwastesfromspentnuclearfuel.Thefactthattheacceleratorwillrequiretheequivalentofanuclearpowerplanttosupplyitselectricityisignored. 50Proponentsalsoneglecttomentionthatabout22percentofallelectricalenergygeneratedintheUnitedStatescomesfromnuclearpowerplantssothat22percentofthepowerusedbytheacceleratorwillgenerateconventionalnuclearwastesinadditiontothosetheacceleratorproduces.ThereisanalternativetoeitherthereactorortheacceleratorwhichissimplytobuytherequiredtritiumfromCanadaorRussia. Proponentsreadilyadmitthatitwillproduceradioactivematerialsbutwitharelativelyshorthalf-lifecomparedwiththatofwastesfromspentnuclearfuel.
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 11
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance.TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair.Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther.ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations.Mrs.ShepardreturnedmmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses.Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics.Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications.AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear.ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses.Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl.IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh.TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses.WhatcanbeimpliedfromthesentencesomeoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircudSentence3Paragraph9
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 9
IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome:Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence.PlomincautionsthatThisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany.Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot.Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappynameinsulinlikegrowthfactor2receptorIGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors.EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement.Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicityasksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt./Somegeneticistsdon’taccepttheIGF2Rgene-studybecause______.
Directions:YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemesterandyouwanttoapplyforajobasanEnglishteacherinauniversity.Nowwritealettertoitspersonneldepartmentsendingyourresumeandmakingaself-recommendation.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.HowwouldyoureactUnlesstherewassomethingdefinitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutittosaytheleast.Itisallthemoresurprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuchabnormalconditionsontheirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute!Anydiscussionofthistopicisboundtoquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeisfarfrombeingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.NowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschoolpossiblyoffertherightsortofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinforashock.Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventheopportunitytogettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachotherintermsofacademicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextra-curricularactivitieswhicharepartofschoollife.Whatapracticaladvantageitistogivejustasmallexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!Whatnonsenseboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.Rivalrybetweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace.Butperhapsthegreatestcontributionofco-educationisthehealthyattitudetolifeitencourages.Boysdon’tgrowupbelievingthatwomenaremysteriouscreatures—airygoddessesmorelikebook-illustrationstoafairy-talethanhumanbeings.Girlsdon’tgrowupimaginingthatmenaxeromanticheroes.Yearsoflivingtogetheratschooldispelillusionsofthiskind.Thereaxenogoddesseswithfrecklespigtailspiercingvoicesandinkyfingers.Therearenoromanticheroeswithknobbykneesdirtyfingernailsandunkempthair.Theawkwardstageofadolescencebringsintosharpfocussomeofthephysicalandemotionalproblemsinvolvedingrowingup.Thesecanbetterbeovercomeinacoeducationalenvironment.Segregatedschoolssometimesprovidetherightconditionsforsexualdeviation.Thisishardlypossibleunderaco-educationalsystem.Whenthetimecomesforthepupilstoleaveschooltheyarefullypreparedtoentersocietyaswell-adjustedadults.Theyhavealreadyhadyearsofexperienceincopingwithmanyoftheproblemsthatfacemenandwomen.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage
Sincechildhoodmostofushavebeenbombardedwithroles—don’tbeselfishdon’tcomplaindon’tbeunreasonabledon’tinterruptetc.41__________DoyouwishyoucouldlearntodealwithminorirritationsbeforeangerfestersintointenseresentmentandexplosiveaggressionAssertivenesstrainingcanreducestressbyteachingyoutostandupforyourlegitimaterightswithoutbullyingorbeingbullied. Steponeisrealizingthatchangesareneeded.Thenyoumusttakeactiontomakethosechangesareality.Assertivenesstrainingmightbeofferedthroughyouremployeryouruniversityoraprivateconsultant.ItmightevenbeofferedthroughdistancelearningontheInternet.42__________. Suchaworkshopmightincludetwoworkshopleadersforupto18participantsinanall-daysix-houreventortwomorningsessionsoneweekapartwith"homework"beingassignedbetweenthetwosessions.WhatkindofhomeworkPracticingwhatyouhavelearnedanddescribingtheexperienceinapersonaldiary. 43__________.Longbreaksencouragefreetalkandgenerateenthusiasmamongparticipants.Ithelpstoknowthatotherslikeyourselfshareyourproblems. Atthebeginningoftheworkshopyoumaybeaskedtodescribespecificsituationsthatyouwouldliketohandlebetter.DuringtheworkshopyouwillhearlecturesseevignettesonDVDorvideoandreceiveprintedinformationonhowtobecomemoreforthright. Roleplayingisanimportantelementinassertivenesstraining.Theworkshopleaderwillpresentascenariosubmittedbyaworkshopparticipant.44__________ResearchhasshownthatanAmericanmanismuchlikeliertofeelateaseaskingforahigherstartingsalarythananAmericanwoman.Awomanwiththesamequalificationsbeingconsideredforthesamepositioniscommonlyinclinedtofret:"IfIaskforahighersalarymaybetheywon’thireme"or"MaybethecompanywillthinkIdon’thaveenoughexperienceforsuchahighsalary." 45__________.Thereal-lifesituationcanbethoughtofasagame;oncethatperceptiontakesrootsomeofthestressandinhibitiondisappears.Meanwhilethealreadymoreconfidentmalesintheworkshopgainabetterunderstandingofhowthesituationlooksandfeelsforaninhibitedjobseeker.Theyacquireabitofsympathy.Andofcoursewomenaren’ttheonlypeoplewhoeveraskforahigherstartingsalaryoraraise;thecommunicationtechniquestriedoutinassertivenessworkshopscanbeusedbyanyone. A.SinceassertivenesstrainingaroseintheUS.theprinciplestrainerstrytoinstillwouldneedtobeadjustedforanon-Westernculture.YetmanywoulddoubtlessbeasmuchinplaceinChinaastheyareinNorthAmericaorEurope. B.Butwhatifthose"rules"havemadeyouintoapassiveunassertiveaccommodatingcompliantpersonwhenyouwouldreallyprefertospeakupmoreaboutyourtruefeelingsanddesires C.Theroleplayingsessionhelpsfemaleworkshopparticipantsfindouthowitfeelstoaskforahighersalary.Theyseewhatthepossibleresponsesareandtheworkshopparticipantspooltheirbrainsandexperiencetocomeupwithusefultactics. D.Atypicalexamplemightbeasituationfromajobinterview:theemployerisofferingacertainsalarybuttheprospectiveemployeethinksit’stoolow.HowtomakeitclearthatyouwantahighersalarywithoutsacrificingyourchancesoflandingthejobTheworkshopleaderwillhavesmallgroupsworkoutstrategies.probablyinvolvingafemalejobseekerandamaleemployer. E.Ifyouarehighlymotivatedyoucouldreadandlearnabouthowtobecomemoreassertiveindependently.Probablythebestwaytobuildassertivenessisagoodassertivenesstrainingworkshop. F.ForexampleNorthAmericantraineesareurgedtofocuspositivelyongoalsnotgontheotherperson.Youmaynotliketheotherperson.Youmayinfactmistrustdespiseorfeartheotherpersonbutheisthefellowyouhavetonegotiatewith. G.Theworkshopshouldtakeplaceinahospitableatmospherewithplentyofroomacomfortabletemperatureandlightrefreshmentsduringbreaks. 45
E-mail—can’tlivewithitcan’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartistsadvertisersandfreedomfightersloversandswornenemies-they’veallflockedtoemailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenientsavestimebringsusclosertooneanotherhelpsusmanageourever-more-complexlives.Booksarewrittencampaignsconducted;crimescommitted-allviae-mail.Butitisalsoinconvenientwastesourtimeisolatesusinfrontofourcomputersandintroducesmorecomplexityintoouralreadytoo-harriedlives.ToskepticsE-mailsjustthelatestchapterintheevolvinghistoryofhumancommunication.Asnoopinghusbandnowdiscovershiswife’saffairbyreadingherprivatee-mail--buthecouldhaveuncoveredthesamesinbyfindinglettersagenerationago.YetE-mail-andallonlinecommunication-isinfactsomethingtrulydifferent;itcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnologycanclaim.DoesthepaceoflifeseameverfasterE-mailsimultaneouslyallowsustocopewiththataccelerationandcontributestoit.AreourattentionspansshrivelingunderbarragesofnewimprovedformsofstimulationThequickanddirtyE-mailismadetoorderforthosewhoseabilitytoconcentrateismeasuredinnanoseconds.IfweacceptthatthecreationoftheglobespanningInternetisoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalinnovationsofthelasthalfofthiscenturythenwemustgiveE-mail--thelivingembodimentofhumanconnectionsacrosstheNet--prideofplace.Thewayweinteractwitheachotherischanging;E-mailisbothcatalystandtheinstrumentofthatchange.Thescopeofthephenomenonismind-boggling.Worldwide225millionpeoplecanspendandreceiveE-mail.ForgetabouttheWebore-commerceorevenonlinepornography:E-mailistheInternet’struekillerapp—thesoftwareapplicationthatwesimplymusthaveevenifitmeansbuyinga$2000computerandplunkingdown＄20amonthtoAmericaOnline.AccordingtoDonnaHoffmanaprofessorofmarketingatVanderbiltUniversityonesurveyafteranotherfindsthatwhenonlineusersareaskedwhattheydoontheNetE-mailisalwaysNo.1.Oddlyenoughnooneplanneditandonepredictedit.WhenresearchscientistsfirstbegancookinguptheInternet’spredecessortheArpanetin1968theirprimarygoalwastoenabledisparatecomputingcenterstoshareresources.Butitdidn’ttakeverylongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemostimportantthingwastheabilitytosendmailaroundwhichtheyhadnotanticipatedatallsaysEricAumanchieftechnicalofficerofSendmailInc.In1968researchscientistsbegancookingtheArpanetforthepurposeof______.
E-mail—can’tlivewithitcan’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartistsadvertisersandfreedomfightersloversandswornenemies-they’veallflockedtoemailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenientsavestimebringsusclosertooneanotherhelpsusmanageourever-more-complexlives.Booksarewrittencampaignsconducted;crimescommitted-allviae-mail.Butitisalsoinconvenientwastesourtimeisolatesusinfrontofourcomputersandintroducesmorecomplexityintoouralreadytoo-harriedlives.ToskepticsE-mailsjustthelatestchapterintheevolvinghistoryofhumancommunication.Asnoopinghusbandnowdiscovershiswife’saffairbyreadingherprivatee-mail--buthecouldhaveuncoveredthesamesinbyfindinglettersagenerationago.YetE-mail-andallonlinecommunication-isinfactsomethingtrulydifferent;itcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnologycanclaim.DoesthepaceoflifeseameverfasterE-mailsimultaneouslyallowsustocopewiththataccelerationandcontributestoit.AreourattentionspansshrivelingunderbarragesofnewimprovedformsofstimulationThequickanddirtyE-mailismadetoorderforthosewhoseabilitytoconcentrateismeasuredinnanoseconds.IfweacceptthatthecreationoftheglobespanningInternetisoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalinnovationsofthelasthalfofthiscenturythenwemustgiveE-mail--thelivingembodimentofhumanconnectionsacrosstheNet--prideofplace.Thewayweinteractwitheachotherischanging;E-mailisbothcatalystandtheinstrumentofthatchange.Thescopeofthephenomenonismind-boggling.Worldwide225millionpeoplecanspendandreceiveE-mail.ForgetabouttheWebore-commerceorevenonlinepornography:E-mailistheInternet’struekillerapp—thesoftwareapplicationthatwesimplymusthaveevenifitmeansbuyinga$2000computerandplunkingdown＄20amonthtoAmericaOnline.AccordingtoDonnaHoffmanaprofessorofmarketingatVanderbiltUniversityonesurveyafteranotherfindsthatwhenonlineusersareaskedwhattheydoontheNetE-mailisalwaysNo.1.Oddlyenoughnooneplanneditandonepredictedit.WhenresearchscientistsfirstbegancookinguptheInternet’spredecessortheArpanetin1968theirprimarygoalwastoenabledisparatecomputingcenterstoshareresources.Butitdidn’ttakeverylongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemostimportantthingwastheabilitytosendmailaroundwhichtheyhadnotanticipatedatallsaysEricAumanchieftechnicalofficerofSendmailInc.TotheauthorE-mailis______.
Sincechildhoodmostofushavebeenbombardedwithroles—don’tbeselfishdon’tcomplaindon’tbeunreasonabledon’tinterruptetc.41__________DoyouwishyoucouldlearntodealwithminorirritationsbeforeangerfestersintointenseresentmentandexplosiveaggressionAssertivenesstrainingcanreducestressbyteachingyoutostandupforyourlegitimaterightswithoutbullyingorbeingbullied. Steponeisrealizingthatchangesareneeded.Thenyoumusttakeactiontomakethosechangesareality.Assertivenesstrainingmightbeofferedthroughyouremployeryouruniversityoraprivateconsultant.ItmightevenbeofferedthroughdistancelearningontheInternet.42__________. Suchaworkshopmightincludetwoworkshopleadersforupto18participantsinanall-daysix-houreventortwomorningsessionsoneweekapartwith"homework"beingassignedbetweenthetwosessions.WhatkindofhomeworkPracticingwhatyouhavelearnedanddescribingtheexperienceinapersonaldiary. 43__________.Longbreaksencouragefreetalkandgenerateenthusiasmamongparticipants.Ithelpstoknowthatotherslikeyourselfshareyourproblems. Atthebeginningoftheworkshopyoumaybeaskedtodescribespecificsituationsthatyouwouldliketohandlebetter.DuringtheworkshopyouwillhearlecturesseevignettesonDVDorvideoandreceiveprintedinformationonhowtobecomemoreforthright. Roleplayingisanimportantelementinassertivenesstraining.Theworkshopleaderwillpresentascenariosubmittedbyaworkshopparticipant.44__________ResearchhasshownthatanAmericanmanismuchlikeliertofeelateaseaskingforahigherstartingsalarythananAmericanwoman.Awomanwiththesamequalificationsbeingconsideredforthesamepositioniscommonlyinclinedtofret:"IfIaskforahighersalarymaybetheywon’thireme"or"MaybethecompanywillthinkIdon’thaveenoughexperienceforsuchahighsalary." 45__________.Thereal-lifesituationcanbethoughtofasagame;oncethatperceptiontakesrootsomeofthestressandinhibitiondisappears.Meanwhilethealreadymoreconfidentmalesintheworkshopgainabetterunderstandingofhowthesituationlooksandfeelsforaninhibitedjobseeker.Theyacquireabitofsympathy.Andofcoursewomenaren’ttheonlypeoplewhoeveraskforahigherstartingsalaryoraraise;thecommunicationtechniquestriedoutinassertivenessworkshopscanbeusedbyanyone. A.SinceassertivenesstrainingaroseintheUS.theprinciplestrainerstrytoinstillwouldneedtobeadjustedforanon-Westernculture.YetmanywoulddoubtlessbeasmuchinplaceinChinaastheyareinNorthAmericaorEurope. B.Butwhatifthose"rules"havemadeyouintoapassiveunassertiveaccommodatingcompliantpersonwhenyouwouldreallyprefertospeakupmoreaboutyourtruefeelingsanddesires C.Theroleplayingsessionhelpsfemaleworkshopparticipantsfindouthowitfeelstoaskforahighersalary.Theyseewhatthepossibleresponsesareandtheworkshopparticipantspooltheirbrainsandexperiencetocomeupwithusefultactics. D.Atypicalexamplemightbeasituationfromajobinterview:theemployerisofferingacertainsalarybuttheprospectiveemployeethinksit’stoolow.HowtomakeitclearthatyouwantahighersalarywithoutsacrificingyourchancesoflandingthejobTheworkshopleaderwillhavesmallgroupsworkoutstrategies.probablyinvolvingafemalejobseekerandamaleemployer. E.Ifyouarehighlymotivatedyoucouldreadandlearnabouthowtobecomemoreassertiveindependently.Probablythebestwaytobuildassertivenessisagoodassertivenesstrainingworkshop. F.ForexampleNorthAmericantraineesareurgedtofocuspositivelyongoalsnotgontheotherperson.Youmaynotliketheotherperson.Youmayinfactmistrustdespiseorfeartheotherpersonbutheisthefellowyouhavetonegotiatewith. G.Theworkshopshouldtakeplaceinahospitableatmospherewithplentyofroomacomfortabletemperatureandlightrefreshmentsduringbreaks. 43
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 7
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NOtropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglottalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQaelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQueleeayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates:"Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 43
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.HowwouldyoureactUnlesstherewassomethingdefinitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutittosaytheleast.Itisallthemoresurprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuchabnormalconditionsontheirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute!Anydiscussionofthistopicisboundtoquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeisfarfrombeingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.NowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschoolpossiblyoffertherightsortofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinforashock.Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventheopportunitytogettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachotherintermsofacademicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextra-curricularactivitieswhicharepartofschoollife.Whatapracticaladvantageitistogivejustasmallexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!Whatnonsenseboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.Rivalrybetweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace.Butperhapsthegreatestcontributionofco-educationisthehealthyattitudetolifeitencourages.Boysdon’tgrowupbelievingthatwomenaremysteriouscreatures—airygoddessesmorelikebook-illustrationstoafairy-talethanhumanbeings.Girlsdon’tgrowupimaginingthatmenaxeromanticheroes.Yearsoflivingtogetheratschooldispelillusionsofthiskind.Thereaxenogoddesseswithfrecklespigtailspiercingvoicesandinkyfingers.Therearenoromanticheroeswithknobbykneesdirtyfingernailsandunkempthair.Theawkwardstageofadolescencebringsintosharpfocussomeofthephysicalandemotionalproblemsinvolvedingrowingup.Thesecanbetterbeovercomeinacoeducationalenvironment.Segregatedschoolssometimesprovidetherightconditionsforsexualdeviation.Thisishardlypossibleunderaco-educationalsystem.Whenthetimecomesforthepupilstoleaveschooltheyarefullypreparedtoentersocietyaswell-adjustedadults.Theyhavealreadyhadyearsofexperienceincopingwithmanyoftheproblemsthatfacemenandwomen.Accordingtothepassagewhatisoneofthechiefaimsofeducation
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.HowwouldyoureactUnlesstherewassomethingdefinitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutittosaytheleast.Itisallthemoresurprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuchabnormalconditionsontheirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute!Anydiscussionofthistopicisboundtoquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeisfarfrombeingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.NowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschoolpossiblyoffertherightsortofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinforashock.Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventheopportunitytogettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachotherintermsofacademicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextra-curricularactivitieswhicharepartofschoollife.Whatapracticaladvantageitistogivejustasmallexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!Whatnonsenseboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.Rivalrybetweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace.Butperhapsthegreatestcontributionofco-educationisthehealthyattitudetolifeitencourages.Boysdon’tgrowupbelievingthatwomenaremysteriouscreatures—airygoddessesmorelikebook-illustrationstoafairy-talethanhumanbeings.Girlsdon’tgrowupimaginingthatmenaxeromanticheroes.Yearsoflivingtogetheratschooldispelillusionsofthiskind.Thereaxenogoddesseswithfrecklespigtailspiercingvoicesandinkyfingers.Therearenoromanticheroeswithknobbykneesdirtyfingernailsandunkempthair.Theawkwardstageofadolescencebringsintosharpfocussomeofthephysicalandemotionalproblemsinvolvedingrowingup.Thesecanbetterbeovercomeinacoeducationalenvironment.Segregatedschoolssometimesprovidetherightconditionsforsexualdeviation.Thisishardlypossibleunderaco-educationalsystem.Whenthetimecomesforthepupilstoleaveschooltheyarefullypreparedtoentersocietyaswell-adjustedadults.Theyhavealreadyhadyearsofexperienceincopingwithmanyoftheproblemsthatfacemenandwomen.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatsomeparentssendtheirchildrentoreceiveeducationotherthanco-educationbecause______.
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup.Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell—acollectivediveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunctionastheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat68marksthebeginningoftheculturewarswhichhavedividedAmericaeversince.Boththesidesoftheculturewarsofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.ThekeyissuesaredifferentnowabortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms.Questionauthorityinotherwordsvs.Fatherknowsbest.The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti--authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputitforthehellofit.Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow.Butit’salsotruethatwhatworkedforthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasonceafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly.’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalfstepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthelongmarchtowardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement.Towhichofthefollowingisthewritermostlikelytoagree
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NOtropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglottalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQaelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQueleeayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates:"Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 41
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 1
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 17
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 5
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 19
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 15
E-mail—can’tlivewithitcan’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartistsadvertisersandfreedomfightersloversandswornenemies-they’veallflockedtoemailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenientsavestimebringsusclosertooneanotherhelpsusmanageourever-more-complexlives.Booksarewrittencampaignsconducted;crimescommitted-allviae-mail.Butitisalsoinconvenientwastesourtimeisolatesusinfrontofourcomputersandintroducesmorecomplexityintoouralreadytoo-harriedlives.ToskepticsE-mailsjustthelatestchapterintheevolvinghistoryofhumancommunication.Asnoopinghusbandnowdiscovershiswife’saffairbyreadingherprivatee-mail--buthecouldhaveuncoveredthesamesinbyfindinglettersagenerationago.YetE-mail-andallonlinecommunication-isinfactsomethingtrulydifferent;itcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnologycanclaim.DoesthepaceoflifeseameverfasterE-mailsimultaneouslyallowsustocopewiththataccelerationandcontributestoit.AreourattentionspansshrivelingunderbarragesofnewimprovedformsofstimulationThequickanddirtyE-mailismadetoorderforthosewhoseabilitytoconcentrateismeasuredinnanoseconds.IfweacceptthatthecreationoftheglobespanningInternetisoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalinnovationsofthelasthalfofthiscenturythenwemustgiveE-mail--thelivingembodimentofhumanconnectionsacrosstheNet--prideofplace.Thewayweinteractwitheachotherischanging;E-mailisbothcatalystandtheinstrumentofthatchange.Thescopeofthephenomenonismind-boggling.Worldwide225millionpeoplecanspendandreceiveE-mail.ForgetabouttheWebore-commerceorevenonlinepornography:E-mailistheInternet’struekillerapp—thesoftwareapplicationthatwesimplymusthaveevenifitmeansbuyinga$2000computerandplunkingdown＄20amonthtoAmericaOnline.AccordingtoDonnaHoffmanaprofessorofmarketingatVanderbiltUniversityonesurveyafteranotherfindsthatwhenonlineusersareaskedwhattheydoontheNetE-mailisalwaysNo.1.Oddlyenoughnooneplanneditandonepredictedit.WhenresearchscientistsfirstbegancookinguptheInternet’spredecessortheArpanetin1968theirprimarygoalwastoenabledisparatecomputingcenterstoshareresources.Butitdidn’ttakeverylongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemostimportantthingwastheabilitytosendmailaroundwhichtheyhadnotanticipatedatallsaysEricAumanchieftechnicalofficerofSendmailInc.Whatdoesthefirstsentenceofthepassagemean
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway. FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains."Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithome"hesays."Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening." 41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics. Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NOtropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years. 42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics. Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting. 43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming. Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglottalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere. 44.Recedingicecaps. That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingand"calving"oflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped."We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeen"saysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys. 45.Thinningicecores. Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQaelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQueleeayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick. ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory. The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru. [A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates:"Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities."ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingis"with-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000years"saystheIPCC. [B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070. [C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically. [D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates."Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup." [E]"Ifullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheice"saysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair. [F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978."Youcanalmostsitthereandwatchitmove"saysThompson. 45
AllU.S.nuclearweaponsproductionfacilitiesarepresentlycloseddownandifthevariousagreementsareadheredtothosefacilitieswillneverberequiredexceptforonecriticalcapability.Allmodernnuclearweaponsuseuranium铀plutonium钚andtritium氚.Uraniumandplutoniumhaveverylonghalf-livesandthereislargesurplusofthesematerials. Tritiumhoweverhasarelativelyshorthalflifeofabout12.6yearssoabout5percentoftheamountonhandmustbereplacedeachyeartomaintainthecurrentinventory.46BecauseofthelargeretirementofnuclearweaponsbytheUnitedStatesincompliancewithearlyagreementsandnationalpolicytritiumfromretiredweaponshasbeenusedtomakeupthatlostthroughnaturaldecay.47Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon. InanticipationofthisfutureneedtoproducetritiumDefenseOfficeExecutiveispursuingtwotechnologies.Oneusesanuclearreactorthatcouldalsoproduceelectricitywhosesalewouldrecovernotonlythecapitalcostofthereactorbutalsoitsannualoperationalcost.48UnfortunatelythepresentAdministrationhasadefinitebiasagainstnuclearpowersoanalternativemethodisalsobeingpursuedeventhoughitisagreedthatitwillcosttwiceasmuchasareactoranduseasmuchelectricityasareactorwouldproduce.Thistechnologyusesanacceleratortoproducehigh-energyprotonsthatinturnproduceneutrons. Themainargumentfortheacceleratoristhatitproducesnoconventionalnuclearwastes.49Proponentsreadilyadmitthatitwillproduceradioactivematerialsbutwitharelativelyshorthalf-lifecomparedwiththatofwastesfromspentnuclearfuel.Thefactthattheacceleratorwillrequiretheequivalentofanuclearpowerplanttosupplyitselectricityisignored. 50Proponentsalsoneglecttomentionthatabout22percentofallelectricalenergygeneratedintheUnitedStatescomesfromnuclearpowerplantssothat22percentofthepowerusedbytheacceleratorwillgenerateconventionalnuclearwastesinadditiontothosetheacceleratorproduces.ThereisanalternativetoeitherthereactorortheacceleratorwhichissimplytobuytherequiredtritiumfromCanadaorRussia. Howeverinabout10to15yearsdependingonfuturenegotiationstheUnitedStateswillneedaguaranteedsupplyoftritiumtomaintainitsstockpileatwhateverlevelisagreedon.
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 3
Sincechildhoodmostofushavebeenbombardedwithroles—don’tbeselfishdon’tcomplaindon’tbeunreasonabledon’tinterruptetc.41__________DoyouwishyoucouldlearntodealwithminorirritationsbeforeangerfestersintointenseresentmentandexplosiveaggressionAssertivenesstrainingcanreducestressbyteachingyoutostandupforyourlegitimaterightswithoutbullyingorbeingbullied. Steponeisrealizingthatchangesareneeded.Thenyoumusttakeactiontomakethosechangesareality.Assertivenesstrainingmightbeofferedthroughyouremployeryouruniversityoraprivateconsultant.ItmightevenbeofferedthroughdistancelearningontheInternet.42__________. Suchaworkshopmightincludetwoworkshopleadersforupto18participantsinanall-daysix-houreventortwomorningsessionsoneweekapartwith"homework"beingassignedbetweenthetwosessions.WhatkindofhomeworkPracticingwhatyouhavelearnedanddescribingtheexperienceinapersonaldiary. 43__________.Longbreaksencouragefreetalkandgenerateenthusiasmamongparticipants.Ithelpstoknowthatotherslikeyourselfshareyourproblems. Atthebeginningoftheworkshopyoumaybeaskedtodescribespecificsituationsthatyouwouldliketohandlebetter.DuringtheworkshopyouwillhearlecturesseevignettesonDVDorvideoandreceiveprintedinformationonhowtobecomemoreforthright. Roleplayingisanimportantelementinassertivenesstraining.Theworkshopleaderwillpresentascenariosubmittedbyaworkshopparticipant.44__________ResearchhasshownthatanAmericanmanismuchlikeliertofeelateaseaskingforahigherstartingsalarythananAmericanwoman.Awomanwiththesamequalificationsbeingconsideredforthesamepositioniscommonlyinclinedtofret:"IfIaskforahighersalarymaybetheywon’thireme"or"MaybethecompanywillthinkIdon’thaveenoughexperienceforsuchahighsalary." 45__________.Thereal-lifesituationcanbethoughtofasagame;oncethatperceptiontakesrootsomeofthestressandinhibitiondisappears.Meanwhilethealreadymoreconfidentmalesintheworkshopgainabetterunderstandingofhowthesituationlooksandfeelsforaninhibitedjobseeker.Theyacquireabitofsympathy.Andofcoursewomenaren’ttheonlypeoplewhoeveraskforahigherstartingsalaryoraraise;thecommunicationtechniquestriedoutinassertivenessworkshopscanbeusedbyanyone. A.SinceassertivenesstrainingaroseintheUS.theprinciplestrainerstrytoinstillwouldneedtobeadjustedforanon-Westernculture.YetmanywoulddoubtlessbeasmuchinplaceinChinaastheyareinNorthAmericaorEurope. B.Butwhatifthose"rules"havemadeyouintoapassiveunassertiveaccommodatingcompliantpersonwhenyouwouldreallyprefertospeakupmoreaboutyourtruefeelingsanddesires C.Theroleplayingsessionhelpsfemaleworkshopparticipantsfindouthowitfeelstoaskforahighersalary.Theyseewhatthepossibleresponsesareandtheworkshopparticipantspooltheirbrainsandexperiencetocomeupwithusefultactics. D.Atypicalexamplemightbeasituationfromajobinterview:theemployerisofferingacertainsalarybuttheprospectiveemployeethinksit’stoolow.HowtomakeitclearthatyouwantahighersalarywithoutsacrificingyourchancesoflandingthejobTheworkshopleaderwillhavesmallgroupsworkoutstrategies.probablyinvolvingafemalejobseekerandamaleemployer. E.Ifyouarehighlymotivatedyoucouldreadandlearnabouthowtobecomemoreassertiveindependently.Probablythebestwaytobuildassertivenessisagoodassertivenesstrainingworkshop. F.ForexampleNorthAmericantraineesareurgedtofocuspositivelyongoalsnotgontheotherperson.Youmaynotliketheotherperson.Youmayinfactmistrustdespiseorfeartheotherpersonbutheisthefellowyouhavetonegotiatewith. G.Theworkshopshouldtakeplaceinahospitableatmospherewithplentyofroomacomfortabletemperatureandlightrefreshmentsduringbreaks. 41
IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome:Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence.PlomincautionsthatThisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany.Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot.Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappynameinsulinlikegrowthfactor2receptorIGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors.EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement.Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicityasksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt./Ahealthypersonhas______.chromosomesalltogether.
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance.TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair.Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther.ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations.Mrs.ShepardreturnedmmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses.Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics.Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications.AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear.ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses.Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl.IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh.TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses.Areviewofexamstandardsistobeannouncedbecause______.
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