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Migrant Workers In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move...
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{{*HTML*}}PreventingChildMaltreatment??Childmaltreatmentisaglobalproblemwithseriouslife-longconsequences.Therearenoreliableglobalestimatesortheprevalenceofchildmaltreatment.Dataformanycountriesespeciallylow-andmiddle-incomecountriesarelacking.??Childmaltreatmentiscomplexanddifficulttostudy.Currentestimatesvarywidelydependingonthecountryandthemethodofresearchused.Nonethelessinternationalstudiesrevealthatapproximately20%ofwomenand5%-10%ofmenreportbeingSexuallyabusedaschildrenwhile25%-50%ofallchildrenreportbeingphysicallyabused.Additionallymanychildrenaresubjecttoemotionalabusesometimesreferredtoaspsychologicalabuse.??Everyyearthereareanestimated31000homicidedeathsinchildrenunder15.Thisnumberunderestimatesthetrueextentoftheproblemasasignificantproportionofdeathsduetochildmaltreatmentareincorrectlyattributedtofallsburnsanddrowning.??Childmaltreatmentcausessufferingtochildrenandfamiliesandcanhavelong-termconsequences.Maltreatmentcausesstressthatisassociatedwithdisruptioninearlybraindevelopment.Extremestresscanimpairthedevelopmentofthenervousandimmunesystems.Consequentlyasadultsmaltreatedchildrenareatincreasedriskforbehaviouralphysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Viathebehaviouralandmentalhealthconsequencesmaltreatmentcancontributetoheartdiseasecancersuicideandsexuallytransmittedinfections.??Beyondthehealthconsequencesofchildmaltreatmentthereisaneconomicimpactincludingcostsofhospitalizationmentalhealthtreatmentchildwelfareandlonger-termhealthcosts.??Itisimportanttoemphasizethatchildrenarethevictimsandarenevertoblameformaltreatment.Anumberofcharacteristicsofanindividualchildmayincreasethelikelihoodofbeingmaltreatedsuchasbeingeitherunderfouryearsoldoranadolescentbeingunwantedorfailingtofulfiltheexpectationsofparentsandhavingspecialneedscryingpersistentlyorhavingabnormalphysicalfeatures.ThedifficultsituationintheglobalestimatesofthechildmaltreatmentisduetothefollowingfactorsEXCEPT______accordingtothepassage.
IndustrialpollutionisnotonlyaproblemforthecountriesofEuropeandNorthAmerica.Itisanextremelyseriousprobleminsomedevelopingcountries.Forthesecountieseconomicgrowthisaveryimportantaim.Theywanttointroduceindustriesandsotheyputfewcontrolsonindustrieswhichcausepollution.Cubataoanindustrialtownof85000peopleinBrazilisanexampleoftheconnectionbetweenindustrialdevelopmentandpollution.In1954Cubataohadnoindustry.Todayithasmorethantwentylargefactorieswhichproducemanypollutants污染物.Thepeopleofthetownaresufferingfromthepoisonousmattersintheirsurroundingsandthebadeffectscanbeclearlyseen.Birthshortcomingsareextremelycommon.Amongchildrenandgrown-upslungproblemsaresometimestwelvetimesmorecommoninCubataothaninotherplaces.ItistruethatBrazillikemanyothercountrieshaslawsagainstpollutionbuttheselawsarenotcarriedoutstrictlyenough.Itischeaperforcompaniestotakenonoticeofthelawsandpaythefines罚款thantobuytheexpensiveequipmentthatwillreducethepollutionItisclearthereforethateconomicgrowthismoreimportanttothe’governmentthantothehealthoftheworkers.Howevertheresponsibility责任doesnotcompletelyliewiththeBraziliangovernment.TheexampleofCubataoshowsthatinternationalcompaniesarenotactinginaresponsiblewayeither.AnumberofthefactoriesinthetownareownedbylargecompaniesfromFranceItalyandtheU.S.TheyaredoingthingsinBrazilthattheywouldnotbeabletodoathome.Iftheycausedthesameamountofpollutionathometheywouldbeseverely严厉的punishedorevenputoutofbusiness.Brazilhasnolawsagainstpollution.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
Congressionaldebateoverthepassageofthiscontroversialbillisinevitable.
{{*HTML*}}UseofTrademarks??AcompanymustdeterminewhetherornottoapplyfortrademarkprotectionunderthefederalLanhamActof1946orstatelaw.Atrademarkgivesafirmexclusiveuseofawordsymbolcombinationoflettersornumbersorotherdevicessuchasdistinctivepackagingusedtoidentifythegoodsofonecompanyandtodistinguishthemfromothercompaniesforaslongastheyaremarketed.??Trademarksarevoluntaryandrequirearegistrationprocedurethatcanbetimeconsumingcomplexandexpensive.Amultinationalfirmmustregistertrademarksineverycountryinwhichitoperates.Inorderforatrademarktobelegallyprotecteditmusthaveadistinctivemeaningthatdoesnotdescribeanentireproductcategorynotbeconfusinglysimilartoothertrademarksbeusedininterstatecommerceandnotimplycharacteristicsthattheproductdoesnotpossess.Asurnamebyitselfcannotberegisteredbecauseanyonecandobusinessunderhisorhername.Howeveransurnamecanberegisteredifusedtodescribeaspecificbusinesse.g.RoyRoger’sRestaurants.??Whenbrandsbecometoopopularordescriptiveofaproductcategorytheyruntheriskofbecomingpublicproperty.Thenafirmlosesitstrademarkposition.BrandsthatarefightingtoremainexclusivetrademarksincludeXeroxLevi’sFrigidaireFormicaKleenexandTeflon.Brandsofformertrademarksthatarenowconsideredgenericandthereforepublicpropertyarecellophane赛璐玢aspirinkerosene煤油colalinoleum漆布andmonopoly.??DuPontusedcarefulresearchtoretainatrademarkforTeflon.Ascompanysurveyshowedthat68percentoftheconsumersquestionedidentifiedTeflonasabrandname.ThisenabledDuPonttowinacourtcaseagainstaJapanesefirmusingthenameTeflon.OntheotherhandtheU.S.SupremeCourtruledthatMonopoly’wasagenerictermthatcouldbeusedbyanygamemaker.LikewiseafederalcourtruledthatMillercouldnottrademarkthesinglewordLiteforitslower-calorie低热量beer.??Trademarkprotectionisessentialtomanyfirmsbecauseexclusiveuseofbrandsandsymbolsenablesthemtomaintainlong-establishedimagesandmarketshares.Accordingtothepassageatrademarkcan______.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}UseofTrademarks??AcompanymustdeterminewhetherornottoapplyfortrademarkprotectionunderthefederalLanhamActof1946orstatelaw.Atrademarkgivesafirmexclusiveuseofawordsymbolcombinationoflettersornumbersorotherdevicessuchasdistinctivepackagingusedtoidentifythegoodsofonecompanyandtodistinguishthemfromothercompaniesforaslongastheyaremarketed.??Trademarksarevoluntaryandrequirearegistrationprocedurethatcanbetimeconsumingcomplexandexpensive.Amultinationalfirmmustregistertrademarksineverycountryinwhichitoperates.Inorderforatrademarktobelegallyprotecteditmusthaveadistinctivemeaningthatdoesnotdescribeanentireproductcategorynotbeconfusinglysimilartoothertrademarksbeusedininterstatecommerceandnotimplycharacteristicsthattheproductdoesnotpossess.Asurnamebyitselfcannotberegisteredbecauseanyonecandobusinessunderhisorhername.Howeveransurnamecanberegisteredifusedtodescribeaspecificbusinesse.g.RoyRoger’sRestaurants.??Whenbrandsbecometoopopularordescriptiveofaproductcategorytheyruntheriskofbecomingpublicproperty.Thenafirmlosesitstrademarkposition.BrandsthatarefightingtoremainexclusivetrademarksincludeXeroxLevi’sFrigidaireFormicaKleenexandTeflon.Brandsofformertrademarksthatarenowconsideredgenericandthereforepublicpropertyarecellophane赛璐玢aspirinkerosene煤油colalinoleum漆布andmonopoly.??DuPontusedcarefulresearchtoretainatrademarkforTeflon.Ascompanysurveyshowedthat68percentoftheconsumersquestionedidentifiedTeflonasabrandname.ThisenabledDuPonttowinacourtcaseagainstaJapanesefirmusingthenameTeflon.OntheotherhandtheU.S.SupremeCourtruledthatMonopoly’wasagenerictermthatcouldbeusedbyanygamemaker.LikewiseafederalcourtruledthatMillercouldnottrademarkthesinglewordLiteforitslower-calorie低热量beer.??Trademarkprotectionisessentialtomanyfirmsbecauseexclusiveuseofbrandsandsymbolsenablesthemtomaintainlong-establishedimagesandmarketshares.Theyruntheriskofbecomingpublicproperty.Itmeansoneofthefollowing:______.
{{*HTML*}}A.canbefoundinParisB.themajoreventsofthenationC.ofthecountry’sindustriesD.alotofcinemasandtheatresE.hasbeengrowingsteadilyF.hasbeendecreasingrapidlyManyvaluableworksofart______.
{{*HTML*}}PreventingChildMaltreatment??Childmaltreatmentisaglobalproblemwithseriouslife-longconsequences.Therearenoreliableglobalestimatesortheprevalenceofchildmaltreatment.Dataformanycountriesespeciallylow-andmiddle-incomecountriesarelacking.??Childmaltreatmentiscomplexanddifficulttostudy.Currentestimatesvarywidelydependingonthecountryandthemethodofresearchused.Nonethelessinternationalstudiesrevealthatapproximately20%ofwomenand5%-10%ofmenreportbeingSexuallyabusedaschildrenwhile25%-50%ofallchildrenreportbeingphysicallyabused.Additionallymanychildrenaresubjecttoemotionalabusesometimesreferredtoaspsychologicalabuse.??Everyyearthereareanestimated31000homicidedeathsinchildrenunder15.Thisnumberunderestimatesthetrueextentoftheproblemasasignificantproportionofdeathsduetochildmaltreatmentareincorrectlyattributedtofallsburnsanddrowning.??Childmaltreatmentcausessufferingtochildrenandfamiliesandcanhavelong-termconsequences.Maltreatmentcausesstressthatisassociatedwithdisruptioninearlybraindevelopment.Extremestresscanimpairthedevelopmentofthenervousandimmunesystems.Consequentlyasadultsmaltreatedchildrenareatincreasedriskforbehaviouralphysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Viathebehaviouralandmentalhealthconsequencesmaltreatmentcancontributetoheartdiseasecancersuicideandsexuallytransmittedinfections.??Beyondthehealthconsequencesofchildmaltreatmentthereisaneconomicimpactincludingcostsofhospitalizationmentalhealthtreatmentchildwelfareandlonger-termhealthcosts.??Itisimportanttoemphasizethatchildrenarethevictimsandarenevertoblameformaltreatment.Anumberofcharacteristicsofanindividualchildmayincreasethelikelihoodofbeingmaltreatedsuchasbeingeitherunderfouryearsoldoranadolescentbeingunwantedorfailingtofulfiltheexpectationsofparentsandhavingspecialneedscryingpersistentlyorhavingabnormalphysicalfeatures.ThemaltreatedchildrenoftenbearallthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT______accordingtothepassage.
ProfessorBakerisaco-workerofProfessorAyers.
{{*HTML*}}PreventingChildMaltreatment??Childmaltreatmentisaglobalproblemwithseriouslife-longconsequences.Therearenoreliableglobalestimatesortheprevalenceofchildmaltreatment.Dataformanycountriesespeciallylow-andmiddle-incomecountriesarelacking.??Childmaltreatmentiscomplexanddifficulttostudy.Currentestimatesvarywidelydependingonthecountryandthemethodofresearchused.Nonethelessinternationalstudiesrevealthatapproximately20%ofwomenand5%-10%ofmenreportbeingSexuallyabusedaschildrenwhile25%-50%ofallchildrenreportbeingphysicallyabused.Additionallymanychildrenaresubjecttoemotionalabusesometimesreferredtoaspsychologicalabuse.??Everyyearthereareanestimated31000homicidedeathsinchildrenunder15.Thisnumberunderestimatesthetrueextentoftheproblemasasignificantproportionofdeathsduetochildmaltreatmentareincorrectlyattributedtofallsburnsanddrowning.??Childmaltreatmentcausessufferingtochildrenandfamiliesandcanhavelong-termconsequences.Maltreatmentcausesstressthatisassociatedwithdisruptioninearlybraindevelopment.Extremestresscanimpairthedevelopmentofthenervousandimmunesystems.Consequentlyasadultsmaltreatedchildrenareatincreasedriskforbehaviouralphysicalandmentalhealthproblems.Viathebehaviouralandmentalhealthconsequencesmaltreatmentcancontributetoheartdiseasecancersuicideandsexuallytransmittedinfections.??Beyondthehealthconsequencesofchildmaltreatmentthereisaneconomicimpactincludingcostsofhospitalizationmentalhealthtreatmentchildwelfareandlonger-termhealthcosts.??Itisimportanttoemphasizethatchildrenarethevictimsandarenevertoblameformaltreatment.Anumberofcharacteristicsofanindividualchildmayincreasethelikelihoodofbeingmaltreatedsuchasbeingeitherunderfouryearsoldoranadolescentbeingunwantedorfailingtofulfiltheexpectationsofparentsandhavingspecialneedscryingpersistentlyorhavingabnormalphysicalfeatures.Manyhomicidedeathsinchildrenunder15arewronglycategorizedintothefollowingtypesEXCEPT______accordingtothepassage.
Helackedthestrengthtodealwithalltheseproblems.
Whenthelorrydrovepasttheexhaustpipebelcheddensepetrolfumes.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
IndustrialpollutionisnotonlyaproblemforthecountriesofEuropeandNorthAmerica.Itisanextremelyseriousprobleminsomedevelopingcountries.Forthesecountieseconomicgrowthisaveryimportantaim.Theywanttointroduceindustriesandsotheyputfewcontrolsonindustrieswhichcausepollution.Cubataoanindustrialtownof85000peopleinBrazilisanexampleoftheconnectionbetweenindustrialdevelopmentandpollution.In1954Cubataohadnoindustry.Todayithasmorethantwentylargefactorieswhichproducemanypollutants污染物.Thepeopleofthetownaresufferingfromthepoisonousmattersintheirsurroundingsandthebadeffectscanbeclearlyseen.Birthshortcomingsareextremelycommon.Amongchildrenandgrown-upslungproblemsaresometimestwelvetimesmorecommoninCubataothaninotherplaces.ItistruethatBrazillikemanyothercountrieshaslawsagainstpollutionbuttheselawsarenotcarriedoutstrictlyenough.Itischeaperforcompaniestotakenonoticeofthelawsandpaythefines罚款thantobuytheexpensiveequipmentthatwillreducethepollutionItisclearthereforethateconomicgrowthismoreimportanttothe’governmentthantothehealthoftheworkers.Howevertheresponsibility责任doesnotcompletelyliewiththeBraziliangovernment.TheexampleofCubataoshowsthatinternationalcompaniesarenotactinginaresponsiblewayeither.AnumberofthefactoriesinthetownareownedbylargecompaniesfromFranceItalyandtheU.S.TheyaredoingthingsinBrazilthattheywouldnotbeabletodoathome.Iftheycausedthesameamountofpollutionathometheywouldbeseverely严厉的punishedorevenputoutofbusiness.InCubataoheartproblemsare12timesmorecommonthaninotherplaces.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
{{*HTML*}}UseofTrademarks??AcompanymustdeterminewhetherornottoapplyfortrademarkprotectionunderthefederalLanhamActof1946orstatelaw.Atrademarkgivesafirmexclusiveuseofawordsymbolcombinationoflettersornumbersorotherdevicessuchasdistinctivepackagingusedtoidentifythegoodsofonecompanyandtodistinguishthemfromothercompaniesforaslongastheyaremarketed.??Trademarksarevoluntaryandrequirearegistrationprocedurethatcanbetimeconsumingcomplexandexpensive.Amultinationalfirmmustregistertrademarksineverycountryinwhichitoperates.Inorderforatrademarktobelegallyprotecteditmusthaveadistinctivemeaningthatdoesnotdescribeanentireproductcategorynotbeconfusinglysimilartoothertrademarksbeusedininterstatecommerceandnotimplycharacteristicsthattheproductdoesnotpossess.Asurnamebyitselfcannotberegisteredbecauseanyonecandobusinessunderhisorhername.Howeveransurnamecanberegisteredifusedtodescribeaspecificbusinesse.g.RoyRoger’sRestaurants.??Whenbrandsbecometoopopularordescriptiveofaproductcategorytheyruntheriskofbecomingpublicproperty.Thenafirmlosesitstrademarkposition.BrandsthatarefightingtoremainexclusivetrademarksincludeXeroxLevi’sFrigidaireFormicaKleenexandTeflon.Brandsofformertrademarksthatarenowconsideredgenericandthereforepublicpropertyarecellophane赛璐玢aspirinkerosene煤油colalinoleum漆布andmonopoly.??DuPontusedcarefulresearchtoretainatrademarkforTeflon.Ascompanysurveyshowedthat68percentoftheconsumersquestionedidentifiedTeflonasabrandname.ThisenabledDuPonttowinacourtcaseagainstaJapanesefirmusingthenameTeflon.OntheotherhandtheU.S.SupremeCourtruledthatMonopoly’wasagenerictermthatcouldbeusedbyanygamemaker.LikewiseafederalcourtruledthatMillercouldnottrademarkthesinglewordLiteforitslower-calorie低热量beer.??Trademarkprotectionisessentialtomanyfirmsbecauseexclusiveuseofbrandsandsymbolsenablesthemtomaintainlong-establishedimagesandmarketshares.InitsfighttoretainanexclusivetrademarkforTeflononeofthethingsDuPontdidis______.
{{*HTML*}}HighStressMayDamageMemory??AccordingtoareportissuedinMay1998elderlypeoplewhohaveconsistentlyhighbloodlevelsofcortisoldon’tscoreaswellonmemorytestsastheirpeerswithlowerlevelsofthestresshormone.What’smorehighlevelsofcortisolarealsoassociatedwithshrinkingofthehippocampusaregionofthebrainthatplaysakeyroleinlearningandmemory.??ThefindingssuggestthatevencortisollevelsinthenormalhealthyrangecanactuallyacceIeratebrainaging.??Thestudyresultsnowprovidesubstantialevidencethatlong-termexposuretoadrenalstresshormonesmaypromotehippocampalaginginnormalelderlyhumanswriteNadaPorterandPhilipLandfieldoftheUniversityofKentuckyinLexingtonintheireditorial.Cortisolisahormonereleasedinresponsetostressbytheadrenalglandswhichsitontopofthekidneys.??Overa5to6-yearperiod.Dr.SoniaLupienandhiscolleaguesmeasured24-hourcortisollevelsin51healthyvolunteersmostofwhomwereintheir70s.??Despitewidevariationincortisollevelstheparticipantscouldbedividedintothreesubgroups:thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlyhighincreasing/high;thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlymoderateincreasing/moderate;andsubjectswhosecortisoldecreasedbutwascurrentlymoderatedecreasing/moderate.??Theresearcherstestedthevolunteers’memoryonsixpeopleintheincreasing/highcategoryandfivepeopleinthedecreasing/moderategroup.Thegroupsdidnotdifferontestsofimmediatememorybuttheincreasing/highcortisolgrouphadothermemoryproblemscomparedwiththoseinthedecreasing/moderategroup.??Theresearchersalsofoundthatthetotalvolumeofthehippocampusinthoseintheincreasing/highgroupwas14%lowerthanthoseinthedecreasing/moderategroupalthoughtherewerenodifferencesinotherbrainregions.??Theresultssuggestthat...brainagingcanbeacceleratedbylevelsofadrenalhormonesthatarenotgenerallyregardedaspathologicalandthatvariationwithinthisnormalrangeisrelatedtovariationintherateofbrainagingwritePorterandLandfield.Thisfurthersuggeststhatchronicstressmayacceleratetheworseningofhippocampus./Whenthelevelsofcortisolgohigherthehippocampusinthebrainmay______.
Bewareofpickpocketsinpublicplaces.
{{*HTML*}}HighStressMayDamageMemory??AccordingtoareportissuedinMay1998elderlypeoplewhohaveconsistentlyhighbloodlevelsofcortisoldon’tscoreaswellonmemorytestsastheirpeerswithlowerlevelsofthestresshormone.What’smorehighlevelsofcortisolarealsoassociatedwithshrinkingofthehippocampusaregionofthebrainthatplaysakeyroleinlearningandmemory.??ThefindingssuggestthatevencortisollevelsinthenormalhealthyrangecanactuallyacceIeratebrainaging.??Thestudyresultsnowprovidesubstantialevidencethatlong-termexposuretoadrenalstresshormonesmaypromotehippocampalaginginnormalelderlyhumanswriteNadaPorterandPhilipLandfieldoftheUniversityofKentuckyinLexingtonintheireditorial.Cortisolisahormonereleasedinresponsetostressbytheadrenalglandswhichsitontopofthekidneys.??Overa5to6-yearperiod.Dr.SoniaLupienandhiscolleaguesmeasured24-hourcortisollevelsin51healthyvolunteersmostofwhomwereintheir70s.??Despitewidevariationincortisollevelstheparticipantscouldbedividedintothreesubgroups:thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlyhighincreasing/high;thosewhosecortisolprogressivelyincreasedovertimeandwascurrentlymoderateincreasing/moderate;andsubjectswhosecortisoldecreasedbutwascurrentlymoderatedecreasing/moderate.??Theresearcherstestedthevolunteers’memoryonsixpeopleintheincreasing/highcategoryandfivepeopleinthedecreasing/moderategroup.Thegroupsdidnotdifferontestsofimmediatememorybuttheincreasing/highcortisolgrouphadothermemoryproblemscomparedwiththoseinthedecreasing/moderategroup.??Theresearchersalsofoundthatthetotalvolumeofthehippocampusinthoseintheincreasing/highgroupwas14%lowerthanthoseinthedecreasing/moderategroupalthoughtherewerenodifferencesinotherbrainregions.??Theresultssuggestthat...brainagingcanbeacceleratedbylevelsofadrenalhormonesthatarenotgenerallyregardedaspathologicalandthatvariationwithinthisnormalrangeisrelatedtovariationintherateofbrainagingwritePorterandLandfield.Thisfurthersuggeststhatchronicstressmayacceleratetheworseningofhippocampus./Whenthetotalvolumeofthehippocampusbecomessmaller?otherbrainregions______.
{{*HTML*}}LifeExpectancyintheLastHundredYears??Ahundredyearsagolifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieswasabout47;intheearly21stcenturymenintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomcanexpecttolivetoabout74womentoabout80andthese?51?arerisingallthetime.Whathasbrought?52?thesechanges?Whenwelookatthelife?53?ofpeoplel00yearsagoweneedtolookatthegreatest?54?ofthetime.Intheearly20thcenturythereweretheacuteandoften?55?infectiousdiseasessuchassmallpox.Manychildrendiedveryyoungfromthesediseasesandothersandtheweakandelderlywerealwaysatrisk.??Inthe?56?worldthesediseasesarefar?57?todayandinsomecaseshavealmostdisappeared?A?numberof?58?haveledtothis:improvementsinsanitationandhygienethediscoveryanduseofantibioticswhich?59?bacterialdiseasesmuchlessdangerousandvaccinations?60?commondiseases.?61?people’sgeneralhealthhasimprovedwithimprovementsinourgeneralenvironment:cleanerairbettermeansofpreservingfoodbetterandwarmerhousingandbetterunderstandingofnutrition.??Geneticallyweshouldallbeabletolivetoabout85but?62?peopledolivelongertodaytherearestillsomebigkillersaroundthatarepreventingusfromconsistentlyreachingthatage.Theproblemsthataffectpeopletodayarethemorechronicillnessessuchasheartdiseaseandstrokesandthose?63?byvirusessuchasinfluenzaandAIDS.Ofcoursecancerisahugekilleraswell.Inmostcasesthesediseasesaffect?64?peoplebutthereareworryingtrendsinthedevelopedworldwithproblemssuchasobesity?65?moreheartdiseaseandillnessessuchasdiabetesatyoungerages.??Thekillerstodaycanbeclassedaslifestylediseaseswhichmeansthatitmaybepossibletohalttheirprogress.
Ican'tmakeitbecauseofapreviousengagement.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmaIlerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50?A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
{{*HTML*}}A.canbefoundinParisB.themajoreventsofthenationC.ofthecountry’sindustriesD.alotofcinemasandtheatresE.hasbeengrowingsteadilyF.hasbeendecreasingrapidlyParishasinhistorybeenthecenterof______.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmaIlerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50?A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard&Company.F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
Gadflywastoomuchexhaustedtowakeeasilywhenonceasleep.
IndustrialpollutionisnotonlyaproblemforthecountriesofEuropeandNorthAmerica.Itisanextremelyseriousprobleminsomedevelopingcountries.Forthesecountieseconomicgrowthisaveryimportantaim.Theywanttointroduceindustriesandsotheyputfewcontrolsonindustrieswhichcausepollution.Cubataoanindustrialtownof85000peopleinBrazilisanexampleoftheconnectionbetweenindustrialdevelopmentandpollution.In1954Cubataohadnoindustry.Todayithasmorethantwentylargefactorieswhichproducemanypollutants污染物.Thepeopleofthetownaresufferingfromthepoisonousmattersintheirsurroundingsandthebadeffectscanbeclearlyseen.Birthshortcomingsareextremelycommon.Amongchildrenandgrown-upslungproblemsaresometimestwelvetimesmorecommoninCubataothaninotherplaces.ItistruethatBrazillikemanyothercountrieshaslawsagainstpollutionbuttheselawsarenotcarriedoutstrictlyenough.Itischeaperforcompaniestotakenonoticeofthelawsandpaythefines罚款thantobuytheexpensiveequipmentthatwillreducethepollutionItisclearthereforethateconomicgrowthismoreimportanttothe’governmentthantothehealthoftheworkers.Howevertheresponsibility责任doesnotcompletelyliewiththeBraziliangovernment.TheexampleofCubataoshowsthatinternationalcompaniesarenotactinginaresponsiblewayeither.AnumberofthefactoriesinthetownareownedbylargecompaniesfromFranceItalyandtheU.S.TheyaredoingthingsinBrazilthattheywouldnotbeabletodoathome.Iftheycausedthesameamountofpollutionathometheywouldbeseverely严厉的punishedorevenputoutofbusiness.IndustrialpollutionistheproblemforEuropeancountriesonly.
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