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[A] Fist convention of Comite Maritime International [B] The convention having been revised thr...
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[A]FistconventionofComiteMaritimeInternational
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Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfornuclearreactorshadaspillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonthslastyearandbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2006seriousenoughfortheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannualreporttoCongress.Afteraninvestigationthecommissionchangedthetermsofthefactory’slicenseandsaidthepublichad20daystorequestahearingonthechanges.Butnomemberofthepubliceverdid.Infactnomemberofthepubliccouldfindoutaboutthechanges.Thedocumentdescribingthemincludingthenoticeofhearingrightsforanyonewhofeltadverselyaffectedwasstampedofficialuseonlymeaningthatitwasnotpubliclyaccessible.TheagencywouldnotevenhavetoldCongresswhichfactorywasinvolvedwereitnotfortheeffortsofGregoryB.Jaczkooneofthefivecommissioners.Mr.JaczkoidentifiedthecompanyNuclearFuelServicesofErwinTenn.inamemorandumthatbecamepartofthepublicrecord.HismemorandumsaidotherpublicdocumentswouldallowaninformedpersontodeducethatthefactorybelongedtoNuclearFuelServices.SuchsecrecybytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionisnowcomingunderattackbyinfluentialmembersofCongress.Theselawmakersarguethattheagencyiswithholdingnumerousdocumentsaboutnuclearfacilitiesinthenameofnationalsecuritybutthatmanywithhelddocumentsarenotsensitive.Thelawmakerssaytheagencymustrebalanceitspenchantforsecrecywiththepublic’srighttoparticipateinthelicensingprocessanditsrighttoknowaboutpotentialhazards.TheagencythecongressmensaidhasremovedhundredsofinnocuousdocumentsrelatingtotheN.F.S.plantfrompublicview.Witharesurgenceofnuclearplantconstructionexpectedaftera30-yearhiatusagencyofficialssayfrequentlythattheyaretryingtostrikeabalancebetweenwinningpublicconfidencebyregulatingopenlyandprotectingsensitiveinformation.AcommissionspokesmanScottBurnellsaidtheofficialuseonlydesignationwasunderreview.Aslaidoutbythecommission’sreporttoCongressandothersourcestheeventattheNuclearFuelServicefactorywasdiscoveredwhenasupervisorsawayellowliquiddribblingunderadoorandintoahallway.Workershadpreviouslydescribedayellowliquidinagloveboxasealedcontainerwithglovesbuiltintothesidestoallowatechniciantomanipulateobjectsinsidebutmanagershaddecideditwasordinaryuranium.InfactitwashighlyenricheduraniumthathadbeendeclaredsurplusfromtheweaponsinventoryoftheEnergyDepartmentandsenttotheplanttobedilutedtoastrengthappropriateforacivilianreactor.Ifthematerialhadgonecriticalitislikelythatatleastoneworkerwouldhavereceivedanexposurehighenoughtocauseacutehealtheffectsordeaththecommissionsaid.GenerallytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribenuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses.Butin2004accordingtothecommittee’slettertheOfficeofNavalReactorspartoftheEnergyDepartmentreachedanagreementwiththecommissionthatanycorrespondencewithNuclearFuelServiceswouldbemarkedofficialuseonly./Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
PlatoaskedWhatismanandStAugustineaskedWhoamIAnewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iamyou!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost$50billionandtoconsumers$5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonover1mgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms--suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw--arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised--whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsideringit.Accordingtoparagraph2whichofthefollowingistrue
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforself-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt.Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserableentourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit.Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity--andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled--istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup.DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality-whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment-tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredfromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness.Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities.Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:I’mkindofahermit.Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively.Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem.Psychologistsseemtobelievethatifadultswanttoremaketheiridentitytheyneedto
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently--thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone--isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife--nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastthreesentencesthat
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfornuclearreactorshadaspillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonthslastyearandbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2006seriousenoughfortheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannualreporttoCongress.Afteraninvestigationthecommissionchangedthetermsofthefactory’slicenseandsaidthepublichad20daystorequestahearingonthechanges.Butnomemberofthepubliceverdid.Infactnomemberofthepubliccouldfindoutaboutthechanges.Thedocumentdescribingthemincludingthenoticeofhearingrightsforanyonewhofeltadverselyaffectedwasstampedofficialuseonlymeaningthatitwasnotpubliclyaccessible.TheagencywouldnotevenhavetoldCongresswhichfactorywasinvolvedwereitnotfortheeffortsofGregoryB.Jaczkooneofthefivecommissioners.Mr.JaczkoidentifiedthecompanyNuclearFuelServicesofErwinTenn.inamemorandumthatbecamepartofthepublicrecord.HismemorandumsaidotherpublicdocumentswouldallowaninformedpersontodeducethatthefactorybelongedtoNuclearFuelServices.SuchsecrecybytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionisnowcomingunderattackbyinfluentialmembersofCongress.Theselawmakersarguethattheagencyiswithholdingnumerousdocumentsaboutnuclearfacilitiesinthenameofnationalsecuritybutthatmanywithhelddocumentsarenotsensitive.Thelawmakerssaytheagencymustrebalanceitspenchantforsecrecywiththepublic’srighttoparticipateinthelicensingprocessanditsrighttoknowaboutpotentialhazards.TheagencythecongressmensaidhasremovedhundredsofinnocuousdocumentsrelatingtotheN.F.S.plantfrompublicview.Witharesurgenceofnuclearplantconstructionexpectedaftera30-yearhiatusagencyofficialssayfrequentlythattheyaretryingtostrikeabalancebetweenwinningpublicconfidencebyregulatingopenlyandprotectingsensitiveinformation.AcommissionspokesmanScottBurnellsaidtheofficialuseonlydesignationwasunderreview.Aslaidoutbythecommission’sreporttoCongressandothersourcestheeventattheNuclearFuelServicefactorywasdiscoveredwhenasupervisorsawayellowliquiddribblingunderadoorandintoahallway.Workershadpreviouslydescribedayellowliquidinagloveboxasealedcontainerwithglovesbuiltintothesidestoallowatechniciantomanipulateobjectsinsidebutmanagershaddecideditwasordinaryuranium.InfactitwashighlyenricheduraniumthathadbeendeclaredsurplusfromtheweaponsinventoryoftheEnergyDepartmentandsenttotheplanttobedilutedtoastrengthappropriateforacivilianreactor.Ifthematerialhadgonecriticalitislikelythatatleastoneworkerwouldhavereceivedanexposurehighenoughtocauseacutehealtheffectsordeaththecommissionsaid.GenerallytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribenuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses.Butin2004accordingtothecommittee’slettertheOfficeofNavalReactorspartoftheEnergyDepartmentreachedanagreementwiththecommissionthatanycorrespondencewithNuclearFuelServiceswouldbemarkedofficialuseonly./NRCiscriticizedbyCongressmemberschieflybecause
PlatoaskedWhatismanandStAugustineaskedWhoamIAnewbreedofcriminalshasanovelanswer:Iamyou!Althoughimpostorshaveexistedforagesthegrowingfrequencyandcostofidentitytheftisworrisome.Around10mAmericansarevictimsannuallyanditistheleadingconsumer-fraudcomplaintoverthepastfiveyears.Thecosttobusinesseswasalmost$50billionandtoconsumers$5billionin2002themostrecentyearthatAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissioncollectedfigures.Aftertworecentbigprivacydisasterspeopleandpoliticiansarecallingforaction.InFebruaryChoicePointalargedata-collectionagencybegansendingoutletterswarning145000AmericansthatithadwronglyprovidedfraudsterswiththeirpersonaldetailsincludingSocialSecuritynumbers.Around750peoplehavealreadyspottedfraudulentactivity.AndonFebruary25thBankofAmericarevealedthatitlostdatatapesthatcontainpersonalinformationonover1mgovernmentemployeesincludingsomeSenators.Althoughaccidentandnotillegalityissuspectedallmusttakeprecautionsagainstidentitytheft.Facedwithsuchincidentsstateandnationallawmakersarecallingfornewregulationsincludingovercompaniesthatcollectandsellpersonalinformation.Asanindustrythefirms--suchasChoicePointAcxiomLexisNexisandWestlaw--arelargelyunregulated.Theyhavealsogrownenormous.ForexampleChoicePointwasfoundedin1997andhasacquirednearly60firmstoamassdatabaseswith19billionrecordsonpeople.Itisusedbyinsurancefirmslandlordsandevenpoliceagencies.Californiaistheonlystatewithalawrequiringcompaniestonotifyindividualswhentheirpersonalinformationhasbeencompromised--whichmadeChoicePointrevealthefraudalbeitfivemonthsafteritwasnoticedandafteritstoptwobossesexercisedstockoptions.Legislationtomaketherequirementafederallawisunderconsideration.Moreoverlawmakerssaytheywillproposethatrulesgoverningcreditbureausandmedicalcompaniesareextendedtodata-collectionfirms.Andalongsidelegislationthereisalwayslitigation.AlreadyChoicePointhasbeensuedforfailingtosafeguardindividuals’data.YetthelegalremedieswouldstillbefarlooserthaninEuropewhereidentitytheftisalsoamenacethoughlessfrequentandcostly.TheEuropeanDataProtectionDirectiveimplementedin1998givespeopletherighttoaccesstheirinformationchangeinaccuraciesanddenypermissionforittobeshared.Moreoveritplacesthecostofmistakesonthecompaniesthatcollectthedatanotonindividuals.WhenthelawwasputinforceAmericanpolicymakersgroanedthatitwasbadforbusiness.Butnowtheyseemtobereconsideringit.ChoicePointrevealedthefraudbecause
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThatquestionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherattheUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnotaphysicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidenceofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurbanmythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat.DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceoftheBritishSociologicalAssociation. Mobilephonesstartedtobecomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleofaconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.ThiswasinlargepartaresponsetothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononanoilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41Sonobodyquestionedtheprecautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywasthatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfiresincreasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.RichardCoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthatoccurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwereindeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselvesweretheresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswillhaveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.Itiscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendupelectricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicletheresultissometimesaspark.43 44Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia:AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracytheorists. 45WarningsignsaboundinBritainAmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBrazilintroducedabanlastyear.AndearlierthismonthamemberofConnecticut’ssenateproposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstatepunishablebya$250fine. [A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapplymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsforexample. [B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthosefiresseemedtobeendless. [C]Afurthercomplicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrolstations. [D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneusebychildren. [E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherulesvarywidely. [F]Bythelate1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch--realizedthattherewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequiredsparks. [G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated. 43
DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThatquestionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherattheUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnotaphysicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidenceofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurbanmythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat.DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceoftheBritishSociologicalAssociation. Mobilephonesstartedtobecomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleofaconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.ThiswasinlargepartaresponsetothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononanoilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41Sonobodyquestionedtheprecautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywasthatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfiresincreasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.RichardCoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthatoccurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwereindeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselvesweretheresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswillhaveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.Itiscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendupelectricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicletheresultissometimesaspark.43 44Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia:AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracytheorists. 45WarningsignsaboundinBritainAmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBrazilintroducedabanlastyear.AndearlierthismonthamemberofConnecticut’ssenateproposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstatepunishablebya$250fine. [A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapplymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsforexample. [B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthosefiresseemedtobeendless. [C]Afurthercomplicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrolstations. [D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneusebychildren. [E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherulesvarywidely. [F]Bythelate1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch--realizedthattherewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequiredsparks. [G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated. 45
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.______ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners______ 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners.______ 44.Interestintopic.______ 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.______ [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations--inclassandonthejob--you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 41
46ThedeterminationofthesourcesofcopperoreusedinthemanufactureofcopperandbronzeartifactsofBronzeAgecivilizationswouldaddgreatlytoourknowledgeofculturalcontactsandtradeinthaterawhenpreliminaryindustrywasonthehorizon.Researchershaveanalyzedartifactsandoresfortheirconcentrationsofelementsbutforavarietyofreasonsthesestudieshavegenerallyfailedtoprovideevidenceofthesourcesofthecopperusedintheobjects.Elementalcompositioncanvarywithinthesamecopper-orelodeusuallybecauseofvaryingadmixturesofotherelementsespeciallyironleadzincandarsenic.Andhighconcentrationsofcobaltorzincnoticedinsomeartifactsappearinavarietyofcopper-oresources.Moreovertheprocessingoforesintroducedpoorlycontrolledchangesintheconcentrationsofminorandtraceelementsintheresultingmetal.Someelementsevaporateduringsmeltingandroasting;differenttemperaturesandprocessesproducedifferentdegreesofloss.47Finallyfluxwhichissometimesaddedduringsmeltingtoremovewastematerialfromtheorecouldaddtothefinalproductquantitiesofelementsthataremixedtogetherwithcopper. Anelementalpropertythatisunchangedthroughthesechemicalprocessesistheisotopiccompositionofeachmetallicelementintheore.Isotopiccompositionthepercentagesofthedifferentisotopesofanelementinagivensampleoftheelementisthereforeparticularlysuitableasanindicatorofthesourcesoftheore.48Ofcourseforthispurposeitisnecessarytofindanelementwhoseelementalcompositionismoreorlessconstantthroughoutagivenorebodybutvariesfromonecopperorebodytoanotheroratleastfromonegeographicregiontoanother. Theidealchoicewhenisotopiccompositionisusedtoinvestigatethesourceofcopperorewouldseemtobecopperitself.Ithasbeenshownthatsmallbutmeasurablevariationsoccurnaturallyintheisotopiccompositionofcopper.Howeverthevariationsarelargeenoughonlyinrareores;betweensamplesofthecommonoremineralsofcopperisotopicvariationsgreaterthanthemeasurementerrorhavenotbeenfound.49AnalternativechoiceisleadwhichoccursinmostcopperandbronzeartifactsoftheBronzeAgeinamountsconsistentwiththeleadbeingderivedfromthecopperoresandpossiblyfromthefluxes.Theisotopiccompositionofleadoftenvariesfromonesourceofcommoncopperoretoanotherwithvariationsexceedingthemeasurementerror;andpreliminarystudiesindicatevirtuallyuniformistopiccompositionoftheleadfromasinglecopper-oresource.50WhilesomeoftheleadfoundinanartifactmayhavebeenintroducedfromfluxorwhenothermetalswereaddedtothecopperoreleadsoaddedinBronzeAgeprocessingwouldusuallyhavethesamecompositionastheleadfoundinthecopperore.LeadisotopestudiesmaythusproveusefulforinterpretingthearchaeologicalrecordoftheBronzeAge. 47Finallyfluxwhichissometimesaddedduringsmeltingtoremovewastematerialfromtheorecouldaddtothefinalproductquantitiesofelementsthataremixedtogetherwithcopper.
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently--thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone--isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife--nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Intheauthor’sopinionthecountriesthatruledoveralargenumberofothercountriesare
Thehistoryofmodernpollutionproblemsshowsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehaveanappallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstancessyntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotentcompoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritorytoexploreandtodiscover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbeforeandthattheserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepastriskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime.Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednorbrief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesandyearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiosphereforgenerations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodernpollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwithotherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmogfalloutorchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonaturalprocesses.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytoenvironment.Asusedinthesecondsentenceofthefirstparagraphthephraseindepthmeans
Thehistoryofmodernpollutionproblemsshowsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehaveanappallingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstancessyntheticchemicalsandmanyotherpotentcompoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducationisdangerouslyincomplete.Itwillbearguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritorytoexploreandtodiscover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbeforeandthattheserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepastriskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandbriefperiodoftime.Theeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherlocalizednorbrief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecadesandyearstocome.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiosphereforgenerations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodernpollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwithotherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmogfalloutorchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonaturalprocesses.Thetruemeasureofthedangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytoenvironment.Thetextismainlyabout
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.______ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners______ 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners.______ 44.Interestintopic.______ 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.______ [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations--inclassandonthejob--you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 45
DomobilephonescauseexplosionsatpetrolstationsThatquestionhasjustbeenexhaustivelyansweredbyAdamBurgessaresearcherattheUniversityofKentinEngland.OddlyhoweverDrBurgessisnotaphysicistbutasociologist.Fortheconcernrestsnotonscientificevidenceofanydangerbutisinsteadtheresultofsociologicalfactors:itisanurbanmythsupportedandpropagatedbyofficialsourcesbutnolessamythforthat.DrBurgesspresentedhisfindingsthisweekattheannualconferenceoftheBritishSociologicalAssociation. Mobilephonesstartedtobecomewidespreadinthelate1980swhentheoilindustrywasinthemiddleofaconcertedsafetydriveDrBurgessnotes.ThiswasinlargepartaresponsetothePiperAlphadisasterin1988when167peoplediedinanexplosiononanoilplatformofftheScottishcoast.41Sonobodyquestionedtheprecautionarybanontheuseofmobilephonesatpetrolstations.Theworrywasthatanelectricalsparkmightigniteexplosivefumes. 42Butitwastoolate.Themythhadtakenhold. OneproblemsaysDrBurgessisthatthenumberofpetrol-stationfiresincreasedinthelate1990sjustasmobilephoneswereproliferating.RichardCoatesBP’sfire-safetyadviserinvestigatedmanyofthe243suchfiresthatoccurredaroundtheworldbetween1993and2004.Heconcludedthatmostwereindeedcausedbysparksignitingpetrolvapourbutthesparksthemselvesweretheresultofstaticelectricitynotelectricalequipment.Mostdriverswillhaveexperiencedamildelectricshockwhenclimbingoutoftheirvehicles.Itiscausedbyfrictionbetweendriverandseatwiththeresultthatbothendupelectricallycharged.Whenthedrivertouchesthemetalframeofthevehicletheresultissometimesaspark.43 44Onee-mailcontainedfictitiousexamplesofsuchexplosionssaidtohavehappenedinIndonesiaandAustralia:AnothersupposedlysentoutbyShellfounditswayontoaninternalwebsiteatExxonsaysDrBurgesswhereitwastreatedasauthoritativebyemployees.Suchmemosgenerallyexplainstaticfiresquiteaccuratelybutmistakenlyattributethemtomobilephones.OfficialdenialssaysDrBurgesssimplyinflamethesuspicionsofconspiracytheorists. 45WarningsignsaboundinBritainAmericaCanadaandAustralia.ThecityofSaoPauloinBrazilintroducedabanlastyear.AndearlierthismonthamemberofConnecticut’ssenateproposedmakingtheuseofmobilephonesinpetrolstationsinthatstatepunishablebya$250fine. [A]Thesafetydrivedidnotapplymerelytooffshoreoperations:employeesatsomeBritishoil-companyofficesarenowrequiredtousehandrailswhilewalkingupanddownstairsforexample. [B]Asaresultthecompanyhadtopayahugeamountofcompensationtothefamiliesofthevictimsandlawsuitsconcerningthosefiresseemedtobeendless. [C]Afurthercomplicationwastheriseoftheinternetwherehoaxmemosmanyclaimingtooriginatefromoilcompanieswarnedofthedangerofusingmobilephonesinpetrolstations. [D]ThisisparticularlynoticeableinBritain.Thecountrythatledthewayinbanningmobilephonesatpetrolstationsisalsothecountrythathastakenthestrongestlineonthesafetyofmobile-phoneusebychildren. [E]Despitethelackofevidencethatmobilephonescancauseexplosionsbansremaininplacearoundtheworldthoughtherulesvarywidely. [F]Bythelate1990showeverphonemakers--havingconductedtheirownresearch--realizedthattherewasnodangerofphonescausingexplosionssincetheycouldnotgeneratetherequiredsparks. [G]Thisseemstohavebecomemorecommonasplasticcarinteriorssyntheticgarmentsandrubber-soledshoeshaveproliferated. 41
Beforeyouspeaktoanyaudienceyoushouldlearnasmuchaboutitsmembersaspossible.Onlyinthatwaycanyoubestadaptthelevelofyourlanguageandthecontentofyourtalktoyourlisteners. 41.Speakingtosomeoneyouknowwell.______ WhereareyoulikelytospeakCertainlyinthisclassyou’llgiveseveraltalksandsinceyouknowmostifnotallofthestudentsyoushouldfacenomajorproblemsinadaptingyourapproachtothem.Anotherspeakingpossibilityexistsinyourworkplace. Athirdspeakingpossibilityexistsinanyorganizationsocialculturalathleticandsoonthatyoubelongto.Youmaybeaskedtospeakatthenextmeetingorattheannualbanquet.Hereagainyouknowthepeopleinvolvedtheirbackgroundtheireducationlevelandtheirattitudesandthat’satremendousadvantageforyou.Sincewe’reupbeatandpositiveinthiscoursewe’llassumethatyou’vegivensuccessfultalksunderallthreecircumstancesandwiththiscourseunderyourbeltyoucandoitagain.Sincegoodspeakersarehardtofindandwordaboutthemtravelsfastsupposethatonedayyougetaninvitationtospeaktoanorganizationinwhichyoudon’tknowasoul.WhatdoyoudonowIfyoufeelabletohandlethetopicyou’reaskedtospeakonacceptthisrarechallenge.Here’swhereaudienceanalysiscomesintoplay.Besuretoaskthepersonwhoinvitedyouforinformationonthemembersinformationthatencompassesabroadspectrumsuchasinthefollowingareas. 42.Howoldareyourlisteners______ 43.Sexcompositionofyourlisteners.______ 44.Interestintopic.______ 45.Interestsorhobbiesofthelisteners.______ [A]Ifyou’reinvitedtospeaktoawomen’sormen’sorganizationyouknowtheanswertothisquestionatonce.Quiteoftenhoweveraudiencesaremixedfairlyevenlyalthoughattimesonesexmaypredominate. [B]DomembersofyourprospectiveaudiencespendeveningswatchingTVmoviesanddrinkingbeeratalocaltavernordotheyreadtheHarvardClassicsandattendconcertsofBeethovenandMozartDotheyplaybingoand21ordotheypursuethequestionstheintriguingintricaciesofcontractbridgeandchessAnswerstothesequestionscanhelpyouchoosethemostappropriatematerialandlanguageforyouraudience.Yourchoicescanbecrucialindeterminingthesuccessorfailureofyourpresentation. [C]ArethemembersrecentcollegegraduatesseniorcitizensorbusinessexecutivesinmidcareerJustrememberageexertsapowerfulimpactonpeople’sattitudesvaluesandmotivations. [D]Forexampleyourdepartmentmanagermayaskyoutoexplainanddemonstrateaproceduretosomefellowemployee.Orshemayselectyoutoaddressyourdepartmentonbehalfofthelocalblooddonordrive.Inbothspeechsituations--inclassandonthejob--you’refamiliarwithyouraudience;youspeaktheirlanguage;youhavethingsincommonwiththem. [E]AreyouawareoftheeducationalbackgroundofyouraudienceHowmanyofthemhavedoctoraldegreesmasterdegreesorbachelordegreesThiswilldecidewhatkindoflanguageyoushouldadoptandhowmuchtheycanunderstand. [F]ArethemembersoftheorganizationinterestedinthetopicoraretheyrequiredtoattendregardlessoftheirinterestIfthelatteristruewhattypesofmaterialwillmostlikelypiquetheircuriosity 43
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Afactorythatmakesuraniumfuelfornuclearreactorshadaspillsobaditkepttheplantclosedforsevenmonthslastyearandbecameoneofonlythreeeventsinallof2006seriousenoughfortheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiontoincludeinanannualreporttoCongress.Afteraninvestigationthecommissionchangedthetermsofthefactory’slicenseandsaidthepublichad20daystorequestahearingonthechanges.Butnomemberofthepubliceverdid.Infactnomemberofthepubliccouldfindoutaboutthechanges.Thedocumentdescribingthemincludingthenoticeofhearingrightsforanyonewhofeltadverselyaffectedwasstampedofficialuseonlymeaningthatitwasnotpubliclyaccessible.TheagencywouldnotevenhavetoldCongresswhichfactorywasinvolvedwereitnotfortheeffortsofGregoryB.Jaczkooneofthefivecommissioners.Mr.JaczkoidentifiedthecompanyNuclearFuelServicesofErwinTenn.inamemorandumthatbecamepartofthepublicrecord.HismemorandumsaidotherpublicdocumentswouldallowaninformedpersontodeducethatthefactorybelongedtoNuclearFuelServices.SuchsecrecybytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionisnowcomingunderattackbyinfluentialmembersofCongress.Theselawmakersarguethattheagencyiswithholdingnumerousdocumentsaboutnuclearfacilitiesinthenameofnationalsecuritybutthatmanywithhelddocumentsarenotsensitive.Thelawmakerssaytheagencymustrebalanceitspenchantforsecrecywiththepublic’srighttoparticipateinthelicensingprocessanditsrighttoknowaboutpotentialhazards.TheagencythecongressmensaidhasremovedhundredsofinnocuousdocumentsrelatingtotheN.F.S.plantfrompublicview.Witharesurgenceofnuclearplantconstructionexpectedaftera30-yearhiatusagencyofficialssayfrequentlythattheyaretryingtostrikeabalancebetweenwinningpublicconfidencebyregulatingopenlyandprotectingsensitiveinformation.AcommissionspokesmanScottBurnellsaidtheofficialuseonlydesignationwasunderreview.Aslaidoutbythecommission’sreporttoCongressandothersourcestheeventattheNuclearFuelServicefactorywasdiscoveredwhenasupervisorsawayellowliquiddribblingunderadoorandintoahallway.Workershadpreviouslydescribedayellowliquidinagloveboxasealedcontainerwithglovesbuiltintothesidestoallowatechniciantomanipulateobjectsinsidebutmanagershaddecideditwasordinaryuranium.InfactitwashighlyenricheduraniumthathadbeendeclaredsurplusfromtheweaponsinventoryoftheEnergyDepartmentandsenttotheplanttobedilutedtoastrengthappropriateforacivilianreactor.Ifthematerialhadgonecriticalitislikelythatatleastoneworkerwouldhavereceivedanexposurehighenoughtocauseacutehealtheffectsordeaththecommissionsaid.GenerallytheNuclearRegulatoryCommissiondoesdescribenuclearincidentsandchangesinlicenses.Butin2004accordingtothecommittee’slettertheOfficeofNavalReactorspartoftheEnergyDepartmentreachedanagreementwiththecommissionthatanycorrespondencewithNuclearFuelServiceswouldbemarkedofficialuseonly./Whydidnomemberofthepublicrequestanyhearing
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
46ThedeterminationofthesourcesofcopperoreusedinthemanufactureofcopperandbronzeartifactsofBronzeAgecivilizationswouldaddgreatlytoourknowledgeofculturalcontactsandtradeinthaterawhenpreliminaryindustrywasonthehorizon.Researchershaveanalyzedartifactsandoresfortheirconcentrationsofelementsbutforavarietyofreasonsthesestudieshavegenerallyfailedtoprovideevidenceofthesourcesofthecopperusedintheobjects.Elementalcompositioncanvarywithinthesamecopper-orelodeusuallybecauseofvaryingadmixturesofotherelementsespeciallyironleadzincandarsenic.Andhighconcentrationsofcobaltorzincnoticedinsomeartifactsappearinavarietyofcopper-oresources.Moreovertheprocessingoforesintroducedpoorlycontrolledchangesintheconcentrationsofminorandtraceelementsintheresultingmetal.Someelementsevaporateduringsmeltingandroasting;differenttemperaturesandprocessesproducedifferentdegreesofloss.47Finallyfluxwhichissometimesaddedduringsmeltingtoremovewastematerialfromtheorecouldaddtothefinalproductquantitiesofelementsthataremixedtogetherwithcopper. Anelementalpropertythatisunchangedthroughthesechemicalprocessesistheisotopiccompositionofeachmetallicelementintheore.Isotopiccompositionthepercentagesofthedifferentisotopesofanelementinagivensampleoftheelementisthereforeparticularlysuitableasanindicatorofthesourcesoftheore.48Ofcourseforthispurposeitisnecessarytofindanelementwhoseelementalcompositionismoreorlessconstantthroughoutagivenorebodybutvariesfromonecopperorebodytoanotheroratleastfromonegeographicregiontoanother. Theidealchoicewhenisotopiccompositionisusedtoinvestigatethesourceofcopperorewouldseemtobecopperitself.Ithasbeenshownthatsmallbutmeasurablevariationsoccurnaturallyintheisotopiccompositionofcopper.Howeverthevariationsarelargeenoughonlyinrareores;betweensamplesofthecommonoremineralsofcopperisotopicvariationsgreaterthanthemeasurementerrorhavenotbeenfound.49AnalternativechoiceisleadwhichoccursinmostcopperandbronzeartifactsoftheBronzeAgeinamountsconsistentwiththeleadbeingderivedfromthecopperoresandpossiblyfromthefluxes.Theisotopiccompositionofleadoftenvariesfromonesourceofcommoncopperoretoanotherwithvariationsexceedingthemeasurementerror;andpreliminarystudiesindicatevirtuallyuniformistopiccompositionoftheleadfromasinglecopper-oresource.50WhilesomeoftheleadfoundinanartifactmayhavebeenintroducedfromfluxorwhenothermetalswereaddedtothecopperoreleadsoaddedinBronzeAgeprocessingwouldusuallyhavethesamecompositionastheleadfoundinthecopperore.LeadisotopestudiesmaythusproveusefulforinterpretingthearchaeologicalrecordoftheBronzeAge. 49AnalternativechoiceisleadwhichoccursinmostcopperandbronzeartifactsoftheBronzeAgeinamountsconsistentwiththeleadbeingderivedfromthecopperoresandpossiblyfromthefluxes.
Mostplantscanmaketheirownfoodfromsunlight1somehavediscoveredthatstealingisaneasierwaytolive.Thousandsofplantspeciesgetby2photosynthesizingandover400ofthesespeciesseemtolivebypilferingsugarsfromanunderground3offungi真菌.Butin4ahandfuloftheseplantshasthismodusoperandibeentracedtoarelativelyobscurefungus.Tofindouthow5are6mycologistMartinBidartondooftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyandhisteamlookedintheirroots.Whattheyfoundwere7ofacommontypeoffungusso8thatitisfoundinnearly70percentofallplants.Thepresenceofthiscommonfungusintheseplantsnotonly9athowtheysurvivesaysBidartondobutalsosuggeststhatmanyordinaryplantsmightprosperfromalittlelootingtoo. Plantshave10relationstogetwhattheyneedtosurvive.Normal11plantscanmaketheirowncarbohydratesthroughphotosynthesisbuttheystillneedminerals.Mostplantshave12asymbioticrelationshipwitha13networkofwhatarecalledmycorrhizalfungiwhichliesbeneaththeforest14.Thefungihelpgreenplantsabsorbmineralsthroughtheirrootsand15theplantsnormally16thefungiwithsugarsorcarbon.Withanumberofplantssharingthesamefungalwebitwasperhaps17thatafewcheaters--dubbedepiparasites--wouldevolvetobeatthesystem.18theseplantsreversedtheflowofcarbon19itintotheirrootsfromthefungi20releasingitas"payment./ Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Mostofthepeoplewhoappearmostoftenandmostgloriouslyinthehistorybooksaregreatconquerorsandgeneralsandsoldierswhereasthepeoplewhoreallyhelpedcivilizationforwardareoftennevermentionedatall.Wedonotknowwhofirstsetabrokenlegorlaunchedaseaworthyboatorcalculatedthelengthoftheyearormanuredafield;butweknowallaboutthekillersanddestroyers.Peoplethinkagreatdealofthemsomuchsothatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneralorasoldier.AndIthinkmostpeoplebelievethatthegreatestcountriesarethosethathavebeateninbattlethegreatestnumberofothercountriesandruledoverthemasconquerors.Itisjustpossibletheyarebuttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight;sodosavages;hencetobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayinwhichananimalorasavageisgoodbutitisnottobecivilized.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherpeopletofightforyouandtellingthemhowtodoitmostefficiently--thisafteralliswhatconquerorsandgeneralshavedone--isnotbeingcivilized.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskillingandcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewayofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffthegreaternumberoftheothersideandthensayingthatthatsidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.Andnotonlyhaswonbutbecauseithaswonhasbeenintheright.Forthatiswhatgoingtowarmeans;itmeanssayingthatmightisright.Thatiswhatthestoryofmankindhasonthewholebeenlike.Evenourownagehasfoughtthetwogreatestwarsinhistoryinwhichmillionsofpeoplewerekilledormutilated.Andwhiletodayitistruethatpeopledonotfightandkilleachotherinthestreets--whilethatistosaywehavegottothestageofkeepingtherulesandbehavingproperlytoeachotherindailylife--nationsandcountrieshavenotlearnttodothisyetandstillbehavelikesavages.Butwemustnotexpecttoomuch.Afteralltheraceofmenhasonlyjuststarted.Fromthepointofviewofevolutionhumanbeingsareveryyoungchildrenindeedbabiesinfactofafewmonthsold.Scientistsreckonthattherehasbeenlifeofsomesortontheearthintheformofjellyfishandthatkindofcreatureforabouttwelvehundredmillionyears;buttherehavebeenmenforonlyonemillionyearsandtherehavebeencivilizedmenforabouteightthousandyearsattheoutside.Thesefiguresaredifficulttograsp;soletusscalethemdown.Supposethatwereckonthewholepastoflivingcreaturesontheearthasonehundredyears;thenthewholepastofmanworksoutataboutonemonthandduringthatmonththerehavebeencivilizationsforbetweensevenandeighthours.Soyouseetherehasbeenlittletimetolearninbuttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Takingman’scivilizedpastataboutsevenoreighthourswemayestimatehisfuturethatistosaythewholeperiodbetweennowandwhenthesungrowstoocoldtomaintainlifeanylongerontheearthataboutonehundredthousandyears.ThusmankindisonlyatthebeginningofitscivilizedlifeandasIsaywemustnotexpecttoomuch.Thepastofmanhasbeenonthewholeaprettybeastlybusinessabusinessoffightingandbullyingandgorgingandgrabbingandhurting.Wemustnotexpectevencivilizedpeoplesnottohavedonethesethings.Allwecanaskisthattheywillsometimeshavedonesomethingelse.Thefirstsentenceoftheopeningparagraphindicatesthat
Directions: Jordanisoneofyourbusinesspartners.RecentlyhewaspromotedtobetheGeneralManagerofECCCompany.Writealetterto 1congratulatehimonhispromotionand 2expressyourwishtocooperatewithhim. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
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