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Mergers ? ?The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. ?(46) ? ? ?With the deregulati...
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{{*HTML*}} ClinicalTrials 1Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested. 2Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge. 3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments. 4Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating. A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial E.Whatareclinicaltrials F.Areclinicaltrialssafe A.forsomepatients B.beforeparticipation C.inhumans D.medicalknowledge E.duringthetrial F.candidatesforclinicaltrials Clinicaltrialsprovidetheonlyhope
HumanHeartCanMakeNewCellsSolvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage.ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay.WefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewedsaidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden.Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewedhesaid.TheprocessofrenewingtheseceilschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75.IfwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaypotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattackFrisensaid.Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts.Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailurenotedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute.Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdyinghesaid.WiththisfindingscientistsareopeningthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselvesBhardwajsaid.Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing.Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts--whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown.Itremainsunknownwhethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedhearts______.
TheySayIreland’stheBest Irelandisthebestplaceintheworldtoliveinfor2005accordingtoalifequalityrankingthatappearedinBritain’sEconomistmagazinelastweek. Theambitiousattempttocomparehappinesslevelsaroundtheworldisbasedontheprinciplethatwealthisnottheonlymeasureofhumansatisfactionandwell-being. Theindexof111countriesusesdataonincomeshealthunemploymentclimatepoliticalstabilityjobsecuritygenderequalityaswellaswhatthemagazinecalls"freedomfamilyandcommunitylife". Despitethebadweathertroubledhealthservicetrafficcongestion拥挤genderinequalityandthehighcostofliving.Irelandscoredanimpressive8.33Pointsoutof10. Thatputitwellaheadofsecond-placeSwitzerlandwhichmanaged8.07.Zimbabwetroubledbypoliticalinsecurityandhungerisratedthegloomiest最差的pickinguponly3.89points. "Althoughrisingincomesandincreasedindividualchoicesarehighlyvalued."thereportsaid"someofthefactorsassociatedwithmodernizationsuchasthebreakdown崩溃intraditionalinstitutionsandfamilyvaluesinparttakeawayfromapositiveimpact." "Irelandwinsbecauseitsuccessfullycombinesthemostdesirableelementsofthenewwiththepreservationofcertainwarmelementsoftheoldsuchasstablefamilyandcommunitylife." Themagazineadmittedmeasuringqualityoflifeisnotastraightforwardthingtodoandthatitsfindingswouldhavetheircritics. No.2onthelistisSwitzerland.Theothernationsinthetop10areNorwayLuxembourgSwedenAustraliaIcelandItalyDenmarkandSpain. TheU.K.ispositionedatNo.29amuchlowerpositionchieflybecauseofthesocialandfamilybreakdownrecordedinofficialstatisticsTheU.S.whichhasthesecondhighestpercapitaGDP人均国内生产总值afterLuxembourgtookthe13thplaceinthesurvey.Chinawasinthelowerhalfoftheleagueat60th. IrelandispositionedatNo.1becauseitcombinesthemostdesirableelementsofthenewwithsomegoodelementsoftheold.
Themusicwasalittleloudbutexceptthatitwasagreatconcert.
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 9.
ThisplayissoboringthatIfeelabitsleepy.
TheStoryofLani Five-year-oldLanistilltakessevenmedicineswithherbreakfasteverymorning."She’sverygoodaboutit"saysherfatherDavid.LaniisalivetodaybecauseofherfatherDavidinmorethanoneway;whenshewasoneyearoldshereceivedpartofherfather’sliverinaliver-transplantoperation.Laniwasbornwithaliverillness.1Doctorsadvisedthatatransplantwastheonlywayinwhichshewouldlive. Theoperationlasted12hoursandneededtwoteamsoneforthefatherandoneforthedaughter.2Inthesecasesthedonor’slivergrowstonormalsizeinabouteightweeksandthechild’sliverbecomessmaller. Lanispentthreeweeksinhospitalaftertheoperation.Becausethereceiver’sbodytriestorejecttheneworganthepatienthastobegivenspecialdrugs.3 AlthoughDavidlefthospitalafter10dayshedidn’treturntoworkuntilafterthroemonths.Inordertoreachtheliverthedoctorshavetocutthroughthestomachwallwhichisstrongandfullofmuscle.Itthereforetakesalongtimetorecoverafterthisoperation.4 Sofaronly16oftheseliver-transplantoperationshavebeencarriedoutinBritain.5Doctorssay"Ifpossibleweprefertotakealiverfromadeaddonorusuallyaparent." Lanistillhastolookafterherhealthandshegetsmoretiredthanotherchildrenofthesameagebutdoctorshopethatshewillcontinuetogetstrongerandstronger. AShehadoneoperationwhenshewassixweeksoldwhichwasnotsuccessful. BWhilethesedrugsaregivenitisimportantthatthepatientdoesnotcatchanyillnessnotevenacold. CInthisoperationapieceofliverweighingabout250--300gramswasremovedfromthefatherandtransplantedintothedaughter. DDavidquicklyrecoveredfromtheoperation. EHowevertheyaremorecommoninNorthAmericaandJapan. FDavidwasfinallyabletoridehisbikeagainafteraboutayear. 4.
TheySayIreland’stheBest Irelandisthebestplaceintheworldtoliveinfor2005accordingtoalifequalityrankingthatappearedinBritain’sEconomistmagazinelastweek. Theambitiousattempttocomparehappinesslevelsaroundtheworldisbasedontheprinciplethatwealthisnottheonlymeasureofhumansatisfactionandwell-being. Theindexof111countriesusesdataonincomeshealthunemploymentclimatepoliticalstabilityjobsecuritygenderequalityaswellaswhatthemagazinecalls"freedomfamilyandcommunitylife". Despitethebadweathertroubledhealthservicetrafficcongestion拥挤genderinequalityandthehighcostofliving.Irelandscoredanimpressive8.33Pointsoutof10. Thatputitwellaheadofsecond-placeSwitzerlandwhichmanaged8.07.Zimbabwetroubledbypoliticalinsecurityandhungerisratedthegloomiest最差的pickinguponly3.89points. "Althoughrisingincomesandincreasedindividualchoicesarehighlyvalued."thereportsaid"someofthefactorsassociatedwithmodernizationsuchasthebreakdown崩溃intraditionalinstitutionsandfamilyvaluesinparttakeawayfromapositiveimpact." "Irelandwinsbecauseitsuccessfullycombinesthemostdesirableelementsofthenewwiththepreservationofcertainwarmelementsoftheoldsuchasstablefamilyandcommunitylife." Themagazineadmittedmeasuringqualityoflifeisnotastraightforwardthingtodoandthatitsfindingswouldhavetheircritics. No.2onthelistisSwitzerland.Theothernationsinthetop10areNorwayLuxembourgSwedenAustraliaIcelandItalyDenmarkandSpain. TheU.K.ispositionedatNo.29amuchlowerpositionchieflybecauseofthesocialandfamilybreakdownrecordedinofficialstatisticsTheU.S.whichhasthesecondhighestpercapitaGDP人均国内生产总值afterLuxembourgtookthe13thplaceinthesurvey.Chinawasinthelowerhalfoftheleagueat60th. TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisamongthetop10countries.
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 15.
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 5.
HumanHeartCanMakeNewCellsSolvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage.ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay.WefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewedsaidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden.Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewedhesaid.TheprocessofrenewingthesecellschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75.IfwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaybepotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattackFrisensaid.Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts.Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailurenotedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwaj.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute.Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdyinghesaid.WiththisfindingscientistsareopeningthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselvesBhardwajsaid.Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing.Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts-whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown.Thefindingcouldprovetobeusefulto______.
HumanHeartCanMakeNewCellsSolvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage.ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay.WefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewedsaidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden.Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewedhesaid.TheprocessofrenewingthesecellschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75.IfwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaybepotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattackFrisensaid.Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts.Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailurenotedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwaj.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute.Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdyinghesaid.WiththisfindingscientistsareopeningthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselvesBhardwajsaid.Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing.Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts-whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown.Chronicheartfailureisattributedto______.
GivingUpSmokingAnumberofdevicesareavailabletohelpapersonquitsmoking.Nicotine尼古丁patchesaresmallnicotine-containingadhesive粘着性的discsappliedtotheskin.Thenicotineisslowlyabsorbedthroughtheskinandentersthebloodstream血流.Overtimethenicotinedoseisreducedandeventuallythedesirefornicotineiseased.Nicotinegum口香糖worksinasimilarmannerprovidingsmalldosesofnicotinewhenchewed咀嚼.Thebenefitsofgivingupsmokingincludetheimmediatereductionofharmtothehealthofthesmokerandeasieradmissiontosocialactivitiesandinstitutionsthatbansmoking.Ina1988reporttheU.S.SurgeonGeneraldeclaredcigarettesmokingtobemoreharmfulandexpensivethantheuseofcocaine可卡因alcoholorheroin.Recentevidencesupportsthisclaim.TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthascollectedaspecialtaxoncigarettesforseveraldecades.Theraterosefrom8centsperpackof20cigarettesin1951to24centsperpackin1993.Inotherdevelopedcountriesthecigarettetaxrateismuchhigherrangingfrom50percentinSwitzerlandto85percentinDenmark.IntheUnitedStatesthefirstdirectactiontochecksmokingwastheregulationofawarningoncigarettepackagesbytheFederalTradeCommission.Thiswarningtookeffectin1964andwasstrengthenedin1969toread:Warning:TheSurgeonGeneralHasDeterminedThatCigaretteSmokingIsDangeroustoYourHealth.In1971allcigaretteadvertisingwasbannedfromradioandtelevisionandcitiesandstatespassedlawsrequiringnonsmokingsectionsinpublicplacesandworkplaces.ThebenefitsofgivingupsmokingincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT
TheStoryofLani Five-year-oldLanistilltakessevenmedicineswithherbreakfasteverymorning."She’sverygoodaboutit"saysherfatherDavid.LaniisalivetodaybecauseofherfatherDavidinmorethanoneway;whenshewasoneyearoldshereceivedpartofherfather’sliverinaliver-transplantoperation.Laniwasbornwithaliverillness.1Doctorsadvisedthatatransplantwastheonlywayinwhichshewouldlive. Theoperationlasted12hoursandneededtwoteamsoneforthefatherandoneforthedaughter.2Inthesecasesthedonor’slivergrowstonormalsizeinabouteightweeksandthechild’sliverbecomessmaller. Lanispentthreeweeksinhospitalaftertheoperation.Becausethereceiver’sbodytriestorejecttheneworganthepatienthastobegivenspecialdrugs.3 AlthoughDavidlefthospitalafter10dayshedidn’treturntoworkuntilafterthroemonths.Inordertoreachtheliverthedoctorshavetocutthroughthestomachwallwhichisstrongandfullofmuscle.Itthereforetakesalongtimetorecoverafterthisoperation.4 Sofaronly16oftheseliver-transplantoperationshavebeencarriedoutinBritain.5Doctorssay"Ifpossibleweprefertotakealiverfromadeaddonorusuallyaparent." Lanistillhastolookafterherhealthandshegetsmoretiredthanotherchildrenofthesameagebutdoctorshopethatshewillcontinuetogetstrongerandstronger. AShehadoneoperationwhenshewassixweeksoldwhichwasnotsuccessful. BWhilethesedrugsaregivenitisimportantthatthepatientdoesnotcatchanyillnessnotevenacold. CInthisoperationapieceofliverweighingabout250--300gramswasremovedfromthefatherandtransplantedintothedaughter. DDavidquicklyrecoveredfromtheoperation. EHowevertheyaremorecommoninNorthAmericaandJapan. FDavidwasfinallyabletoridehisbikeagainafteraboutayear. 2.
ClinicalTrials 1Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested. 2Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge. 3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments. 4Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating. A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial E.Whatareclinicaltrials F.Areclinicaltrialssafe Paragraph2
Iamalwaysconsciousofmyownshortcomings.
Gunpowderwasusedextensivelyinfirearmspriorto1990.
HumanHeartCanMakeNewCells Solvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage. ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay. "Wefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewed"saidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden."Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewed"hesaid. TheprocessofrenewingtheseceilschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75. "Ifwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaypotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattack"Frisensaid. Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts."Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailure"notedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute."Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdying"hesaid. Withthisfindingscientistsare"openingthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselves"Bhardwajsaid."Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing." Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts--whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown. Thepeoplewho’reintheirmid-70sonly0.45percentofcardiomyocytes
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 11.
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 13.
HumanHeartCanMakeNewCells Solvingalongstandingmysteryscientistshavefoundthatthehumanheartcontinuestogeneratenewcardiaccellsthroughoutthelifespanalthoughtherateofnewcellproductionslowswithage. ThefindingpublishedintheApril3issueofSciencecouldopenanewpathforthetreatmentofheartdiseasessuchasheartfailureandheartattackexpertssay. "Wefindthatthebeatingcellsintheheartcardiomyocytesarerenewed"saidleadresearcherDr.JonasFrisenaprofessorofstemcellresearchattheKarolinskaInstituteinStockholmSweden."Ithaspreviouslynotbeenknownwhetherwewerelimitedtothecardiomyocyteswearebornwithoriftheycouldberenewed"hesaid. TheprocessofrenewingtheseceilschangesovertimeFrisenadded.Ina20-year-oldabout1percentofcardiomyocytesareexchangedeachyearbuttheturnoverratedecreaseswithagetoonly0.45percentbyage75. "Ifwecanunderstandhowthegenerationofnewcardiomyocytesisregulateditmaypotentiallypossibletodeveloppharmaceuticalsthatpromotethisprocesstostimulateregenerationafterforexampleaheartattack"Frisensaid. Thatcouldleadtotreatmentthathelpsrestoredamagedhearts."Alotofpeoplesufferfromchronicheartfailure"notedco-authorDr.RatanBhardwajalsofromtheKarolinskaInstitute."Chronicheartfailurearisesfromheartcellsdying"hesaid. Withthisfindingscientistsare"openingthedoortopotentialtherapiestohavingourselveshealourselves"Bhardwajsaid."Maybeonecoulddeviseapharmaceuticalagentthatwouldmakeheartcellsmakenewandmorecellstoovercometheproblemtheyarefacing." Butbarriersremain.AccordingtoBhardwajscientistsdonotyetknowhowtoincreaseheartcellproductiontoaratethatwouldreplacecellsfasterthantheyaredyingoffespeciallyinolderpatientswithheartfailure.Inadditionthenumberofnewcellstheheartproduceswasestimatedusinghealthyhearts--whethertherateofcellturnoverindiseasedheartsisthesameremainsunknown. Thehumanheartstopsproducingcardiaccells
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 7.
ClinicalTrials 1Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested. 2Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge. 3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments. 4Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating. A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial E.Whatareclinicaltrials F.Areclinicaltrialssafe Paragraph4
ClinicalTrials 1Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested. 2Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge. 3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments. 4Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating. A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial E.Whatareclinicaltrials F.Areclinicaltrialssafe A.forsomepatients B.beforeparticipation C.inhumans D.medicalknowledge E.duringthetrial F.candidatesforclinicaltrials Learnasmuchasyoucanaboutaclinicaltrial
GivingUpSmokingAnumberofdevicesareavailabletohelpapersonquitsmoking.Nicotine尼古丁patchesaresmallnicotine-containingadhesive粘着性的discsappliedtotheskin.Thenicotineisslowlyabsorbedthroughtheskinandentersthebloodstream血流.Overtimethenicotinedoseisreducedandeventuallythedesirefornicotineiseased.Nicotinegum口香糖worksinasimilarmannerprovidingsmalldosesofnicotinewhenchewed咀嚼.Thebenefitsofgivingupsmokingincludetheimmediatereductionofharmtothehealthofthesmokerandeasieradmissiontosocialactivitiesandinstitutionsthatbansmoking.Ina1988reporttheU.S.SurgeonGeneraldeclaredcigarettesmokingtobemoreharmfulandexpensivethantheuseofcocaine可卡因alcoholorheroin.Recentevidencesupportsthisclaim.TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthascollectedaspecialtaxoncigarettesforseveraldecades.Theraterosefrom8centsperpackof20cigarettesin1951to24centsperpackin1993.Inotherdevelopedcountriesthecigarettetaxrateismuchhigherrangingfrom50percentinSwitzerlandto85percentinDenmark.IntheUnitedStatesthefirstdirectactiontochecksmokingwastheregulationofawarningoncigarettepackagesbytheFederalTradeCommission.Thiswarningtookeffectin1964andwasstrengthenedin1969toread:Warning:TheSurgeonGeneralHasDeterminedThatCigaretteSmokingIsDangeroustoYourHealth.In1971allcigaretteadvertisingwasbannedfromradioandtelevisionandcitiesandstatespassedlawsrequiringnonsmokingsectionsinpublicplacesandworkplaces.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasasteptocontrolsmoking
Theyhadafarbetteryieldthananyotherfarmmilesawayaroundthisyear.
Theconstructionoftherailwayissaidtohavebeenterminated.
GivingUpSmokingAnumberofdevicesareavailabletohelpapersonquitsmoking.Nicotine尼古丁patchesaresmallnicotine-containingadhesive粘着性的discsappliedtotheskin.Thenicotineisslowlyabsorbedthroughtheskinandentersthebloodstream血流.Overtimethenicotinedoseisreducedandeventuallythedesirefornicotineiseased.Nicotinegum口香糖worksinasimilarmannerprovidingsmalldosesofnicotinewhenchewed咀嚼.Thebenefitsofgivingupsmokingincludetheimmediatereductionofharmtothehealthofthesmokerandeasieradmissiontosocialactivitiesandinstitutionsthatbansmoking.Ina1988reporttheU.S.SurgeonGeneraldeclaredcigarettesmokingtobemoreharmfulandexpensivethantheuseofcocaine可卡因alcoholorheroin.Recentevidencesupportsthisclaim.TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthascollectedaspecialtaxoncigarettesforseveraldecades.Theraterosefrom8centsperpackof20cigarettesin1951to24centsperpackin1993.Inotherdevelopedcountriesthecigarettetaxrateismuchhigherrangingfrom50percentinSwitzerlandto85percentinDenmark.IntheUnitedStatesthefirstdirectactiontochecksmokingwastheregulationofawarningoncigarettepackagesbytheFederalTradeCommission.Thiswarningtookeffectin1964andwasstrengthenedin1969toread:Warning:TheSurgeonGeneralHasDeterminedThatCigaretteSmokingIsDangeroustoYourHealth.In1971allcigaretteadvertisingwasbannedfromradioandtelevisionandcitiesandstatespassedlawsrequiringnonsmokingsectionsinpublicplacesandworkplaces.Whichofthefollowingcanhelpapersonquitsmoking
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 1.
TalkingtoKidsaboutSARS非典 SchoolagechildrenmaybelearningaboutSARSfromadultsandthemediabutmaynotknowwhattomakeofthesituationsaysanationalhealthcharity. TheLungAssociationsaysparentsshouldtaketimetotalktotheir1andexplainthefactsaboutSARSandhowtoavoidtheillness. Thefollowingisbasedonrecommendations2ThursdaybytheLungAssociation: ▲Askyourchildreniftheyhaveheard3SARSatschoolfromfriendsfromTVetc.Findingoutwhattheyalreadyknowcanbeagood4tostarttheconversationandtoclearawayanywrongideastheymighthaveabouttheillnessandhowitisspread. ▲Schoolagechildrenareusuallyold5tounderstandconceptssuchasgettingsickfromgerms细菌andhowtoavoidillness.Asimplereminder提示6tocoughonpeopleandtowashtheirhandsoftenmaybesufficientforyoungerkids.Allchildrenshouldbeshownhowto7theirhandsproperly. ▲Remembertokeepitsimpleso8nottooverwhelmchildrenwithinformationbutanswerthemtruthfully.Kidscantellwhenyou’renotbeinghonestorifyou’rehidingsomethingandsometimestheunknowncanbemorefrighteningthanthe9.Parentswithanxiouschildrenwillknow10theirkidswillhandleinformationonSARSandcantailortheirdiscussionaccordingly. ▲OnewaytoexplaintheillnessistotellchildrenthatSARSislikeabadbreathingproblem.Itis11fromacoldbutpeoplecancatchitinthesameways--suchascoughingonsomeonenotwashingyourhandsorsharingaglasswithasickperson. ▲DescribehowSARSisspreadbutmentionthatthechanceof12SARSissmall.ThereisnoreasontotellchildrenpeoplearedyingofSARS13theyask.Neverusethethreatofdeathasawaytoremindkidstowashtheirhands. ▲Childrenshouldbe14totrusttheirparentsandothercaregivers.Explainthatmanysmartpeople15doctorsandscientistsareworkingontheproblemandlookingoutforeveryone’shealth. 3.
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