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Molly Brown was labeled “unsinkable” after she helped to {{U}}evacuate{{/U}} passengers from the ill...
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TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
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Somethingsweknowaboutlanguage Manythingsaboutlanguageareamysteryandmanywillalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow. Firstweknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguagenosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithonemother.Furthermoreinhistoricaltimestherehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage. Secondthereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.Therearemanypeoplewhoseculturesareundevelopedwhoareaswesayuncivilizedbutthelanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.Inallknown1anguageswecanseecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping. Thishasnotalwaysbeenwellunderstood;indeedthedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasofthelanguageoftheAmericanIndianswillillustrate.ManypeoplehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.ThereareorwerehundredsofAmericanIndianlanguagesandallofthemturnouttobeverycomplicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromthelanguagesthatmostofusarefamiliarwithbuttheyarenomoreprimitivefivethanEnglishandGreek. Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectlyadequate.Thatiseachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage. Finallyweknowthatlanguagechanges.Itisnaturalandnormalforlanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.Changegoesoninallaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsoundsandchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage. race/n.种族 primitive/adj.原始的 uncivilized/adj.不开化的落后的 complexity/n.复杂性复杂现象 nonsense/n.胡说没有根据的话 vocabulary/n.词汇 Accordingtotheauthorlanguagechangesaremostlikelytooccurin______.
Ourplanistoallocateonememberofstafftohandleappointments.
Electricalappliancessuchastoastersorhairdryersaredesignedtotakeadvantageoftheabilityofanelectriccurrenttoheatawire.
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Routinevaccinationofthevicevaccinetochildrenwill______.
Theboywasseriouslywoundedintheaccident.
ViceVaccines Atfirstglancevicevaccineslookjustgreat.Theseinjectionspromisetoinactivatedrugssuchascocaineheroinandnicotineinthebloodstreambeforetheyreachthebrain.Withoutthehitpeoplejustwon’’tcomebackformore. It’’struethatthesevaccinesarestillbeingdevelopedsotheirfullrisksandbenefitsarenotyetclear.Butallthesignsarethatforpeoplewhoareindangerofoverdosingorforaddictswhowanttogetthemselvescleanbutneedsomehelptoovercometheircravingthevaccineswillbeimmenselyvaluable. Butlikemanynewtechnologiestheyalsobringdifficultchoices.Willconvictedcriminalswhostealtofeedtheirdrughabitbeallowedbackontothestreetiftheyagreetobevaccinatedforexample?Couldajudgeevencompelthesepeopletobevaccinated? Perhapsthemostcontroversialdebatethatvicevaccineshaveraisediswhethertheyshouldbegivenroutinelytochildrenlikepolioormeaslesvaccines.Thisis.notadistantworry.Nosoonertheyhavefoundthemselvessubmergedwithrequestsfromworriedparentswhowanttheirchildrenvaccinated.Isthisreallywhatwewantforfuturegenerations? Foranysocietythatvaluespersonalfreedomtheanswerhastobeno.Peoplehavetherighttochoosehowtobehavewhetherit’’sgoodorbadlegalornot.Letnotignorethefactthatmillionsofpeopletakeillegaldrugsforpleasurewithoutbecomingaddicted.Administeringvicevaccineswillmeanthatyoungstersarenolongerfreetomakesuchchoicesforthemselves.ItwouldbelikeareturntoPleasantvile. Andrememberwe’’rejusttalkingaboutillegaldrugshere.Onevaccineunderdevelopmentactsagainstnicotineandifitsnicotinetodaywhynotcaffeinetomorrow?Society’’sattitudestodrugschange.Fortyyearsagosmokingwasfine.AcenturyagoAmericanshipoperatorsweregivingstevedores码头工人cocainetospeeduptheirwork. Likeitornotpeoplehavebeentakingmind-alteringchemicalssincebeforerecordedhistory.Eachvaccineactsonlyagainstaspecificdrugandstoppingpeoplegettinghighononedrugwillsimplypushthemtotakeothers—asaddictionresearchershavealreadyfound.Sodrugusewon’’tgoawaythedrugswilljustchange. Opposingthewidespreaduseofvicevaccinesforyoungstersisnottoadvocatedruguse.Byallmeansletvicevaccinessparkarevolutionindetox解毒clinics.Butwhenitcomestohelpingchildrendealwithdrugsthewaytohelpthemisthrougheducationensuringthattheycanfollowlifestylesthatareincompatiblewithdrugtakingandgivingthemthetoolstospotrisksandmakeinformedchoices. Theproblemofdrugabuseisboundupwithmodernsocietyincomplexways.Simplechemicalsolutionsareunlikelytoprovidethewholeanswer. Accordingtothewriterthevicevaccine______.
Somethingsweknowaboutlanguage Manythingsaboutlanguageareamysteryandmanywillalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow. Firstweknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguagenosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithonemother.Furthermoreinhistoricaltimestherehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage. Secondthereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.Therearemanypeoplewhoseculturesareundevelopedwhoareaswesayuncivilizedbutthelanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.Inallknown1anguageswecanseecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping. Thishasnotalwaysbeenwellunderstood;indeedthedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasofthelanguageoftheAmericanIndianswillillustrate.ManypeoplehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.ThereareorwerehundredsofAmericanIndianlanguagesandallofthemturnouttobeverycomplicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromthelanguagesthatmostofusarefamiliarwithbuttheyarenomoreprimitivefivethanEnglishandGreek. Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectlyadequate.Thatiseachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage. Finallyweknowthatlanguagechanges.Itisnaturalandnormalforlanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.Changegoesoninallaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsoundsandchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage. race/n.种族 primitive/adj.原始的 uncivilized/adj.不开化的落后的 complexity/n.复杂性复杂现象 nonsense/n.胡说没有根据的话 vocabulary/n.词汇 TheauthorhasusedAmericanIndianlanguagesasanexampletoshowthattheyare______.
TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
Nurses Thephysiciansinahospitalformthecoreofthemedicalstaff.Buttheycouldnotprovideeffectivemedicalcaretotheirpatientswithoutthehelpofnumerousothermedicalworkers.Fromtheangleofthepatientsthenursingstaffisparticularlyimportant.Nursesareusuallyinclosecontactwithpatientsaslongastheyareinthehospital. Anursedoesnotstudyforasmanyyearsasadoctor.Howevereachmustbeequallytrained.Caringforsickpersonsrequiresagreatdealofpatienceandconcern.Mostnursesworklongdaysandtheyoftenmustworkatoddhoursorduringthenight. Thenursingstaffinahospitalisusuallyquitelargeandvarious.Nursingservicesafterallmustbeprovidedona24-hourbasis.Thereareprofessional专业的nursespracticalnursesnursesaidsandorderlies勤杂工.Thegeneraltermnursereferstoapersontrainedtoofferbedsidecaretosickpersons. Underthesupervision管理oftheheadnursethenursingstaffinahospitalwardmustattendtopatients’’needs.Thisresponsibilitycontinuesaroundtheclockandsonursesmustworkinshifts.Ashiftisaperiodofdutyusuallyeighthoursinlength.Thenursesonthewardrotate轮换theirshifts.Sometaketurnsworkingnightduty;othersworkoddshifts.Allofthemworkoutofacentralareaonthewardcalledthenursesstation. Anursemustalwaysbeonherguard.Shecanneveraffordtobecareless.Thisistrueinallnursingsituationsbutitisespeciallytrueintheintensivecareunit.Patientsunderintensivecarearecriticallyillandtheymustbemonitoredatalltimes.Thenurseswhodointensivecaredutyhaveoneofthemostdemandingjobsinthehospital. Thephysiciansinahospitalarelessimportantthanthenursingstaff.
Somethingsweknowaboutlanguage Manythingsaboutlanguageareamysteryandmanywillalwaysremainso.Butsomethingswedoknow. Firstweknowthatallhumanbeingshavealanguageofsomesort.Thereisnoraceofmenanywhereonearthsobackwardthatithasnolanguagenosetofspeechsoundsbywhichthepeoplecommunicatewithonemother.Furthermoreinhistoricaltimestherehasneverbeenaraceofmenwithoutalanguage. Secondthereisnosuchthingasaprimitivelanguage.Therearemanypeoplewhoseculturesareundevelopedwhoareaswesayuncivilizedbutthelanguagestheyspeakarenotprimitive.Inallknown1anguageswecanseecomplexitiesthatmusthavebeentensofthousandsofyearsindeveloping. Thishasnotalwaysbeenwellunderstood;indeedthedirectcontraryhasoftenbeenstated.PopularideasofthelanguageoftheAmericanIndianswillillustrate.ManypeoplehavesupposedthattheIndianscommunicatedinaveryprimitivesystemofnoises.Studyhasprovedthistobenonsense.ThereareorwerehundredsofAmericanIndianlanguagesandallofthemturnouttobeverycomplicatedandveryold.TheyarecertainlydifferentfromthelanguagesthatmostofusarefamiliarwithbuttheyarenomoreprimitivefivethanEnglishandGreek. Athirdthingweknowaboutlanguageisthatalllanguagesareperfectlyadequate.Thatiseachoneisaperfectmeansofexpressingthecultureofthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage. Finallyweknowthatlanguagechanges.Itisnaturalandnormalforlanguagetochange;theonlylanguageswhichdonotchangearethedeadones.Thisiseasytounderstandifwelookbackwardintime.Changegoesoninallaspectsoflanguage.Grammaticalfeatureschangeasdospeechsoundsandchangesinvocabularyaresometimesveryextensiveandmayoccurveryrapidly.Vocabularyistheleaststablepartofanylanguage. race/n.种族 primitive/adj.原始的 uncivilized/adj.不开化的落后的 complexity/n.复杂性复杂现象 nonsense/n.胡说没有根据的话 vocabulary/n.词汇 Inthesecondparagraphtheauthorthinksthat______.
TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
Nurses Thephysiciansinahospitalformthecoreofthemedicalstaff.Buttheycouldnotprovideeffectivemedicalcaretotheirpatientswithoutthehelpofnumerousothermedicalworkers.Fromtheangleofthepatientsthenursingstaffisparticularlyimportant.Nursesareusuallyinclosecontactwithpatientsaslongastheyareinthehospital. Anursedoesnotstudyforasmanyyearsasadoctor.Howevereachmustbeequallytrained.Caringforsickpersonsrequiresagreatdealofpatienceandconcern.Mostnursesworklongdaysandtheyoftenmustworkatoddhoursorduringthenight. Thenursingstaffinahospitalisusuallyquitelargeandvarious.Nursingservicesafterallmustbeprovidedona24-hourbasis.Thereareprofessional专业的nursespracticalnursesnursesaidsandorderlies勤杂工.Thegeneraltermnursereferstoapersontrainedtoofferbedsidecaretosickpersons. Underthesupervision管理oftheheadnursethenursingstaffinahospitalwardmustattendtopatients’’needs.Thisresponsibilitycontinuesaroundtheclockandsonursesmustworkinshifts.Ashiftisaperiodofdutyusuallyeighthoursinlength.Thenursesonthewardrotate轮换theirshifts.Sometaketurnsworkingnightduty;othersworkoddshifts.Allofthemworkoutofacentralareaonthewardcalledthenursesstation. Anursemustalwaysbeonherguard.Shecanneveraffordtobecareless.Thisistrueinallnursingsituationsbutitisespeciallytrueintheintensivecareunit.Patientsunderintensivecarearecriticallyillandtheymustbemonitoredatalltimes.Thenurseswhodointensivecaredutyhaveoneofthemostdemandingjobsinthehospital. Nurseswhoworkintheintensivecareunitinahospitalarebettertrainedthanothernurses.
AHierarchyofHormones Allofthecellsinaparticularplantstartoutwiththesamecomplementofgenes.Howthencanthesecellsdifferentiateandfromstructuresasdifferentasrootsstemsleavesandfruits?Theansweristhatonlyasmallsubsetofthegenesinaparticularkindofcellareexpressedorturnedonatagiventime.Thisisaccomplishedbyacomplexsystemofchemicalmessengersthatinplantsincludehormonesandotherregulatorymolecules.Fivemajorhormoneshavebeenidentified;auxin生长素abscisicacid脱落酸cytokinin细胞激动素hetylene乙烯andgibberellin赤霉素.Studiesofplantshavenowidentifiedanewclassofregulatorymoleculescalledoligosaccharins. Unliketheoligosaccharinsthefivewell-knownplanthormonesarepleiotropic多向性的ratherthanspecificthatiseachhasmorethanoneeffectonthegrowthanddevelopmentofplants.Thefivehavesomanysimultaneouseffectsthattheyarenotveryusefulinartificiallycontrollingthegrowthofcrops.Auxinforinstancestimulatestherateofcellelongation拉长causesshootstogrowupandrootstogrowdownandinhibitsthegrowthoflateral侧面的shoots.Auxinalsocausestheplanttodevelopavascular维管的systemtofromlateralrootsandtoproduceethylene. Thepleiotropyofthefivewell-studiedplanthormonesissomewhatanalogous类似的tothatofcertainhormonesinanimal.Forexamplehormonesfromthehypothalamus下五脑inthebrainstimulatetheanterior前面的lobeofthepituitaryglandtosynthesizeandreleasemanydifferenthormonesoneofwhichstimulatesthereleaseofhormonesfromtheadrenal肾上腺的cortex皮质|.Thesehormoneshavespecificeffectsontargetorgansalloverthebody.Onehormonestimulatesthethyroid甲状腺的glandforexampleanothertheovarian子房folliclecellsandsoforth.Inotherwordsthereisahierarchy统治集团ofhormones. Suchahierarchymayalsoexistinplants.Oligosaccharinsarefragmentsofthecellwallreleasedbyenzymes酶:differentenzymesreleasedifferentoligosaccharins.Thereareindicationsthatpleiotropicplanthormonesmayactuallyfunctionbyactivatingtheenzymesthatreleasetheseothermorespecificchemicalmessengersfromthecellwall. Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingbestdescribesafunctionperformedbyoligosacchains?
ThefirsttalksbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateswerethebaseofthelateragreement.
AHierarchyofHormones Allofthecellsinaparticularplantstartoutwiththesamecomplementofgenes.Howthencanthesecellsdifferentiateandfromstructuresasdifferentasrootsstemsleavesandfruits?Theansweristhatonlyasmallsubsetofthegenesinaparticularkindofcellareexpressedorturnedonatagiventime.Thisisaccomplishedbyacomplexsystemofchemicalmessengersthatinplantsincludehormonesandotherregulatorymolecules.Fivemajorhormoneshavebeenidentified;auxin生长素abscisicacid脱落酸cytokinin细胞激动素hetylene乙烯andgibberellin赤霉素.Studiesofplantshavenowidentifiedanewclassofregulatorymoleculescalledoligosaccharins. Unliketheoligosaccharinsthefivewell-knownplanthormonesarepleiotropic多向性的ratherthanspecificthatiseachhasmorethanoneeffectonthegrowthanddevelopmentofplants.Thefivehavesomanysimultaneouseffectsthattheyarenotveryusefulinartificiallycontrollingthegrowthofcrops.Auxinforinstancestimulatestherateofcellelongation拉长causesshootstogrowupandrootstogrowdownandinhibitsthegrowthoflateral侧面的shoots.Auxinalsocausestheplanttodevelopavascular维管的systemtofromlateralrootsandtoproduceethylene. Thepleiotropyofthefivewell-studiedplanthormonesissomewhatanalogous类似的tothatofcertainhormonesinanimal.Forexamplehormonesfromthehypothalamus下五脑inthebrainstimulatetheanterior前面的lobeofthepituitaryglandtosynthesizeandreleasemanydifferenthormonesoneofwhichstimulatesthereleaseofhormonesfromtheadrenal肾上腺的cortex皮质|.Thesehormoneshavespecificeffectsontargetorgansalloverthebody.Onehormonestimulatesthethyroid甲状腺的glandforexampleanothertheovarian子房folliclecellsandsoforth.Inotherwordsthereisahierarchy统治集团ofhormones. Suchahierarchymayalsoexistinplants.Oligosaccharinsarefragmentsofthecellwallreleasedbyenzymes酶:differentenzymesreleasedifferentoligosaccharins.Thereareindicationsthatpleiotropicplanthormonesmayactuallyfunctionbyactivatingtheenzymesthatreleasetheseothermorespecificchemicalmessengersfromthecellwall. Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisafunctionlikelytobeperformedbyanoligosacharin?
Heenduredgreatpainbeforehefinally{{U}}expired{{/U}}.
Manyproblemsthatbotheredpeoplethencontinuetoexisttoday.
Ithinkthisisadeliberateinsult.
Securityofficialssaythatcomputercrimeiseasytoaccomplishandhardtodetect.
TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
Nurses Thephysiciansinahospitalformthecoreofthemedicalstaff.Buttheycouldnotprovideeffectivemedicalcaretotheirpatientswithoutthehelpofnumerousothermedicalworkers.Fromtheangleofthepatientsthenursingstaffisparticularlyimportant.Nursesareusuallyinclosecontactwithpatientsaslongastheyareinthehospital. Anursedoesnotstudyforasmanyyearsasadoctor.Howevereachmustbeequallytrained.Caringforsickpersonsrequiresagreatdealofpatienceandconcern.Mostnursesworklongdaysandtheyoftenmustworkatoddhoursorduringthenight. Thenursingstaffinahospitalisusuallyquitelargeandvarious.Nursingservicesafterallmustbeprovidedona24-hourbasis.Thereareprofessional专业的nursespracticalnursesnursesaidsandorderlies勤杂工.Thegeneraltermnursereferstoapersontrainedtoofferbedsidecaretosickpersons. Underthesupervision管理oftheheadnursethenursingstaffinahospitalwardmustattendtopatients’’needs.Thisresponsibilitycontinuesaroundtheclockandsonursesmustworkinshifts.Ashiftisaperiodofdutyusuallyeighthoursinlength.Thenursesonthewardrotate轮换theirshifts.Sometaketurnsworkingnightduty;othersworkoddshifts.Allofthemworkoutofacentralareaonthewardcalledthenursesstation. Anursemustalwaysbeonherguard.Shecanneveraffordtobecareless.Thisistrueinallnursingsituationsbutitisespeciallytrueintheintensivecareunit.Patientsunderintensivecarearecriticallyillandtheymustbemonitoredatalltimes.Thenurseswhodointensivecaredutyhaveoneofthemostdemandingjobsinthehospital. Nursingservicesinahospitalaregenerallyavailablearoundtheclock.
TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
TheUnitedStates In1782【51】theUnitedStateswonitsindependencethebaldeaglewaschosen【52】thenationalbirdofthenewcountry.Americanleaderswantedtheeagletobea【53】oftheircountrybecauseit’’sabirdofstrengthandcourage.TheychosethebaldeaglebecauseitwasfoundalloverNorthAmericaandonlyinNorthAmerica. Butalittleover200years【54】thebaldeaglehadalmostdisappearedfromthecountryIn1972therewereonly3000baldeaglesintheentireUnitedStates.Thereasonforthebirds【55】populationwaspollutionespeciallypollutionofriversbypesticides.Pesticidesarechemicals【56】tokillinsectsandotheranimalsthatattackanddestroycrops. 【57】rainoftenwashespesticidesintorivers.Pesticidespollutetheriversandpoisonthefish.Eagleseat【58】andthepoison【59】theireggs.Theeggshaveverythinshellsanddonothatch. Eagles【60】onlytwoorthreeeggsayear.Becausemanyoftheeggsdidnot【61】andproducemoreeagles【62】eaglesquickly【63】smaller. TodaytheAmericanGovernmentandtheAmericanpeoplearetryingtoprotectthebaldeagle.Thenumberofbaldeagles【64】Itnowappears【65】theAmericannationalbirdwillsurviveandremainasymbolofstrengthandcourage.
Nurses Thephysiciansinahospitalformthecoreofthemedicalstaff.Buttheycouldnotprovideeffectivemedicalcaretotheirpatientswithoutthehelpofnumerousothermedicalworkers.Fromtheangleofthepatientsthenursingstaffisparticularlyimportant.Nursesareusuallyinclosecontactwithpatientsaslongastheyareinthehospital. Anursedoesnotstudyforasmanyyearsasadoctor.Howevereachmustbeequallytrained.Caringforsickpersonsrequiresagreatdealofpatienceandconcern.Mostnursesworklongdaysandtheyoftenmustworkatoddhoursorduringthenight. Thenursingstaffinahospitalisusuallyquitelargeandvarious.Nursingservicesafterallmustbeprovidedona24-hourbasis.Thereareprofessional专业的nursespracticalnursesnursesaidsandorderlies勤杂工.Thegeneraltermnursereferstoapersontrainedtoofferbedsidecaretosickpersons. Underthesupervision管理oftheheadnursethenursingstaffinahospitalwardmustattendtopatients’’needs.Thisresponsibilitycontinuesaroundtheclockandsonursesmustworkinshifts.Ashiftisaperiodofdutyusuallyeighthoursinlength.Thenursesonthewardrotate轮换theirshifts.Sometaketurnsworkingnightduty;othersworkoddshifts.Allofthemworkoutofacentralareaonthewardcalledthenursesstation. Anursemustalwaysbeonherguard.Shecanneveraffordtobecareless.Thisistrueinallnursingsituationsbutitisespeciallytrueintheintensivecareunit.Patientsunderintensivecarearecriticallyillandtheymustbemonitoredatalltimes.Thenurseswhodointensivecaredutyhaveoneofthemostdemandingjobsinthehospital. Anurseisnotqualifiedifshedoesnothavepatienceandshowconcernforherpatients.
Alotofpeoplecouldfallillafterdrinking{{U}}contaminated{{/U}}water.
Shestoodthere{{U}}trembling{{/U}}withfear.
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