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[A] Fist convention of Comite Maritime International [B] The convention having been revised three t...
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Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsa
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andat
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andat
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsa
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsa
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41Conflicts:Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences.42Sex:WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina.43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students:OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors.44Gifts:InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalledgiftsbutareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.AccustomedaswearetousingthewordgifttorefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStatesgiftsgivenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices.45SocialIntercourse.WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings.[A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday--thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsideredgiftshere.[B]WhilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessorsProfessorsoandsoorDr.soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse.[C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters.[D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife![E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded.[F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance.
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 20
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 10
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’s"GoldenStairs"wherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisan"awesomeresponsibility".Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim. AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals. Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan"amnesty"thatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedas"solimitedit’salmostajoke".Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced. Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployers"areadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotections"foreveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear. Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand. Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyis"aboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues".SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess. Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave. Thewordstonedline1paragraph3mostprobablymeans
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 14
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness. Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454words AccordingtothetextseniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’s"GoldenStairs"wherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisan"awesomeresponsibility".Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim. AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals. Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan"amnesty"thatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedas"solimitedit’salmostajoke".Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced. Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployers"areadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotections"foreveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear. Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand. Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyis"aboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues".SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess. Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave. TedKennedyismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 16
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 12
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 2
Directions. Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofdiggingwells.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.presentyoursuggestions Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 4
41Conflicts:Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences.42Sex:WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina.43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students:OnthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmallIfoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors.44Gifts:InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriendsInoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalledgiftsbutareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.AccustomedaswearetousingthewordgifttorefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStatesgiftsgivenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices.45SocialIntercourse.WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.OnthewholeAmericanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings.[A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday--thiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsideredgiftshere.[B]WhilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessorsProfessorsoandsoorDr.soandsosomeprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse.[C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.YouseeAmericanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters.[D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife![E]IntheUnitedStatesforexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydatetheteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded.[F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance.
Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoalsassessingtheproblemformulatingoptionsestimatinglikelihoodofsuccessmakingadecisionandonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Ratherintheirday-by-daytacticalactivitiestheseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguityinconsistencynoveltyandsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking. Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneralhoweversuchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness. Isenberg’srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Ratherseniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.Firsttheyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Secondmanagersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrationalbutisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpictureofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourthsomemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtoolsandthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finallymanagerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthiswayintuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns. Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainittheyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcyclesinwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenactingbutbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert. Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyfaceseniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblemnotjustofimplementingthesolution.454words AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerXwhousesintuitiontoreachdecisionsandManagerYwhousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 18
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 6
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
IfAmericaninvestorshavelearnedanylessoninthelast25yearsitistobuysharesonthedips.Theslidein2000--2002mayhavebeenlongeranddeeperthantheywereusedtobutnormalservicewaseventuallyresumeddrivingtheDowJonesIndustrialAveragetoarecordhighonOctober1st. AmongAmericanfinancialcommentatorsitisalmostuniversallyacceptedthatsharesalwaysriseoverthelongrun.Andoneoughttoexpectshareswhichareriskytodeliverahigherreturnthanriskfreeassetssuchasgovernmentbonds. Neverthelessinvestorsoughtalsotoremembertheworld’ssecondlargesteconomyJapan.Itsmostpopularstock-marketaveragetheNikkei225peakedat38915onthelasttradingdayofthe1980s;thisweeknearly18yearslateritisstillonlyaround17000lessthanhalfitspeak.Buyingonthedipsdidnotworkeither. ProfessionalsoftheLondonBusinessSchoolexaminedtherecordof16stockmarketswhichwereincontinuousoperationoverthecourseofthe20thcentury.InitselfthisselectionshowedsurvivorshipbiasbyexcludingthelikesofRussiaandChina.TheacademiesfoundthatonlythreeothercountriescouldmatchtheAmericanrecordofhavingno20-yearperiodswithnegativerealreturns. Otherinvestorswerefarlesslucky.JapaneseFrenchGermanandSpanishinvestorsallsufferedinstanceswheretheyhadtowait50--60yearstoearnapositiverealreturn.Itwasnogoodfollowingthefamousadviceto"putthesharesinadrawerandforgetaboutthem";thefurniturewouldnothavelastedthatlong. Besidessurvivorshipbiasthereisanotherproblemwiththebeliefthatstockmarketsmustalwaysgoup.Investorswillkeepbuyinguntilpricesreachstratospheric稳定的levels.ThatclearlyhappenedinJapaninthelate1980sandaftersevenyearsitisstillnotmuchmorethanhalfitspeaklevel. Asignificantproportionofthereturnfromequitiesinthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturycamefromare-ratingofshares;investorswerewillingtopayahighermultipleforprofits.Butre-ratingcannotcontinueforever. IfinvestorswantasimpleparallelwithsharepricestheyneedonlymmtotheAmericanhousingmarket.Backin2005aneconomicadvisertothepresidentsaid"We’veneverhadadeclineinhousingpricesonanationwidebasis.WhatIthinkismorelikelyisthathousepriceswillslowmaybestabilize." Lotsofpeopletookthesameviewandwerewillingtoborrowandlendonavastscaleonthegroundsthathigherhousepriceswouldalwaysbailthemout.Theyarenowcountingtheirlosses.Investorsinequitiesshouldbewareofover-committingthemselvesonthebasisofasimilarbeliefJustasktheJapanese. ByreferringtotheNikkei225theauthorwantstoimplythat
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.ThestudentwhowroteTheA&PasaStateofMindwiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&Ppolicyheenforces.[F]InthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettinginA&PthestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms. ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower. ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million. TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration. Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess. InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem. WhichofthefollowingisthegoalofChinatobuildupnewuniversities
IfAmericaninvestorshavelearnedanylessoninthelast25yearsitistobuysharesonthedips.Theslidein2000--2002mayhavebeenlongeranddeeperthantheywereusedtobutnormalservicewaseventuallyresumeddrivingtheDowJonesIndustrialAveragetoarecordhighonOctober1st. AmongAmericanfinancialcommentatorsitisalmostuniversallyacceptedthatsharesalwaysriseoverthelongrun.Andoneoughttoexpectshareswhichareriskytodeliverahigherreturnthanriskfreeassetssuchasgovernmentbonds. Neverthelessinvestorsoughtalsotoremembertheworld’ssecondlargesteconomyJapan.Itsmostpopularstock-marketaveragetheNikkei225peakedat38915onthelasttradingdayofthe1980s;thisweeknearly18yearslateritisstillonlyaround17000lessthanhalfitspeak.Buyingonthedipsdidnotworkeither. ProfessionalsoftheLondonBusinessSchoolexaminedtherecordof16stockmarketswhichwereincontinuousoperationoverthecourseofthe20thcentury.InitselfthisselectionshowedsurvivorshipbiasbyexcludingthelikesofRussiaandChina.TheacademiesfoundthatonlythreeothercountriescouldmatchtheAmericanrecordofhavingno20-yearperiodswithnegativerealreturns. Otherinvestorswerefarlesslucky.JapaneseFrenchGermanandSpanishinvestorsallsufferedinstanceswheretheyhadtowait50--60yearstoearnapositiverealreturn.Itwasnogoodfollowingthefamousadviceto"putthesharesinadrawerandforgetaboutthem";thefurniturewouldnothavelastedthatlong. Besidessurvivorshipbiasthereisanotherproblemwiththebeliefthatstockmarketsmustalwaysgoup.Investorswillkeepbuyinguntilpricesreachstratospheric稳定的levels.ThatclearlyhappenedinJapaninthelate1980sandaftersevenyearsitisstillnotmuchmorethanhalfitspeaklevel. Asignificantproportionofthereturnfromequitiesinthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturycamefromare-ratingofshares;investorswerewillingtopayahighermultipleforprofits.Butre-ratingcannotcontinueforever. IfinvestorswantasimpleparallelwithsharepricestheyneedonlymmtotheAmericanhousingmarket.Backin2005aneconomicadvisertothepresidentsaid"We’veneverhadadeclineinhousingpricesonanationwidebasis.WhatIthinkismorelikelyisthathousepriceswillslowmaybestabilize." Lotsofpeopletookthesameviewandwerewillingtoborrowandlendonavastscaleonthegroundsthathigherhousepriceswouldalwaysbailthemout.Theyarenowcountingtheirlosses.Investorsinequitiesshouldbewareofover-committingthemselvesonthebasisofasimilarbeliefJustasktheJapanese. Whichofthefollowingsistrueofthetext
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms. ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower. ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million. TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration. Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess. InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem. Newuniversitieshavebeenestablishedamongmanyothercountriesinorderto
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Mr.Stonecipherhadtoleavehisjobbecause
Thetimeforsharpeningpencilsarrangingyourdeskanddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsitstanduporliedowntowrite.41______Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenextbutdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounowworkitintothedraft.42______Grammarpunctuationandspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.43______Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatwayandifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhereyouwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessoryoucantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyour’writing.44______Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaperyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.ThestudentwhowroteTheA&PasaStateofMindwiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.45______Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes—andthenagainworkingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.[A]Tomakerevisingeasierleavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwordssentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaperpayparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlastafteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It’sworthrememberinghoweverthatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrificitwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwritejustsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesisyoucanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]AlthoughthisisaninterestingissueithasnothingtodowiththethesiswhichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.InsteadofincludingthatparagraphsheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&Ppolicyheenforces.[F]InthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettinginA&PthestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosayyouwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’s"GoldenStairs"wherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisan"awesomeresponsibility".Mr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim. AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals. Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasan"amnesty"thatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedas"solimitedit’salmostajoke".Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced. Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployers"areadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotections"foreveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear. Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages—illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand. Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyis"aboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues".SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess. Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisimmigrationreformseemstobe
Throughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcitizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentresof1crimepovertyandmoral2Theirdistrustwascaused3byanationalideologythat4farmingthegreatestoccupationandruralliving5tourbanliving.Thisattitude6evenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessential7ofthenationallandscape.Graduallyeconomicrealityovercameideology.Thousands8theprecarious不稳定的lifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeople9fromthecountrysidetheycarriedtheirfearsandsuspicionswiththem.Thesenewurbanitiesalreadyconvincedthatcitieswere10withgreatproblemseagerly11theprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthe12ofthecity. Oneofmanyreformscame13theareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedby14governmentsbutthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswould15exorbitant过渡的ratesfortheseessentialservicesand16themonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedby17theutilitycompaniesbutanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.18ofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwould19widespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteea20price. 8
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Thewordwhistleblowerline1paragraph4mostprobablyreferstoapersonwho
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend—forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd—afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
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