首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
So Many ’Earths’ The Milky Way (银河) contains billions of Ea...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
理工类《单选集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
热门试题
更多
What’skillingtheBats Firstitwasbees.Nowitisbats.BiologistsinAmericaareworkinghardtodiscoverthecauseofthemysteriousdeathsoftensofthousandsofbatsinthenortheasternpartofthecountry.MostofthebatsaffectedarethecommonlittlebrownbatsMyotislucifugusbutotherspeciessuchasthelong-earedbatthesmall-footedhattheeasternpipistrelleandtheIndianabathavealsobeenaffected.Insomecavesmorethan90percentofthebatpopulationshavedied. Onepossibilityisdisease.Awhitefungus真菌knownasfusariumhasbeenfoundonthenosesofbothlivinganddeadbats.Howeverscientistsdon’tknowIfthefungusistheprimarycauseofdeathasecondarycauseofdeathornotacauseatallbuttheresultofsomeotherconditions. Anotherpossiblecauseisalackoffood.Forexamplebatstypicallyeatalargenumberofmoths蛾andinsomestatessuchasNewYorkthenumberofmothshasbeendeclininginrecentyears.Ifbatscan’teatenoughfoodtheystarvetodeath. Stillotherscientistsbelievethatglobalwarmingistoblame.Warmertemperaturesinrecentyearshavebeenwakinguphibernating冬眠batsearlierthanusual.Ifbatsbreaktheirhibernationatthewrongtimetheymightnotfindtheirexpectedfoodsources.Theweathermightalsoturncoldagainandweakenorkillthebats. Scientistsmightnotagreeonthecausesofthebatdie-offbuttheydoagreeontheconsequences.Batsareanimportantpredatorofmosquitoes;asinglebrownbatcaneat1000ormoreinsectsinanhour.Theyalsoeatbeetlesandotherinsectsthatdamageplantcrops.Iftherearen’tenoughbatsdamagewillbegreatfromtheinsectstheyeatWhilebatslivealongtimefortheirsize－thelittlebrownbatcanliveformorethan30years－afemalebathasonlyonebabyperyearsobatpopulationsgrowslowly.ManybatspeciesintheUnitedStatesarealreadyprotectedorendangered. Howcanyouhelp?Donotdisturbsleepingornestingbats.IfyoudiscoverbatethatseemtobesickorthataredeadcontactyourlocalFish＆WildlifeDepartmentwiththedetails.Howeverbecarefulnottotouchtheanimals. WhatdoesthefirstsentenceinParagraph1mean?
Irealizedtomy{{U}}horror{{/U}}thatIhadforgottenthepresent.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeatMoreLight Solarphotovoltaic光伏的thermalenergysystemsorPVTsgeneratebothheatandelectricitybutuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystalline晶体的siliconsolarcellswhichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat. That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroofleavinglittleroomforthermalapplications. InapairofstudiesJoshuaPearceanassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineeringhasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversityCanada. Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesiliconbutyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphous非晶体的siliconcommonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricitybuttheyarelighterflexibleandcheaper.Andbecausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicontheyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunatelythin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect. Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcellPearceexplainswhichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket. HoweverPearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.InfactPearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperaturesneartheboilingpointofwatertheycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollectortheyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceadaytheyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanadvantageofthin-filmsiliconsolarcells?
Thereisaneedfor{{U}}radical{{/U}}changesineducation.
What’skillingtheBats Firstitwasbees.Nowitisbats.BiologistsinAmericaareworkinghardtodiscoverthecauseofthemysteriousdeathsoftensofthousandsofbatsinthenortheasternpartofthecountry.MostofthebatsaffectedarethecommonlittlebrownbatsMyotislucifugusbutotherspeciessuchasthelong-earedbatthesmall-footedhattheeasternpipistrelleandtheIndianabathavealsobeenaffected.Insomecavesmorethan90percentofthebatpopulationshavedied. Onepossibilityisdisease.Awhitefungus真菌knownasfusariumhasbeenfoundonthenosesofbothlivinganddeadbats.Howeverscientistsdon’tknowIfthefungusistheprimarycauseofdeathasecondarycauseofdeathornotacauseatallbuttheresultofsomeotherconditions. Anotherpossiblecauseisalackoffood.Forexamplebatstypicallyeatalargenumberofmoths蛾andinsomestatessuchasNewYorkthenumberofmothshasbeendeclininginrecentyears.Ifbatscan’teatenoughfoodtheystarvetodeath. Stillotherscientistsbelievethatglobalwarmingistoblame.Warmertemperaturesinrecentyearshavebeenwakinguphibernating冬眠batsearlierthanusual.Ifbatsbreaktheirhibernationatthewrongtimetheymightnotfindtheirexpectedfoodsources.Theweathermightalsoturncoldagainandweakenorkillthebats. Scientistsmightnotagreeonthecausesofthebatdie-offbuttheydoagreeontheconsequences.Batsareanimportantpredatorofmosquitoes;asinglebrownbatcaneat1000ormoreinsectsinanhour.Theyalsoeatbeetlesandotherinsectsthatdamageplantcrops.Iftherearen’tenoughbatsdamagewillbegreatfromtheinsectstheyeatWhilebatslivealongtimefortheirsize－thelittlebrownbatcanliveformorethan30years－afemalebathasonlyonebabyperyearsobatpopulationsgrowslowly.ManybatspeciesintheUnitedStatesarealreadyprotectedorendangered. Howcanyouhelp?Donotdisturbsleepingornestingbats.IfyoudiscoverbatethatseemtobesickorthataredeadcontactyourlocalFish＆WildlifeDepartmentwiththedetails.Howeverbecarefulnottotouchtheanimals. ThemothsinParagraph3aretakenasanexampleof
FaceMasksMayNotProtectfromSuper-Flu Ifasuper-flustrikesfacemasksmaynotprotectyou.Whetherwidespreaduseofmaskswillhelporharmduringthenextworldwidefluoutbreakisaquestionthatresearchersarestudyingfuriously.Noresultshavecomefromtheirmaskresearchyet. Howeverthegovernmentsayspeopleshouldconsiderwearingthemcertainstationsanywayjustincase. Butit’saquestionthepublickeepsaskingwhilethegovernmentismakingpreparationsforthenextflupandemic大流行.SotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDCcameupwithpreliminaryguidelines.Wedon’twantPeoplewearingthemeverywheresaidtheCDC.Theoverallrecommendationreallyistoavoidexposure. Whenthatisnotpossibletheguidelinessayyoushouldconsiderwearingasimplesurgicalmaskifyouareinoneofthethreefollowingsituations.Firstyou’rehealthyandcan’tavoidgoingtoacrowdedplace.Secondyou’resickandthinkyoumayhaveclosecontactwiththehealthysuchasafamilymembercheckingonyou.Thirdyoulivewithsomeonewho’ssickandthusmightbeintheearlystagesofinfectionbutstillneedtogoout. Influenzapandemicscanstrikewhentheeasy-to-mutate变异fluvirusshiftstoastrain菌株thatpeopleneverhaveexperienced.ScientistscannotpredictwhenthenextpandemicwillarrivealthoughconcernisrisingthattheAsianbirdflumighttriggeroneifitstartsspreadingeasilyfrompersontoperson. Duringtheflupandemicyoushouldprotectyourself.Avoidcrowdsandavoidclosecontactwiththesickunlessyoumustcareforsomeone.Whyaren’tmasksaddedtothisself-protectionlist?Becausetheycanhelptrapvirus-ladendropletsflyingthroughtheairwithacoughorsneeze.Simplesurgicalmasksonlyfilterthelargerdroplets飞沫.BesidestheCDCisafraidmasksmaycreateafalsesenseofsecurity.Perhapssomeonewhoshouldhavestayedhomewoulddon戴anill-fittingmaskandhoponthesubwayinstead. Nordoesfluonlyspreadthroughtheair.Saysomeonecoversasneezewithhisorherhandthentouchesadoorknoborsubwaypole.Ifyoutouchthatspotnextandthenputgermyhandsonyournoseormouthyou’vebeenexposed.It’shardertorubyournosewhilewearingamasksoyourfacemaygetprettysweatyundermasks.Youreachundertowipethatsweatandmaytransfergermscaughtontheoutsideofthemaskstraighttothenose.Thesearetheproblemsfacemasksmaycreatefortheirusers. Whetherpeopleshouldorshouldnotusefacemasksstillremainsaquestion.Thegeneralpublichastowaitpatientlyfortheresultsofthemaskresearchscientistsarestilldoing. OneoftheconcernstheCDChasisthat
BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeatMoreLight Solarphotovoltaic光伏的thermalenergysystemsorPVTsgeneratebothheatandelectricitybutuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystalline晶体的siliconsolarcellswhichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat. That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroofleavinglittleroomforthermalapplications. InapairofstudiesJoshuaPearceanassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineeringhasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversityCanada. Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesiliconbutyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphous非晶体的siliconcommonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricitybuttheyarelighterflexibleandcheaper.Andbecausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicontheyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunatelythin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect. Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcellPearceexplainswhichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket. HoweverPearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.InfactPearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperaturesneartheboilingpointofwatertheycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollectortheyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceadaytheyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent. PVTsarenotefficientin
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Paragraph3
GorillashaveawordforitKokoisthefirstgorillatohavebeentaughtsignlanguageawayofcommunicatingbyusinghandsandfingersratherthanspeech.Withavocabularyofmorethan1000wordssheisthefirsttoproveweshareaworldwithotherintelligentbeingswhofeelemotionslookforwardtocelebrationsandalsohaveasenseofhumour.The30-yearstudyofKokohasredefinedscience’sconceptofgorillaintelligence._____46.Butwhathadnotbeenrecognisedbythescientificcommunitywasthatgorillashavetheabilitytolearnalanguageandhavecomplexemotions.KokolivesintheSantaCruzmountainsinNorthAmericainawoodedspotoverlookingavalley._____47.Shehasabarrelonwhichshelikestositwhen’talking’tohumans-gorillasfeelmoresecurewhentheycanlookdownonothers-whilehertoysarespreadeverywhere.Inadditionshehasanoutsideenclosurewhereshespendsherdayswhenitisnotraining.ItisherconversationswithherteacherDrPennyPattersonthatareinspiring.Pennyexplains:‘Therealityofmydiscoveryisthatourabilitiesashumansourskillssensibilitiesandemotionsareverysimilartothegreatapes._____48.WhenshebeganteachingKokosignlanguageplacingthelittlefingersoftheone-year-oldgorillaintothecorrectpositionsfor’drink’’eat’’more’andrewardingherwithfoodDrPattersonhadnoideahowquicklyKokowouldlearn."AtfirstitseemedKokowasusingsignlanguageasatooltogetsomething"saysPatterson.’Itbecamethekindofrewardsystemthatyoucouldexpectofacatoradog.Butearlyinhertrainingshebegantocombinesignsthatmademethinkshewascapableofmore.’_____49.Forexampleshedidn’tknowthewordfor’ring’soshecombinedthesignsfor’finger’and’bracelet’toexpressit.DrPattersoncontinues:’Kokolovesbabiesandyoungpeople.Andwhensheisaskedwhatgorillaslikebestshealwayssays"Gorillaloveeatgood".OneofPatterson’sfavouritestoriesdemonstratesKoko’ssenseofhumour._____50.FromtheageofthreeKokosharedheraccommodationwithMichaelwhowasintendedasamate.HoweverMichaeldiedsuddenlytwoyearsagoofaheartattack.’KokowentintoadepressionfollowingMichael’sdeath’saysPatterson."Shewouldsitforhourswithherheadhunglowlookingupset."DrPattersonaskedherifshewaslookingforwardtomovingtoHawaiiwherePattersonisraisingmoneytobuildagorillarefuge.Kokosigned"Yes"providedshecouldhavecurtainsinhernewhome! 49
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
FaceMasksMayNotProtectfromSuper-Flu Ifasuper-flustrikesfacemasksmaynotprotectyou.Whetherwidespreaduseofmaskswillhelporharmduringthenextworldwidefluoutbreakisaquestionthatresearchersarestudyingfuriously.Noresultshavecomefromtheirmaskresearchyet. Howeverthegovernmentsayspeopleshouldconsiderwearingthemcertainstationsanywayjustincase. Butit’saquestionthepublickeepsaskingwhilethegovernmentismakingpreparationsforthenextflupandemic大流行.SotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionCDCcameupwithpreliminaryguidelines.Wedon’twantPeoplewearingthemeverywheresaidtheCDC.Theoverallrecommendationreallyistoavoidexposure. Whenthatisnotpossibletheguidelinessayyoushouldconsiderwearingasimplesurgicalmaskifyouareinoneofthethreefollowingsituations.Firstyou’rehealthyandcan’tavoidgoingtoacrowdedplace.Secondyou’resickandthinkyoumayhaveclosecontactwiththehealthysuchasafamilymembercheckingonyou.Thirdyoulivewithsomeonewho’ssickandthusmightbeintheearlystagesofinfectionbutstillneedtogoout. Influenzapandemicscanstrikewhentheeasy-to-mutate变异fluvirusshiftstoastrain菌株thatpeopleneverhaveexperienced.ScientistscannotpredictwhenthenextpandemicwillarrivealthoughconcernisrisingthattheAsianbirdflumighttriggeroneifitstartsspreadingeasilyfrompersontoperson. Duringtheflupandemicyoushouldprotectyourself.Avoidcrowdsandavoidclosecontactwiththesickunlessyoumustcareforsomeone.Whyaren’tmasksaddedtothisself-protectionlist?Becausetheycanhelptrapvirus-ladendropletsflyingthroughtheairwithacoughorsneeze.Simplesurgicalmasksonlyfilterthelargerdroplets飞沫.BesidestheCDCisafraidmasksmaycreateafalsesenseofsecurity.Perhapssomeonewhoshouldhavestayedhomewoulddon戴anill-fittingmaskandhoponthesubwayinstead. Nordoesfluonlyspreadthroughtheair.Saysomeonecoversasneezewithhisorherhandthentouchesadoorknoborsubwaypole.Ifyoutouchthatspotnextandthenputgermyhandsonyournoseormouthyou’vebeenexposed.It’shardertorubyournosewhilewearingamasksoyourfacemaygetprettysweatyundermasks.Youreachundertowipethatsweatandmaytransfergermscaughtontheoutsideofthemaskstraighttothenose.Thesearetheproblemsfacemasksmaycreatefortheirusers. Whetherpeopleshouldorshouldnotusefacemasksstillremainsaquestion.Thegeneralpublichastowaitpatientlyfortheresultsofthemaskresearchscientistsarestilldoing. ThewordthatinParagraph3refersto
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. KidswithADHDcommonlyfailinschool.
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. PereraandherteamchosenonsmokingpregnantwomenalloverAmerica.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. TrafficandhomeheatingwereconsideredtobethebiggestsourcesofPAHsforthesubjectsintheresearch.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
Iamgoingasa{{U}}favor{{/U}}toAnnbecauseIhaveto.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
GorillashaveawordforitKokoisthefirstgorillatohavebeentaughtsignlanguageawayofcommunicatingbyusinghandsandfingersratherthanspeech.Withavocabularyofmorethan1000wordssheisthefirsttoproveweshareaworldwithotherintelligentbeingswhofeelemotionslookforwardtocelebrationsandalsohaveasenseofhumour.The30-yearstudyofKokohasredefinedscience’sconceptofgorillaintelligence._____46.Butwhathadnotbeenrecognisedbythescientificcommunitywasthatgorillashavetheabilitytolearnalanguageandhavecomplexemotions.KokolivesintheSantaCruzmountainsinNorthAmericainawoodedspotoverlookingavalley._____47.Shehasabarrelonwhichshelikestositwhen’talking’tohumans-gorillasfeelmoresecurewhentheycanlookdownonothers-whilehertoysarespreadeverywhere.Inadditionshehasanoutsideenclosurewhereshespendsherdayswhenitisnotraining.ItisherconversationswithherteacherDrPennyPattersonthatareinspiring.Pennyexplains:‘Therealityofmydiscoveryisthatourabilitiesashumansourskillssensibilitiesandemotionsareverysimilartothegreatapes._____48.WhenshebeganteachingKokosignlanguageplacingthelittlefingersoftheone-year-oldgorillaintothecorrectpositionsfor’drink’’eat’’more’andrewardingherwithfoodDrPattersonhadnoideahowquicklyKokowouldlearn."AtfirstitseemedKokowasusingsignlanguageasatooltogetsomething"saysPatterson.’Itbecamethekindofrewardsystemthatyoucouldexpectofacatoradog.Butearlyinhertrainingshebegantocombinesignsthatmademethinkshewascapableofmore.’_____49.Forexampleshedidn’tknowthewordfor’ring’soshecombinedthesignsfor’finger’and’bracelet’toexpressit.DrPattersoncontinues:’Kokolovesbabiesandyoungpeople.Andwhensheisaskedwhatgorillaslikebestshealwayssays"Gorillaloveeatgood".OneofPatterson’sfavouritestoriesdemonstratesKoko’ssenseofhumour._____50.FromtheageofthreeKokosharedheraccommodationwithMichaelwhowasintendedasamate.HoweverMichaeldiedsuddenlytwoyearsagoofaheartattack.’KokowentintoadepressionfollowingMichael’sdeath’saysPatterson."Shewouldsitforhourswithherheadhunglowlookingupset."DrPattersonaskedherifshewaslookingforwardtomovingtoHawaiiwherePattersonisraisingmoneytobuildagorillarefuge.Kokosigned"Yes"providedshecouldhavecurtainsinhernewhome! 47
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Paragraph5
BetterSolarEnergySystems:MoreHeatMoreLight Solarphotovoltaic光伏的thermalenergysystemsorPVTsgeneratebothheatandelectricitybutuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystalline晶体的siliconsolarcellswhichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat. That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroofleavinglittleroomforthermalapplications. InapairofstudiesJoshuaPearceanassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineeringhasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversityCanada. Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesiliconbutyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphous非晶体的siliconcommonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricitybuttheyarelighterflexibleandcheaper.Andbecausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicontheyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunatelythin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect. Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcellPearceexplainswhichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket. HoweverPearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.InfactPearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperaturesneartheboilingpointofwatertheycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollectortheyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceadaytheyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
Railwaysarethemostimportant{{U}}mode{{/U}}oftransportfortheeconomy.
Whendidyoufirst{{U}}encounter{{/U}}thesedifficulties?
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. NonsmokingmotherswereselectedbecausetheeffectofsmokingonPAHswasunclear.
Thelawcarriesa{{U}}penalty{{/U}}ofuptothreeyearsinprison.
Underthe{{U}}terms{{/U}}ofthecontractyoumustgive3months’noticebeforeyouleave.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
热门题库
更多
理工类
卫生类
综合类
国际货运代理师
报关水平测试
报检员
物流员(四级)
助理物流师(三级)
物流师(二级)
高级物流师(一级)
物流案例分析
单证员基础理论与知识
单证员缮制与操作
国际货运代理理论与实务
外贸综合业务
外贸外语
湘公网安备 43130202000226号