首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
[A] Fist convention of Comite Maritime International [B] The convention having been revised thr...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《填空集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsa
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andat
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadings andat
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
目前微型机上所使用的鼠标器应连接到______
CON
COMI
PRN
NUL
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational[B]T
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
热门试题
更多
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Inmychildren’slifetimesIbelievegorillaschimpanzeesandorangutanswillallbecomeextinctinthewild.Sothequestionwehavetoaskourselvesisthis:dowewantourchildrentoseeonlyinzooswhatusedtoexistintherealworld46Itisthegreatapesthatwilldisappearfirstbecausetherearesofewofthemleftandbecausethey’resovulnerabletochangesintheirhabitats. Manyofthethreatstotheseanimalsresultfromaglobaleconomynotlocalpressures.ThethreattotheorangutaninIndonesiaforexampleislargelyaresultofdeforestationandtheriskstoprimatesinAfricaresultfromthetimber-tradeandthedemandforbush-meat.47Thetwoworktogether:loggingopensuptheforestwhichmeansthatthebush-meatcanbegotoutfasttoKinshasaortoLondon. 48Ifwewanttoavoidthedisasterscenariopeopleindevelopedcountrieswillhavetotakeaglobalperspectiveandacceptresponsibilityforthedamageexportcropssuchastimbercoffeecutflowersorevengreenbeansdototheenvironment.Thechallengeistoavoidsimplyimposingwesternattitudesonlocalpeoples. Alreadytherearenotrulywildplacesleftintheworld.49Lookingatwildlifehasbecomethepreserveofthemiddleclassesoverthelasttwenty-oddyearsandaswildanimalsbecomeevenrarersomoretouristswanttoseethem.Buttourismaloneplainlycannotconservetheworld’sanimals;economicdevelopmentisthepriority. ForthefutureIsuspectthatffyoureallywanttodosomethingaboutwildlifeconservationyouwouldbebetteroffputtingyourmoneyintowomen’seducationratherthanjustintotheprotectionofflagshipspecies.50Womenoftenbearthedirectcostsofwildlifeconflict;theirknowledgeofhowtodealwithconflictandhowtocontroltheirownreproductivedestiniesmayyetdeterminethesurvivalofmanythreatenedspecies. Itisthegreatapesthatwilldisappearfirstbecausetherearesofewofthemleftandbecausethey’resovulnerabletochangesintheirhabitats.
TheeurorepresentsapoliticalleapoffaiththatEurope’sleadershopewillboostthecontinent’seconomicpower.Evenifitsucceedsinthatregardhoweverthesinglecurrencymaydolittletostopthebraindrainofyoungscientistfromthecontinent.Thethreelargestnationswithin"Euroland"—GermanyFranceandItaly—eachboastarichscientificheritage.46ButmanyoftheiryoungscientifichighflyerscasttheireyesacrosstheAtlanticoratleastacrosstheEnglishChannelwhenpicturingtheirfuturecareers. ThedominanceoftheEnglishlanguageisapowerfulfactorbutitisnotthesolereasonforthenetmovementofscientifictalenttoNorthAmericaandBritain.AlsoimportantarethehighlyindividualacademiccareerladdersthatpersistindifferentcontinentEuropeancountries.Employmentrulesandsocialsecurityarrangementsarealsohandleddifferentlybetweencountries.Thefact’thatEurolandissuchanacademicmesstendstodiscourageforeignersandmakesitdifficultfornativeswhohavegoneabroadtoreturn. Someprogressisbeingmade.TheEuropeanCommissionhassupportedvariousprogrammerstopromotethemovementofyoungresearchersbetweentheEuropeancountriesagreedtoharmonizeaspectsoftheirhigher-educationsystems.47Thesecountrieshavepledgedtointroduceby2010comparablesystemsofBachelorsandMastersdegreesandasystemofacademiccreditsthatwillallowstudentstomovebetweencountries. Butdespitethesewelcomeinitiativesnationalisolationremainstheruleandnoidentifiable"Euroland’scientificcareerisinsight.Itisnowonderthatthecontinent’syoungscientistsarecarryingoutformoreconsiderationtobepaidtotheirtroubles. 48IncountriessuchasItalyandSpainforinstancetheacademicpowers-that-beseemunwillingtoreformrecruitmentsystemsthatfavourthosewhostayathomeover—oftenstronger—candidateswhohavesoughtexperienceinforeignlabs.Evenprogrammesestablishedwiththegoalofbringingbacktalentedscientistsworkingabroadhavebeendestroyedinthisway. Elsewhereattemptstoaddressnationalpeculiarityhaveleftsomeproblemsunsolved.49GermanyforinstancethedominantproducerofPhDsinEuropehasembarkedonanacademicreformaimedatcreatingbetteropportunitiesforyoungscientists.Butthereareconcernsthatthereformshavenotbeenadequatelyresourcedandalsothattheywillleavetrappedthoseresearcherswhohavebeenemployedonfixed-termcontractsformorethan12years.Theymustfindapermanentpostorleaveacademia. TheFrenchgovernmentmeanwhilerecentlyopenedupmoretenuredpostsinresponsetofearsaboutcreatinga"lostgeneration"ofresearcherswhowouldnotbeavailabletoreplacetheageingbaby-boomergeneration.ButithasnottackledtheunderlyingproblemofasystemthatgivespostdocsnoofficialsocialsecuritystatusorcontractrightsandsoforcesmanyFrenchnationalswantingpostdoctoralexperiencetogoabroad. 50IfEuroland’sbestyoungmindsaretomovebetweenitsnationswiththesameenthusiasmthatcurrentlyluresthemtoNorthAmericaandBritainuniversityadministratorsimmigrationofficesandsocietyatlargemustlearnthatforeignresearchersarenottroublesomeinconvenienciesbuthighlymotivatedworkerswhooffertheirskillstobethebenefitoftheirhosts. IfEuroland’sbestyoungmindsaretomovebetweenitsnationswiththesameenthusiasmthatcurrentlyluresthemtoNorthAmericaandBritainuniversityadministratorsimmigrationofficesandsocietyatlargemustlearnthatforeignresearchersarenottroublesomeinconvenienciesbuthighlymotivatedworkerswhooffertheirskillstobethebenefitoftheirhosts.
NuclearweaponswerefirstdevelopedintheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWartobeusedagainstGermany.HoweverbythetimethefirstbombswerereadyforusethewarwithGermanyhadendedandasaresultthedecisionwasmadetousetheweaponsagainstJapaninstead.HiroshimaandNagasakihavesufferedtheconsequencesofthisdecisiontothepresentday.Therealreasonswhybombsweredroppedontwoheavily-populatedcitiesarenotaltogetherclear.Anumberofpeoplein1944andearly1945arguedthattheuseofnuclearweaponswouldbeunnecessarysinceAmericanIntelligencewasawarethatsomeofthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeopleinJapanhadalreadyrealizedthatthewarwaslostandwantedtonegotiateaJapanesesurrender.ItwasalsoarguedthatsinceJapanhasfewnaturalresourcesablockadebytheAmericannavywouldforceittosurrenderwithinafewweeksandtheuseofnuclearweaponswouldthusproveunnecessary.IfademonstrationofforcewasrequiredtoendthewarabombcouldbedroppedoveranunpopulatedarealikeadesertinfrontofJapaneseobserversoroveranareaoflowpopulationinsideJapansuchasaforest.Optingforthiscourseofactionmightminimizethelossoffurtherlivesonallsideswhilethepowerofnuclearweaponswouldstillbeadequatelydemonstrated.AlloftheseargumentswererejectedhoweverandthegeneralconsensuswasthatthequickestwaytoendthefightingwouldbetousenuclearweaponsagainstcantersofpopulationinsideJapan.Infacttwoofthemorelikelyreasonswhythisdecisionwasreachedseemquiteshockingtousnow.SincethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWarbothGermanyandJapanhadadoptedapolicyofgenocidei.e.killingasmanypeopleaspossibleincludingcivilians.LateroneventheUSandBritainhadusedthestrategyoffirebombingcitiesDresdenandTokyoforexampleinordertokillinjureandintimidateasmanyciviliansaspossible.CertainlythegeneralpublicintheWesthadbecomeusedtohearingaboutthedeathsoflargenumbersofpeoplesothedeathsofanotherfewthousandJapanesewhoweretheenemyinanycasewouldnotseemparticularlyunacceptable--abitofjustifiablerevengefortheAllies’ownlossesperhaps.Thesecondreasonisnotmucheasiertocomprehend.Someoftheleadingscientistsintheworldhadcollaboratedtodevelopnuclearweaponsandthisdevelopmenthadresultedinanumberofmajoradvancesintechnologyandscientificknowledge.Asaresultalotofnormalintelligentpeoplewantedtoseenuclearweaponsused;theywantedtoseejusthowdestructivethisnewinventioncouldbe.Itnodoubtturnedouttobeevenmoreeffectivethantheyhadimagined.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded.Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhint.It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine’hesaid.StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass.TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier.Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulartwriteseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticedasenseofinnercalm’ontheaviators’faces.Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood’saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor.RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa.OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy’hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous.Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpainshesaid.BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody.YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid.Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitaryhesaid.InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature.Triegerseemstobelievethat
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforserlfdefinitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt.Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserablecat.entourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit.Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity--andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled—istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup.DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality-whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment-tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredfromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness.Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities.Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:I’mkindofahermit.Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively.Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem.Wecanlearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat
Duringthepast15yearsthemostimportantcomponentofexecutivepaypackagesandtheone.mostresponsibleforthelargeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensationhasbeenstock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswasjustifiedasawaytoalignexecutives’interestswithshareholders’.Forvarioustaxaccountingandregulatoryreasonsstock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprisedat-the-moneyoptions:rightstopurchasesharesatanexercisepriceequaltothecompany’sstockpriceonthegrantdate.Insuchat-the-moneyoptionstheselectionofthegrantdateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions’exercisepriceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue.Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdatingpracticesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany’sstockpricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdateMycolleaguesandIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date’spricerankedinthedistributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.Studyingtheuniverseofabout19000at-the-moneyunscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies’CEOsduringthedecade1996-2005wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthelikelihoodofaday’sbeingselectedasagrantdateforawardingoptionsandtherankoftheday’sstockpricewithinthepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelytobechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonthsecondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthesecond-lowestlevelandsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylargeincidenceofluckygrantsdefinedasgrantsawardedondaysonwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth:12percentofallCEOoptiongrantswereluckygrantswhileonly4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth.ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2002requiredfirmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirmscompliedwiththisrequirementbutmorethan20percentofgrantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thusthelegislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminatebackdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththisexpectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh15percentbeforeenactmentofthelawanddeclinedtoalowerbutstillabnormallyhighlevelof8percentafterwards.Altogetherweestimatethatabout1150CEOstock-optiongrantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatustoopportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.ThispracticewasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:weestimatethatabout850CEOsabout10percentandabout720firmsabout12percentreceivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.Inadditionweestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsatthesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheirstatustoopportunistictiming.Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledtoawidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeenprimarilyconcentratedinneweconomyfirms.Butwhilethefrequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirmsmorethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshavebeenawardedinothersectors.Indeedthereisasignificantlyhigher-than-normalincidenceofluckygrantsineachoftheeconomy’s12industries.AccordingtotheauthortheSarbanes-OxleyAct
Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthannormalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadlytheonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduceitscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthataconsiderablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanofeverythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumansareneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethecalorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.Butnotmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynotlivelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid. NowthoughworkdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyourcakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.TheirstudytobepublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolismsuggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5%reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople.Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesameoutcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.Howeveryouwouldhavetofastonalternatedays. 41______ Canceristheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.ForacancertodevelopefficientlyitneedsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthetumor’sancestor. 42______ Aslowerrateofcelldivisionthusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 43______ Heavywaterisheavybecausethehydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaprotonandaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweveritbehaveslikeitslighterrelative.ThismeansamongotherthingsthatitgetsincorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcelldivision. 44______ DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhowmuchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupofmicethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheusedtheheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateofdivisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemicethatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffectontheaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifacelldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairissignificantlyreduced. [B]Bingeingandstarvingishowmanyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeanstheyregularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthattheyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwereomnipresent. [C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthemicehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeingonedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantlysurroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgoeatingeveryotherdayisdebatable. [D]Whycaloricrestrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmartmoneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellstheresourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-downwouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors. [E]SobyputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereabletomeasurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethestartoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtakenplacebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighingit. [F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDrHellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbutfeedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopletomaintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday. [G]Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhetherreducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.DrHellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical"marker"oftheprocess. 44
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.______ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostffnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardto.findandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners______ 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners.______ 44.Interestintopic. 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners. [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations--inclassandonthejob—you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 44
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded.Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhint.It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine’hesaid.StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass.TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier.Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulartwriteseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticedasenseofinnercalm’ontheaviators’faces.Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood’saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor.RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa.OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy’hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous.Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpainshesaid.BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody.YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid.Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitaryhesaid.InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
TheeurorepresentsapoliticalleapoffaiththatEurope’sleadershopewillboostthecontinent’seconomicpower.Evenifitsucceedsinthatregardhoweverthesinglecurrencymaydolittletostopthebraindrainofyoungscientistfromthecontinent.Thethreelargestnationswithin"Euroland"—GermanyFranceandItaly—eachboastarichscientificheritage.46ButmanyoftheiryoungscientifichighflyerscasttheireyesacrosstheAtlanticoratleastacrosstheEnglishChannelwhenpicturingtheirfuturecareers. ThedominanceoftheEnglishlanguageisapowerfulfactorbutitisnotthesolereasonforthenetmovementofscientifictalenttoNorthAmericaandBritain.AlsoimportantarethehighlyindividualacademiccareerladdersthatpersistindifferentcontinentEuropeancountries.Employmentrulesandsocialsecurityarrangementsarealsohandleddifferentlybetweencountries.Thefact’thatEurolandissuchanacademicmesstendstodiscourageforeignersandmakesitdifficultfornativeswhohavegoneabroadtoreturn. Someprogressisbeingmade.TheEuropeanCommissionhassupportedvariousprogrammerstopromotethemovementofyoungresearchersbetweentheEuropeancountriesagreedtoharmonizeaspectsoftheirhigher-educationsystems.47Thesecountrieshavepledgedtointroduceby2010comparablesystemsofBachelorsandMastersdegreesandasystemofacademiccreditsthatwillallowstudentstomovebetweencountries. Butdespitethesewelcomeinitiativesnationalisolationremainstheruleandnoidentifiable"Euroland’scientificcareerisinsight.Itisnowonderthatthecontinent’syoungscientistsarecarryingoutformoreconsiderationtobepaidtotheirtroubles. 48IncountriessuchasItalyandSpainforinstancetheacademicpowers-that-beseemunwillingtoreformrecruitmentsystemsthatfavourthosewhostayathomeover—oftenstronger—candidateswhohavesoughtexperienceinforeignlabs.Evenprogrammesestablishedwiththegoalofbringingbacktalentedscientistsworkingabroadhavebeendestroyedinthisway. Elsewhereattemptstoaddressnationalpeculiarityhaveleftsomeproblemsunsolved.49GermanyforinstancethedominantproducerofPhDsinEuropehasembarkedonanacademicreformaimedatcreatingbetteropportunitiesforyoungscientists.Butthereareconcernsthatthereformshavenotbeenadequatelyresourcedandalsothattheywillleavetrappedthoseresearcherswhohavebeenemployedonfixed-termcontractsformorethan12years.Theymustfindapermanentpostorleaveacademia. TheFrenchgovernmentmeanwhilerecentlyopenedupmoretenuredpostsinresponsetofearsaboutcreatinga"lostgeneration"ofresearcherswhowouldnotbeavailabletoreplacetheageingbaby-boomergeneration.ButithasnottackledtheunderlyingproblemofasystemthatgivespostdocsnoofficialsocialsecuritystatusorcontractrightsandsoforcesmanyFrenchnationalswantingpostdoctoralexperiencetogoabroad. 50IfEuroland’sbestyoungmindsaretomovebetweenitsnationswiththesameenthusiasmthatcurrentlyluresthemtoNorthAmericaandBritainuniversityadministratorsimmigrationofficesandsocietyatlargemustlearnthatforeignresearchersarenottroublesomeinconvenienciesbuthighlymotivatedworkerswhooffertheirskillstobethebenefitoftheirhosts. ButmanyoftheiryoungscientifichighflyerscasttheireyesacrosstheAtlanticoratleastacrosstheEnglishChannelwhenpicturingtheirfuturecareers.
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.______ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostffnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardto.findandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners______ 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners.______ 44.Interestintopic. 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners. [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations--inclassandonthejob—you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 42
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforserlfdefinitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt.Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserablecat.entourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit.Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity--andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled—istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup.DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality-whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment-tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredfromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness.Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities.Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:I’mkindofahermit.Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively.Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem.Accordingtothetextonecanexpandone’sidentity
Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthannormalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadlytheonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduceitscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthataconsiderablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanofeverythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumansareneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethecalorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.Butnotmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynotlivelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid. NowthoughworkdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyourcakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.TheirstudytobepublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolismsuggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5%reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople.Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesameoutcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.Howeveryouwouldhavetofastonalternatedays. 41______ Canceristheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.ForacancertodevelopefficientlyitneedsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthetumor’sancestor. 42______ Aslowerrateofcelldivisionthusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 43______ Heavywaterisheavybecausethehydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaprotonandaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweveritbehaveslikeitslighterrelative.ThismeansamongotherthingsthatitgetsincorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcelldivision. 44______ DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhowmuchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupofmicethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheusedtheheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateofdivisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemicethatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffectontheaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations. 45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifacelldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairissignificantlyreduced. [B]Bingeingandstarvingishowmanyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeanstheyregularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthattheyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwereomnipresent. [C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthemicehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeingonedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantlysurroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgoeatingeveryotherdayisdebatable. [D]Whycaloricrestrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmartmoneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellstheresourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-downwouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors. [E]SobyputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereabletomeasurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethestartoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtakenplacebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighingit. [F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDrHellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbutfeedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopletomaintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday. [G]Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhetherreducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.DrHellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical"marker"oftheprocess. 42
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
A.Studythegraphbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words. B.Youressaymustcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow: 1interpretthegraph; 2givethepossiblecausesforthechange; 3yourcomments.
WhenMarineLt.AlanZarracinafinallydidthesplitsaftermonthsofstrugglingwiththedifficultposeinyogaclassthelimberwomenaroundhimapplauded.Zarracinaa24-year-oldNavalAcademygraduateandflightstudentadmitshewouldhaveahardtimeexplainingthescenetootherMarines.Eachclassendswithachantforpeace.TheninstructorNancyLaNasahandsstudentsincensesticksasagiftfortheir90minutesofbackbendsshoulderstandsandotherchallengingpositions.Zarracinahastriedtodragsomeofhismilitaryfriendstoclassbuttheymakefunofhint.It’snotnecessarilyconsideredmasculine’hesaid.StillthepopularclassesbasedonancientHindupracticesofmeditationthroughcontrolledbreathingbalancingandstretchingarecatchingoninmilitarycirclesasawaytoimproveflexibilitybalanceandconcentration.AformerNavySEALtoldZarracinaabouttheclass.TheAugusteditionofFitYogathenation’ssecond-largestyogamagazinewithacirculationof100000featuresaphotooftwoNavalaviatorsdoingyogaposesinfullcombatgearaboardanaircraftcarrier.Atfirstitseemedalittleshocking--soldierspracticingsuchapeacefulartwriteseditorRitaTrieger.Uponcloserinspectionshesaidshenoticedasenseofinnercalm’ontheaviators’faces.Warishellandifyogacanhelpthemfindalittlesolacethat’sgood’saidTriegeralongtimeNewYorkyogainstructor.RetiredAdm.TomSteffenswhospent34yearsasaNavySEALandservedasthedirectoroftheelitecorps’trainingregularlypracticesyogaathishomeinNorfolkVa.OnceinawhileI’llsitinclassandeveryoneisa20-somethingyoungladywitha10-inchwaistandhereIamthisoldguy’hejoked.Steffenswhosaidthestretchinghelpedhimeliminatethestiffnessofabicepsinjuryaftersurgerysaidthebenefitsofregularpracticecanbeenormous.Theyogacuredallkindsofbackpainshesaid.BeingaSEALyoubeatupyourbody.YogabreathingexercisescanhelpSEALswiththeirdivingandlearningtocontrolthebodybyremaininginunusualpositionscanhelpmembersstayinconfinedspacesforlongperiodshesaid.Theabilitytostayfocusedonsomethingwhetheronbreathingorontheyogapracticeandnotbedrawnoffcoursethathasalotofconnectiontothemilitaryhesaid.InourSEALbasictrainingtherearemanythingsthatareyoga-likeinnature.AlanthoughtitisdifficulttoexplainthescenetohisfellowMarinesbecause
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforserlfdefinitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt.Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserablecat.entourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit.Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity--andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled—istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup.DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality-whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment-tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredfromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness.Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities.Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:I’mkindofahermit.Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively.Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem.Arecentstudyshowsthat
Duringthepast15yearsthemostimportantcomponentofexecutivepaypackagesandtheone.mostresponsibleforthelargeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensationhasbeenstock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswasjustifiedasawaytoalignexecutives’interestswithshareholders’.Forvarioustaxaccountingandregulatoryreasonsstock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprisedat-the-moneyoptions:rightstopurchasesharesatanexercisepriceequaltothecompany’sstockpriceonthegrantdate.Insuchat-the-moneyoptionstheselectionofthegrantdateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions’exercisepriceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue.Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdatingpracticesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany’sstockpricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdateMycolleaguesandIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date’spricerankedinthedistributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.Studyingtheuniverseofabout19000at-the-moneyunscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies’CEOsduringthedecade1996-2005wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthelikelihoodofaday’sbeingselectedasagrantdateforawardingoptionsandtherankoftheday’sstockpricewithinthepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelytobechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonthsecondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthesecond-lowestlevelandsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylargeincidenceofluckygrantsdefinedasgrantsawardedondaysonwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth:12percentofallCEOoptiongrantswereluckygrantswhileonly4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth.ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2002requiredfirmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirmscompliedwiththisrequirementbutmorethan20percentofgrantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thusthelegislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminatebackdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththisexpectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh15percentbeforeenactmentofthelawanddeclinedtoalowerbutstillabnormallyhighlevelof8percentafterwards.Altogetherweestimatethatabout1150CEOstock-optiongrantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatustoopportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.ThispracticewasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:weestimatethatabout850CEOsabout10percentandabout720firmsabout12percentreceivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.Inadditionweestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsatthesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheirstatustoopportunistictiming.Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledtoawidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeenprimarilyconcentratedinneweconomyfirms.Butwhilethefrequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirmsmorethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshavebeenawardedinothersectors.Indeedthereisasignificantlyhigher-than-normalincidenceofluckygrantsineachoftheeconomy’s12industries.Themainpurposeoftheauthor’sstudyistofindout
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Withthespreadofinter-activeelectronicmediaamanaloneinhisownhomewillneverhavebeensowellplacedtofilltheinexplicablementalspacebetweencradleandcrematorium.SoIsuspectthatbookswillbepushedmoreandmoreintothosemomentsoftravelordifficultdefecation1peoplestilldon’tquiteknowwhattodowith. WhenpeopledoreadIthinkthey’llwanttofeeltheyarereadingliteratureor2somethingserious.3you’regoingtofindfewerbookspresentingthemselvesasno-nonsenseand4assumingliterarypretensionsandbeingpackagedasworksofart.Wecanexpectanextraordinaryvarietyofgenrebutwithanunderlying5ofsentimentandvision. Translatorscanonly6fromthisdesireforthepresumablysophisticated.Wecanlookforwardtolotsofdifficultnamesandfantasticstoriesofforeignpartsenthusiastically7bytheoverallworshipofthe"globalvillage’.Muchofthiswillbeawfulandsomewonderful8don’texpectthepressortheorganizersofprizestoofferyoumuchhelpinmakingtheappropriatedistinctions.Theywillbechiefly9increatingcelebritythegreatestenemyofdiscriminationbutagoodpropforthe10consumer. Everyethnicgroupingovertheworldwillhavetobeseentohaveagreatwriter—aphenomenonthatwill11anewkindofprovincialismmorechronologicalthangeographic12onlythestrictlycontemporaryistalkedaboutand13UniversitiesincludingCambridgewillinclude14theirliteraturesyllabusnovelswrittenonlylastyear.15occasionalexhumationfortheNobeltheachievementsoftenoronlyfiveyearsagowillbelargelyforgotten. Inshortyoucan’tgotoofarwrongwhenpredictingmoreofthesame.Butthereisa16sidetothis—theinevitablereactionagainstit.ThepracticalthingsIwouldliketoseehappen--publishersseekinglessto17celebritythroughextravagantadvertising18andmagazines19spacetoreflectivepieces—arerathermoreimprobablethantheSecondComing耶稣复临.Butdullnessneverquitedarkensthewholeplanet.Intheirownidiosyncraticfashionafewwriterswill20belookingfornewdepartures. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
NuclearweaponswerefirstdevelopedintheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWartobeusedagainstGermany.HoweverbythetimethefirstbombswerereadyforusethewarwithGermanyhadendedandasaresultthedecisionwasmadetousetheweaponsagainstJapaninstead.HiroshimaandNagasakihavesufferedtheconsequencesofthisdecisiontothepresentday.Therealreasonswhybombsweredroppedontwoheavily-populatedcitiesarenotaltogetherclear.Anumberofpeoplein1944andearly1945arguedthattheuseofnuclearweaponswouldbeunnecessarysinceAmericanIntelligencewasawarethatsomeofthemostpowerfulandinfluentialpeopleinJapanhadalreadyrealizedthatthewarwaslostandwantedtonegotiateaJapanesesurrender.ItwasalsoarguedthatsinceJapanhasfewnaturalresourcesablockadebytheAmericannavywouldforceittosurrenderwithinafewweeksandtheuseofnuclearweaponswouldthusproveunnecessary.IfademonstrationofforcewasrequiredtoendthewarabombcouldbedroppedoveranunpopulatedarealikeadesertinfrontofJapaneseobserversoroveranareaoflowpopulationinsideJapansuchasaforest.Optingforthiscourseofactionmightminimizethelossoffurtherlivesonallsideswhilethepowerofnuclearweaponswouldstillbeadequatelydemonstrated.AlloftheseargumentswererejectedhoweverandthegeneralconsensuswasthatthequickestwaytoendthefightingwouldbetousenuclearweaponsagainstcantersofpopulationinsideJapan.Infacttwoofthemorelikelyreasonswhythisdecisionwasreachedseemquiteshockingtousnow.SincethebeginningoftheSecondWorldWarbothGermanyandJapanhadadoptedapolicyofgenocidei.e.killingasmanypeopleaspossibleincludingcivilians.LateroneventheUSandBritainhadusedthestrategyoffirebombingcitiesDresdenandTokyoforexampleinordertokillinjureandintimidateasmanyciviliansaspossible.CertainlythegeneralpublicintheWesthadbecomeusedtohearingaboutthedeathsoflargenumbersofpeoplesothedeathsofanotherfewthousandJapanesewhoweretheenemyinanycasewouldnotseemparticularlyunacceptable--abitofjustifiablerevengefortheAllies’ownlossesperhaps.Thesecondreasonisnotmucheasiertocomprehend.Someoftheleadingscientistsintheworldhadcollaboratedtodevelopnuclearweaponsandthisdevelopmenthadresultedinanumberofmajoradvancesintechnologyandscientificknowledge.Asaresultalotofnormalintelligentpeoplewantedtoseenuclearweaponsused;theywantedtoseejusthowdestructivethisnewinventioncouldbe.Itnodoubtturnedouttobeevenmoreeffectivethantheyhadimagined.Accordingtothesecondparagraphnuclearweaponsarenotnecessarybecause
Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelectioncampaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstradepunches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.WhatisnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficialstatisticsundertheLabourgovernment.OneofthemostimportantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgetonMarch16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrentrevenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancelloroftheexchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleofborrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisinbalanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPsthathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion$11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthaninthepast.HoweverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscuretechnicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticstothefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthattherevisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithinthecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenitmightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmadedecisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimstomeetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagainovertheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwouldbereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedaspartofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONStoclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreventhoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowingswereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularlyworryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublicexperiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatnopatientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergencydepartment.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmetfor96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbytheHealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidtheystayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.OnewaytohelprestorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONSindependentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.AnotherwouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeenperformingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehasrecommended.Thepublicattitudetowardsofficialfiguresseemstoberather
TheeurorepresentsapoliticalleapoffaiththatEurope’sleadershopewillboostthecontinent’seconomicpower.Evenifitsucceedsinthatregardhoweverthesinglecurrencymaydolittletostopthebraindrainofyoungscientistfromthecontinent.Thethreelargestnationswithin"Euroland"—GermanyFranceandItaly—eachboastarichscientificheritage.46ButmanyoftheiryoungscientifichighflyerscasttheireyesacrosstheAtlanticoratleastacrosstheEnglishChannelwhenpicturingtheirfuturecareers. ThedominanceoftheEnglishlanguageisapowerfulfactorbutitisnotthesolereasonforthenetmovementofscientifictalenttoNorthAmericaandBritain.AlsoimportantarethehighlyindividualacademiccareerladdersthatpersistindifferentcontinentEuropeancountries.Employmentrulesandsocialsecurityarrangementsarealsohandleddifferentlybetweencountries.Thefact’thatEurolandissuchanacademicmesstendstodiscourageforeignersandmakesitdifficultfornativeswhohavegoneabroadtoreturn. Someprogressisbeingmade.TheEuropeanCommissionhassupportedvariousprogrammerstopromotethemovementofyoungresearchersbetweentheEuropeancountriesagreedtoharmonizeaspectsoftheirhigher-educationsystems.47Thesecountrieshavepledgedtointroduceby2010comparablesystemsofBachelorsandMastersdegreesandasystemofacademiccreditsthatwillallowstudentstomovebetweencountries. Butdespitethesewelcomeinitiativesnationalisolationremainstheruleandnoidentifiable"Euroland’scientificcareerisinsight.Itisnowonderthatthecontinent’syoungscientistsarecarryingoutformoreconsiderationtobepaidtotheirtroubles. 48IncountriessuchasItalyandSpainforinstancetheacademicpowers-that-beseemunwillingtoreformrecruitmentsystemsthatfavourthosewhostayathomeover—oftenstronger—candidateswhohavesoughtexperienceinforeignlabs.Evenprogrammesestablishedwiththegoalofbringingbacktalentedscientistsworkingabroadhavebeendestroyedinthisway. Elsewhereattemptstoaddressnationalpeculiarityhaveleftsomeproblemsunsolved.49GermanyforinstancethedominantproducerofPhDsinEuropehasembarkedonanacademicreformaimedatcreatingbetteropportunitiesforyoungscientists.Butthereareconcernsthatthereformshavenotbeenadequatelyresourcedandalsothattheywillleavetrappedthoseresearcherswhohavebeenemployedonfixed-termcontractsformorethan12years.Theymustfindapermanentpostorleaveacademia. TheFrenchgovernmentmeanwhilerecentlyopenedupmoretenuredpostsinresponsetofearsaboutcreatinga"lostgeneration"ofresearcherswhowouldnotbeavailabletoreplacetheageingbaby-boomergeneration.ButithasnottackledtheunderlyingproblemofasystemthatgivespostdocsnoofficialsocialsecuritystatusorcontractrightsandsoforcesmanyFrenchnationalswantingpostdoctoralexperiencetogoabroad. 50IfEuroland’sbestyoungmindsaretomovebetweenitsnationswiththesameenthusiasmthatcurrentlyluresthemtoNorthAmericaandBritainuniversityadministratorsimmigrationofficesandsocietyatlargemustlearnthatforeignresearchersarenottroublesomeinconvenienciesbuthighlymotivatedworkerswhooffertheirskillstobethebenefitoftheirhosts. IncountriessuchasItalyandSpainforinstancetheacademicpowers-that-beseemunwillingtoreformrecruitmentsystemsthatfavourthosewhostayathomeover—oftenstronger—candidateswhohavesoughtexperienceinforeignlabs.
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号