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Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardner"thehighestspecimenofthehumanspecies"hesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion. "Shewasasexygal"saidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941."Man.shewasahotnumber"MilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:"Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime."Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsher"acarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir." 42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaas"noir’sVersionofthecommoncold." "AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’"isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43 Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory. "Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcowering"Mr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra."Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar."45.Shecalledlove"nothingbutapain"andspecifiedwherethepainwas. HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardner"asexualsymphony"wasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo."Weneverfoughtinbed."shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra."Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet" [A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslike"Lateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed." [B]Othersthoughtofheras"agoddess""anenigma""averyverywildspirit"and"oneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime." [C]Amongthem:"Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel";"NothingBetweenUsSaysAva":"SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter." [D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitle"LoveIsNothing"isonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner. [E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown. [F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit. [G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitle"RobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’"canalsokeephiscool. 45
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Whenin1976.JohnMidgleywasawardedtheCBEfortellingreadersofTheEconomistabouttheUnitedStateshetookparticulardelightinthefactthathewentbybusfromworktoacceptthedecorationfromQueenElizabethwhowasstayinginBlairHouseinWashingtonandwasinandoutquickenoughdrinkingupaginandtonicwithoutastoptousethetransfertickettogoouttodinner. Hewasaprinthackallhislifespendingfreelyonfunandfriendsbutneverbotheringtomakehisnameknownorhiswalletfatterwithbooksorbroadcasting.Thepossessoroffreeintelligencehewasnotonasoap-boxorconcentratedoninfluencingthegreatandgoodthoughhegottheirattentionjustthesame.Hisjobheoncesaid"wastoassistthereadingpublictounderstandwhatwasgoingon".Heconveyedhisliberalviewoftheworldwithgreatclaritybut"ifyoucan’tgive[people]usefulinformationyoucanshutup."HefinallydidshutupjustbeforeChristmas. Midgleybornintheworking-classnorthofEnglandin1911wasinmilitaryintelligenceduringtheSecondWorldWartryingtoworkoutGermany’sintentions.HethenturnedtojournalismdodgingforatimebetweenTheEconomistthethenManchesterGuardianandtheTimes.asleaderwriterandforeigncorrespondent.In1956helandedonTheEconomistandluckilyforusstayedthereuntilandbeyondhisretirementcontributingabookreviewdaysbeforehedied. Hewasforeigneditorforsevenyearspullingforeigncoveragetogetherinhisownwords"areasonablysatisfactorymanner".Hewasabrilliantscaryteachertoaclassroomofaspiringhacksnotlazilyrewritingtheirpatheticstoriesbutthrowingthembacktoberedonewithadvicethatbumstothisday.Healso.lessbrilliantlysentKimPhilbywhomhehadknownatCambridgetostringforthepaperfromBeirut.untilthespy’smaskfelloffandhefledtotheSovietUnion. In1963.afterabitofanupheavalatTheEconomisthewentofftobeWashingtoncorrespondentandfromthenoneverythingfellintoplace.HeexcelledathisjoblucidlyexplainingAmericanaffairseventoAmericansthemselvesaswellastotherestoftheworld.HemarriedElizabeth.aproduceratCBSandtheylookedaftereachotherwithloveandwit.Theirhouseinnorth-westWashingtonwasawarmandlovelymeeting-place.Hiswasagoodlifethesecondhalfespecially. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Thesteadilygrowingnumberofsingle-personhouseholdsinBritainhasraisedplentyoftroublingissues—howtobuildenoughdwellingstoaccommodatethemwhattodoaboutthedeclineintraditionalfamilycohesion—tokeepplannersandsociologistsbusy.Butoneasyetunstudiedside-effectofthissocialtrendappearstobeanexplosioninthecatpopulation. ThePetFoodManufacturers’Associationreckonsthatthenumberofdogshasdeclinedfromapeakof7.4millionin1990to6.5millionnow.47Meanwhilethedomesticcatpopulationhasrisensteadilyovertakingdognumbersin1993tostandnowatabout8milliontwiceasmanyastherewerein1965.Changinglife-stylesmorethananythingelseareresponsibleforthis.48Moresingle-personhouseholdsandmoremarriedwomenatworkmeansthatfewerhouseholdsareabletogiveadogthewalksandotherattentionitneeds.Catsontheotherhandapartfromdailyfeedingcanbeleftprettymuchtotheirowndevices. Whichalsomeansthattheysometimeswanderoffinsearchofabetterplacetostayifthemoodtakesthem.Thiscausesanotherproblem:feraleats.49Ascatsarehardertoroundupthandogsandbreedprolifically—apaircanproducetenoffspringayear—largecoloniesof80orsocatshidingoutindisusedbuildingsareincreasinglycommon.WhiletheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofAnimalsandtheCatProtectionLeaguere-houseabout125000lostorunwantedcatsayeartheLeagueguessesthattheremaybeabout1.2mwildcatsinBritain. 50Iftheyarenotanuisancetheanimalcharitiesneutertheonestheycancatchandthenleavethemalone.Animal-loversarepleased.Bird-loversarenot.TheyblamecatsforthesharpdeclineinthenumberofsmallbirdsinBritain.TheLeaguehoweverhasan.ideaformakingwildcatssociallyuseful.Ittriestopersuadefarmersandgardencentrestotakethemonasenvironmentally-friendlyrat-catchers.Abunchofneuteredwildcatscouldwellbeanefficientwayofcontrollingapotentiallyplagueofratsandmice. Ascatsarehardertoroundupthandogsandbreedprolifically—apaircanproducetenoffspringayear—largecoloniesof80orsocatshidingoutindisusedbuildingsareincreasinglycommon.
Directions: Yougotaninvitationtotakepartinaweddingceremony.Writeraletterdecliningtheinvitationwhichshouldinclude:1thepurposeofwritingthisletter;2thereasonsforyourabsence;3yourgoodwishestothecouple.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Eco-tourism—travelthatpreservestheenvironmentandpromotesthewelfareoflocalpeople—continuestogainforce.ImpressedbythesuccessofcountrieslikeCostaRicaandEcuadorwhichhaveluredflocksoftravelersformountaintreksandjunglesafarisagrowingnumberofregionsacrosstileglobeareturningtoeco-tourismasastrategy’foreconomicgrowth. OmarBongothepresidentofGabonadevelopingcountryinwestcentralAfricabassetasideabout10percentofthecountry’slandmassfor13nationalparks.GreenVisionsatourismandenvironmentprotectioncompanybasedinSarajevo.Bosnia-Herzegovinaispioneeringaneco-tourismdevelopmentplaninCentralEuropewith"greenadventures"thatpromoteenvironmentalprinciplesandsupportlocalbusinesses.EvenGreecebetterknownforitspumpingnightlifeandarchaeologicalmonumentsdevotesasectionofitsnationaltourism’Websiteto"Greeknature"andeco-tourism. Overthelastfouryearsatleast48countriesfromPuertoRicotoPortugalhavecreatedorstartedtodefineanationalstrategyforeco-tourismdevelopmentaccordingtoa2004eco-tourismreportbyMintelInternationalGroupamarket-researchcompanybasedinBritain. Thougheco-tourismhaslongconjuredimagesofbiodiversityhotspotsincountrieslikeBelizepartsoftheUnitedStatesarestartingtoembracethetrendtoo.ForexampletheWisconsinDepartmentofTourismwillbegintestinganewcertificationprograminMarchcalledTravelGreenWisconsin.Designedtoencouragehotelsandtouroperatorstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpacttheprogramisaimedatprotectingthenaturalareasthatplayasignificantroleindefiningthestateasatouristdestination.If.successfultheprogramwillberolledoutstatewidenextyear. Forbusinesseseco-friendlyinitiativesnotonlyoffermarketingadvantagesbutcanhelpwiththebottomline.Hotelscancutcostsbydoingeverythingfrominstallingenergy-savinglightbulbstoaskingtravelerstoreusetheirtowels.Andsome58.5millionU.S.travelersor38percentwouldpaymoretousetravelcompaniesthatstrivetoprotectandpreservetheenvironmentaccordingtoastudybytheTravelIndustryAssociationofAmericasponsoredbyNationalGeographicTraveler.Ofthosetravelers.61percentsaidtheywouldpay5to10percentmoretousesuchcompanies. However.selectingamongthegrowingnumberofeco-friendlychoicescanbefrighteningespeciallygiventheever-broadeningcategorywhichnowencompasseseverythingfrombasiccampsitestohigh-endmountainlodgeslamatrekkingtomotorcycletoursthroughthejungle.EntertheSustainableTourismCertificationNetworkoftheAmericas—apartnershipofcertificationprogramsenvironmentalgroupsgovernmentorganizationsandothersledbytheRainforest.AllianceandtheInternationalEcotourismSociety—whichaimstopromotesustainabilityandhigherenvironmentalandsocialstandardsfortourism.InSeptemberthenetworkdesignedaseriesofbaselinecriteriaforcertificationtohelpgeneratecredibilityamongmembersandpromotelocalconservation.Thisyearthedocumentwillbeputupforpublicconsultationbeforebeingfullyratified. "Certificationisawayforustoavoidgreenwashing"thepracticeofpromotingsomethingasecotourismwhilebehavinginanenvironmentallyirresponsiblewaysaidRonaldSanabria.directorofsustainabletourismattheRainforestAlliance."Certificationforusisatooltoavoidthatandtoensurethird-partyassessmentsofrequirementsandreallyprovethecompany." Itcanbeinferredfromthefifthparagraphthat
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashionitisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingatforhoweverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtodayitispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetryhoweverthecaseisratherdifficultforwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature. ThisinbriefiswhattheFuturistsays:foracenturypastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedinguptillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequentlyourfeelingsthoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.ThisspeedingupoflifesaystheFuturistrequiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetooifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwordsunhamperedbystopsorqualifyingadjectivesorfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepageandshortenorlengthenwordsatwill. Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms. ThisthoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetrycanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesamenothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged Futuristsclaimthatwemust__________.
Eco-tourism—travelthatpreservestheenvironmentandpromotesthewelfareoflocalpeople—continuestogainforce.ImpressedbythesuccessofcountrieslikeCostaRicaandEcuadorwhichhaveluredflocksoftravelersformountaintreksandjunglesafarisagrowingnumberofregionsacrosstileglobeareturningtoeco-tourismasastrategy’foreconomicgrowth. OmarBongothepresidentofGabonadevelopingcountryinwestcentralAfricabassetasideabout10percentofthecountry’slandmassfor13nationalparks.GreenVisionsatourismandenvironmentprotectioncompanybasedinSarajevo.Bosnia-Herzegovinaispioneeringaneco-tourismdevelopmentplaninCentralEuropewith"greenadventures"thatpromoteenvironmentalprinciplesandsupportlocalbusinesses.EvenGreecebetterknownforitspumpingnightlifeandarchaeologicalmonumentsdevotesasectionofitsnationaltourism’Websiteto"Greeknature"andeco-tourism. Overthelastfouryearsatleast48countriesfromPuertoRicotoPortugalhavecreatedorstartedtodefineanationalstrategyforeco-tourismdevelopmentaccordingtoa2004eco-tourismreportbyMintelInternationalGroupamarket-researchcompanybasedinBritain. Thougheco-tourismhaslongconjuredimagesofbiodiversityhotspotsincountrieslikeBelizepartsoftheUnitedStatesarestartingtoembracethetrendtoo.ForexampletheWisconsinDepartmentofTourismwillbegintestinganewcertificationprograminMarchcalledTravelGreenWisconsin.Designedtoencouragehotelsandtouroperatorstoreducetheirenvironmentalimpacttheprogramisaimedatprotectingthenaturalareasthatplayasignificantroleindefiningthestateasatouristdestination.If.successfultheprogramwillberolledoutstatewidenextyear. Forbusinesseseco-friendlyinitiativesnotonlyoffermarketingadvantagesbutcanhelpwiththebottomline.Hotelscancutcostsbydoingeverythingfrominstallingenergy-savinglightbulbstoaskingtravelerstoreusetheirtowels.Andsome58.5millionU.S.travelersor38percentwouldpaymoretousetravelcompaniesthatstrivetoprotectandpreservetheenvironmentaccordingtoastudybytheTravelIndustryAssociationofAmericasponsoredbyNationalGeographicTraveler.Ofthosetravelers.61percentsaidtheywouldpay5to10percentmoretousesuchcompanies. However.selectingamongthegrowingnumberofeco-friendlychoicescanbefrighteningespeciallygiventheever-broadeningcategorywhichnowencompasseseverythingfrombasiccampsitestohigh-endmountainlodgeslamatrekkingtomotorcycletoursthroughthejungle.EntertheSustainableTourismCertificationNetworkoftheAmericas—apartnershipofcertificationprogramsenvironmentalgroupsgovernmentorganizationsandothersledbytheRainforest.AllianceandtheInternationalEcotourismSociety—whichaimstopromotesustainabilityandhigherenvironmentalandsocialstandardsfortourism.InSeptemberthenetworkdesignedaseriesofbaselinecriteriaforcertificationtohelpgeneratecredibilityamongmembersandpromotelocalconservation.Thisyearthedocumentwillbeputupforpublicconsultationbeforebeingfullyratified. "Certificationisawayforustoavoidgreenwashing"thepracticeofpromotingsomethingasecotourismwhilebehavinginanenvironmentallyirresponsiblewaysaidRonaldSanabria.directorofsustainabletourismattheRainforestAlliance."Certificationforusisatooltoavoidthatandtoensurethird-partyassessmentsofrequirementsandreallyprovethecompany." Whichcountryissuccessfulinpromotingeco-tourism
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardner"thehighestspecimenofthehumanspecies"hesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion. "Shewasasexygal"saidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941."Man.shewasahotnumber"MilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:"Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime."Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsher"acarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir." 42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaas"noir’sVersionofthecommoncold." "AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’"isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43 Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory. "Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcowering"Mr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra."Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar."45.Shecalledlove"nothingbutapain"andspecifiedwherethepainwas. HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardner"asexualsymphony"wasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo."Weneverfoughtinbed."shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra."Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet" [A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslike"Lateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed." [B]Othersthoughtofheras"agoddess""anenigma""averyverywildspirit"and"oneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime." [C]Amongthem:"Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel";"NothingBetweenUsSaysAva":"SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter." [D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitle"LoveIsNothing"isonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner. [E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown. [F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit. [G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitle"RobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’"canalsokeephiscool. 41
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Thesteadilygrowingnumberofsingle-personhouseholdsinBritainhasraisedplentyoftroublingissues—howtobuildenoughdwellingstoaccommodatethemwhattodoaboutthedeclineintraditionalfamilycohesion—tokeepplannersandsociologistsbusy.Butoneasyetunstudiedside-effectofthissocialtrendappearstobeanexplosioninthecatpopulation. ThePetFoodManufacturers’Associationreckonsthatthenumberofdogshasdeclinedfromapeakof7.4millionin1990to6.5millionnow.47Meanwhilethedomesticcatpopulationhasrisensteadilyovertakingdognumbersin1993tostandnowatabout8milliontwiceasmanyastherewerein1965.Changinglife-stylesmorethananythingelseareresponsibleforthis.48Moresingle-personhouseholdsandmoremarriedwomenatworkmeansthatfewerhouseholdsareabletogiveadogthewalksandotherattentionitneeds.Catsontheotherhandapartfromdailyfeedingcanbeleftprettymuchtotheirowndevices. Whichalsomeansthattheysometimeswanderoffinsearchofabetterplacetostayifthemoodtakesthem.Thiscausesanotherproblem:feraleats.49Ascatsarehardertoroundupthandogsandbreedprolifically—apaircanproducetenoffspringayear—largecoloniesof80orsocatshidingoutindisusedbuildingsareincreasinglycommon.WhiletheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofAnimalsandtheCatProtectionLeaguere-houseabout125000lostorunwantedcatsayeartheLeagueguessesthattheremaybeabout1.2mwildcatsinBritain. 50Iftheyarenotanuisancetheanimalcharitiesneutertheonestheycancatchandthenleavethemalone.Animal-loversarepleased.Bird-loversarenot.TheyblamecatsforthesharpdeclineinthenumberofsmallbirdsinBritain.TheLeaguehoweverhasan.ideaformakingwildcatssociallyuseful.Ittriestopersuadefarmersandgardencentrestotakethemonasenvironmentally-friendlyrat-catchers.Abunchofneuteredwildcatscouldwellbeanefficientwayofcontrollingapotentiallyplagueofratsandmice. Meanwhilethedomesticcatpopulationhasrisensteadilyovertakingdognumbersin1993tostandnowatabout8milliontwiceasmanyastherewerein1965.
Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashionitisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingatforhoweverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtodayitispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetryhoweverthecaseisratherdifficultforwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature. ThisinbriefiswhattheFuturistsays:foracenturypastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedinguptillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequentlyourfeelingsthoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.ThisspeedingupoflifesaystheFuturistrequiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetooifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwordsunhamperedbystopsorqualifyingadjectivesorfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepageandshortenorlengthenwordsatwill. Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms. ThisthoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetrycanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesamenothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged Thispassageismainly__________.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit. Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit.
Whenasmittengreat-grandsonofCharlesDarwinpronouncedAvaGardner"thehighestspecimenofthehumanspecies"hesummeduptheconsensusaboutthisvoluptuousmoviequeen.WithremarkableunanimitythosewhometGardnerwereaptmsecondthatemotion. "Shewasasexygal"saidGeorgeSidneywhofilmedherforanMGMscreentestin1941."Man.shewasahotnumber"MilesDavissaidmanyyearslater.41.Asforthemuch-vauntedpartystaminaofawomanwhonevermetadrinkorabullfightershedidn’tlike:"Shecouldgoallnighty’know.Shewasawildcountrygirlandlikedtoletherhairdownandflingoffhershoesandhaveagoodtime."Herlatestbiographer.LeeServerisnoslouchwhenitcomestoadmiringGardner.Hisbook’sintroductioncallsher"acarnaldangerousangelinthechiaroscurodreamscapeoffilmnoir." 42.Heiswellsuited1owritingabouticonicmoviemaverickslikethesetwo.He’snotabore.Andastheauthorofabookaboutfilmnoirheunderstandscinematicidiom.Mr.Serverreferstoamnesiaas"noir’sVersionofthecommoncold." "AvaGardner.’LoveIsNothing’"isaseductivebookthatavoidsthepitfallsthatcomewithitsterritory.Firstofallthereistheproblemofthestar’smemoir.Ms.Gardner’sautobiographywaspublishedposthumouslyandworkedonbyseveralwriterssometimessoundingthatway.Mr.ServermakesuseofthisaccountwithoutparticularlytrustingitandwithanodtotheapocryphalnatureofsomanyGardnerstories.43 Healsoenlivenshisbook’sbibiliographywithalongstringofnewspaperandmagazineheadlinesthatcapturethetenorofGardner’spapertrail.44.Gardnerlivedsomuchofherlifeinthiskindofspotlightthatthetabloidcoveragebecamepartofherstory. "Thereisoneextantpressphotoofthecoupleontheirhoneymoonthatdoesnotshowthemmuning0snarlingcringingcowering"Mr.ServerwritesaboutGardner’sgale-forcestormymarriageherthirdtoFrankSinatra."Ofcourseitwastakenfromadistanceandfromthemar."45.Shecalledlove"nothingbutapain"andspecifiedwherethepainwas. HerstorybeginsinGrabtowntheruralNorthCarolinaburgthatbecamefamousasherbirthplace.Butitdoesn’ttakelongforMr.ServertotakeGardnertoHollywoodintoanMGMcontractandamarriagetoMickeyRooney.RooneywhocalledhishoneymoonwithGardner"asexualsymphony"wasoneofmanymenwhosememoirsbraggedofbedroomexploitswithtiffsgorgeouscreature.Shelikedtokissandtelltoo."Weneverfoughtinbed."shesupposedlysaidaboutSinatra."Thefightwouldstartonthewaytothebidet" [A]Andwhenthefactsareunobtainablehe’swillingreprintthelegend;orsoitseems—storieslike"Lateronshetooktheentirebandwithherwhentheclubclosed." [B]Othersthoughtofheras"agoddess""anenigma""averyverywildspirit"and"oneofthosepeoplewhobroketherulesallthetime." [C]Amongthem:"Ava’Nervous’TossedOutofBrazilHotel";"NothingBetweenUsSaysAva":"SinatraDepartsAvaBlowsKissestoBullfighter." [D]Speakingoftherearthisbook’ssubtitle"LoveIsNothing"isonlyapartialsanitizedquotationfromGardner. [E]ForGardnerloveandpainbecameaswirlingkamikaze-likefrothofhigh-speedexistencebeforedecadesofoverloadfinallybrokeherdown. [F]ServerfondlybringsGardnertolifeasawarm-refreshinglyunpretentiousstarwhoseappetiteseventuallyoverwhelmedherspirit. [G]ButMr.Server.whoselastbookwasaRobertMitchumbiographythatliveduptoitsterrifictitle"RobertMitchum:’BabyIDon’tCare’"canalsokeephiscool. 43
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
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