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Adult Education Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult edu...
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AdultEducation??1.Voluntarylearninginorganizedcour
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the education for adults to enlarge their experience.
the education for adults who want to get new skills.
voluntary learning in organized courses by grown - ups.
voluntary learning by adult individuals.
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AmericanSportsTheUnitedStatesisasports-lovingnation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitivestruggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory;athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;andhuntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeninginsportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsportsasthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthegame.BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayedthroughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellintothefall.AlthoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemostnearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.Footballisthemostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthecountryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatasmanyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer.InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedinpaddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelytooccur.BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsandcolleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularinothercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayedindoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisaverypopulargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehighschoolmatchesareheldyearly.Otherspectatorsportsincludewrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselvessportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswhoridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-calledsportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorsesracebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionofhorseracing.BasketballinAmericanissopopularwithuniversitiesthatnationwideuniversitymatchesareheldyearly.
TechnologyTransferinGermanyWhenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccessfewnationscanmatchGermany.Sincethe1940sthenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience.AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕recordforminingideasintoprofit.MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought-aftertechnologies.ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition.Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover.Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogramsforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies.Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccessbutitisnotwithoutitscritics.Thesepeopleworrythatfavoringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas.Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity-driven:freeandwidelyavailablewillsuffer.Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogramstopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears.WhilethisdebatecontinuesnewideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz.YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer.Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganizationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people.Itcontinuestogrow.LastyearitswalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBedimTodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia.WhatfactorcanbeattributedtoGermanprosperity
PushbikePerilLowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure—orevenkill—childreniftheyfallontotheendsofthehandlebarssoateamofengineersisredesigningthehumblehandlebarinabidtomakeitsafer.KristyArbogastabioengineerattheChildren’sHospitalofPhiladelphiainPennsylvaniabegantheprojectwithhercolleaguesafterastudyofseriousabdominalinjuriesinchildreninthepast30yearsshowedthatmorethanathirdwerecausedbybicycleaccidents.Thetaskwastoidentifyhowtheinjuriesoccurredandcameupwithsomecountermeasuresshesays.ByinterviewingthechildrenandtheirparentsArbogastandherteamwereabletoreconstructmanyoftheaccidentsandidentifiedacommonmechanismresponsibleforseriousinjures.Theydiscoveredthatmostoccurwhenchildrenhitanobstacleataslowspeedcausingthemtotoppleover.Tomaintaintheirbalancetheyturnthehandlebarsthrough90degrees—buttheirmomentumforcesthemintotheendofthehandlebars.Thebikethenfallsoverandtheotherendofthehandlebarshitsthegroundrammingitintotheirabdomen.Thesolutionthegroupcameupwithisahandgripfittedwithaspringanddampingsystem.Thespringabsorbsupto50percentoftheforcestransmittedthroughthehandlebarsinanimpact.Thegrouphopestocommercializethedevicewhichshouldaddonlyafewdollarstothecostofabike.ButourtaskhasbeenoneofeducationbecauseupuntilnowbicyclemanufacturerwereunawareoftheproblemsaysArbogast.TheteamhasalsoapproachedtheUSConsumerProductSafetyCommissiontotrytopersuademanufacturerstoadoptthenewdesign.Adecisionisexpectedlaterthisyear.handlebarn常用复数自行车等的车把abdominaladj.腹部的redesignv.重新设计bioengineern.生物工程师reconstructvt.重建重构countermeasuren.对策abdomenn.膜腹部momentumn.冲力handgripn.握柄dampingadj.制动的减速的缓冲的commercializevt.使商品化Paragraph3mainlydiscusses______.
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SomethingMenDoNotLiketoDoEricBrownhatesshopping.It’sjustnotenjoyabletomesaidthe28-year-old.Chicagomanwhowascarryingseveralshoppingbagsalongthecity’smainstreetMichiganAvenue.WhenI’mout1IbasicallyknowwhatIwanttoget.Irushin.Ibuyit.I2.Commonwisdomsaysthatguyshatetoshop.Youcanaskgenerationsofmen.Butpeoplewhostudyshoppingsaythatanumberofsocialculturalandeconomicfactorsarenow3thismen-hate-to-shopnotion.4socialclassethnicityage—mensaytheyhatetoshopsaysSharonZukinaCityUniversityofNewYorksociologyprofessor.Yetwhenyouaskthemdeeperquestionsitturnsoutthatthey5toshop.Mengenerallyliketoshopfor6musicandhardware.Butifyouaskthemabouttheshoppingtheydoforbooksormusicthey’llsay’Wellthat’snotshopping.That’s7.’Inotherwordswhatmenandwomencallbuyingthingsandhowtheyapproachthattaskare8.Womenwill9throughseveral1000-square-metrestoresinsearchoftheperfectpartydress.Menwillwanderthrough100Internetsitesinsearchofthe10digitalcamcorder.Womenseeshoppingasasocialevent.Menseeitasamissionora11tobewon.MenarefrequentlyshoppingtowinsaysMaryAnnMcGrathamarketingprofessoratLoyolaUniversityofChicago.Theywanttogetthebestdeal.TheywanttogetthebestoneThelastoneandiftheydothatit12themhappy.Whenwomenshopthey’redoingitinawaywheretheywant13tobeveryhappysaysMcGrath.They’rekindofshoppingforlove.Infactitisinclothingwhereweseeamale-female14mostclearly.WhygrumblesomemenareallmaleclothesnavygreyblackorbrownButwouldtheywearLightgreenandpinkThesedaysmanyguyswearasortofuniformsaysPacoUnderhillauthorofWhyWeByeIt’sbeenhardforthemtounderstandwhatitmeanstobefashion-consciousinabusinessway.Itbecomesmuchmucheasierifyou15yourrangeofchoices.grumblen.抱怨发牢骚ethnicityn.种族特点camcordern.摄像放像机
MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.ThesefindingswhichDLDanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbedbutcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.ForthecurrentreportKripkereviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleepandhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Paragraph5______
MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.ThesefindingswhichDLDanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbedbutcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.ForthecurrentreportKripkereviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleepandhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Paragraph2______A.Kripike’sresearchtool.B.Dangersofhabitualshortagesofsleep.C.CriticismonKripke’sreport.D.Awayofovercominginsomnia.E.Sleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepers.F.Classificationofsleepproblems.
WhyDoPeopleShrinkDidyoueverseethemovieHoneylshrunkthekidsIt’saboutawackydadwho’salsoascientistwhoaccidentallyshrinkshiskidswithhishomemademiniaturizinginvention.Oops!1Forolderpeopleshrinkingisn’tthatdramaticorsuddenatall.Ittakesplaceoveryearsandmayadduptoonlyoneinchorsooffoftheiradultheightmaybealittlemoremaybelessandthiskindofshrinkingcan’tbemagicallyreversedalthoughtherearethingsthatcanbedonetostopitorslowitdown.2Thereareafewreasons.Aspeoplegetoldertheygenerallylosesomemuscleandfatfromtheirbodiesaspartofthenaturalagingprocess.Gravitytheforcethatkeepsyourfeetonthegroundtakeholdandthebonesinthespinecalledvertebraemaybreakdownordegenerateandstarttocollapseintooneanother.3.Butperhapsthemostcommonreasonwhysomeolderpeopleshrinkisbecauseofosteoporosis.Osteoporosisoccurswhentoomuchspongybonetissuewhichisfoundinsideofmostbonesisbrokendownandnotenoughnewbonematerialismade.4.Bonesbecomesmallerandweakerandcaneasilybreakifsomeonewithoste6porosisisinjured.Olderpeople—especiallywomenwhogenerallyhavesmallerandlighterbonestobeginwith—aremorelikelytodeveloposteoporosis.Asyearsgobyapersonwithosteoporosisshrinksalittlebit.DidyouknowthateverydayyoudoashrinkingactYouaren’tastallattheendofthedayasyouareatthebeginning.That’sbecauseasthedaygoesonwaterinthedisksofthespinegetscompressedsqueezedduetogravitymakingyoujustatinybitshorter.Don’tworrythough.5A.Theyenduppressingclosertogetherwhichmakesapersonlosealittleheightandbecomeshorter.B.Onceyougetagoodnight’srestyourbodyrecoversandthenextmorningyou’restandingtallagain.C.Overtimeboneissaidtobelostbecauseit’snotbeingreplaced.D.Luckilytherearethingsthatpeoplecandotopreventshrinking.E.Thekidsspendtherestofthemovieastinypeoplewhoarebarelyvisiblewhiletryingtogetbacktotheirnormalsize.F.Butwhydoesshrinkinghappenatall
CommonProblemsCommonSolutionsThechancesarethatyoumadeupyourmindaboutsmokingalongtimeago—anddecidedit’snotforyou.Thechancesareequallygoodthatyouknowalotofsmokers—thereareafterallabout60millionofthemworkwiththemandgetalongwiththemverywell.Andfinallyit’saprettysafebetthatyou’reopen-mindedandinterestedinallthevariousissuesaboutsmokersandnonsmokers—oryouwouldn’tbereadingthis.Andthosethreethingsmakeyouincrediblyimportanttoday.Becausetheymeanthatyoursisthevoice—notthesmoker’sandnottheanti-smoker’s—thatwilldeterminehowmuchofsociety’seffortsshouldgointobuildingwallsthatseparateusandhowmuchintothesearchforsolutionsthatbringustogether.Foronetragicresultoftheemphasisonbuildingwallsisthediversionofmillionsofdollarsfromscientificresearchonthecausesandcuresofdiseaseswhichwhenallissaidanddonestillstrikethenonsmokeraswellasthesmoker.Oneprominenthealthorganizationtocitebutasingleinstancenowspends28centsofeverypubliclycontributeddollaroneducationmuchofitinand-smokingpropagandaandonly2centsonresearch.Therewillalwaysbesomewhowanttobuildwallswhowanttoseparatepeoplefrompeopleanduptoapointeventhesemayservesociety.Theanti-smokingwall-buildershavetogivethemtheirduehelpedtomakeusallmorekeenlyawareofchoice.Butourguessandcertainlyourhopeisthatyouareamongthefargreatestnumberwhoknowthatwallsareonlytemporaryatbestandthatoverthelongrunwecanservesociety’sinterestbetterbyworkingtogetherinmutualaccommodation.Whatevervirtuewailsmayhavetheycannevermoveoursocietytowardfundamentalsolutions.Peoplewhoworktogetheroncommonproblemscommonsolutionscan.Asissuggestedthecommonsolutiontothecommonproblemis______.
TechnologyTransferinGermanyWhenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccessfewnationscanmatchGermany.Sincethe1940sthenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience.AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕recordforminingideasintoprofit.MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought-aftertechnologies.ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition.Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover.Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogramsforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies.Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccessbutitisnotwithoutitscritics.Thesepeopleworrythatfavoringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas.Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity-driven:freeandwidelyavailablewillsuffer.Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogramstopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears.WhilethisdebatecontinuesnewideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz.YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer.Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganizationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people.Itcontinuestogrow.LastyearitswalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBedimTodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia.TheFrannhoferSocietyisthelargestorganizationforappliedtechnologyin______.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.IfsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointWasthereinkeepingthesereserves1realityofcourseitwasnaiveto2thateveryonewouldlet3ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave4vials.5thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia6noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave7ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe8fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto9thevirus—justin10thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe11withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia12.Keepthevirus13internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t14theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus15usefulthenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.smallpoxn.天花vialn.小瓶auspicesn.赞助支持capvt.结束覆盖potentadj.有效力的强有力的mistrustn.不信任怀疑
TechnologyTransferinGermanyWhenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchintoindustrialsuccessfewnationscanmatchGermany.Sincethe1940sthenation’svastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasandexpertisefromscience.AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退overthepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellastheglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕recordforminingideasintoprofit.MuchofthereasonforthatsuccessistheFraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolveindustrialproblemsandcreatesought-aftertechnologies.ButtodaytheFraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition.Universitiesaretakinganeverlargerroleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover.Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogramsforpumpingmoneyintostart-upcompanies.Suchastrategymaysoundlikearecipeforeconomicsuccessbutitisnotwithoutitscritics.Thesepeopleworrythatfavoringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscienceeventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas.Ifeveryscientiststartsthinkinglikeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciplesofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity-driven:freeandwidelyavailablewillsuffer.Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogramstopromotetechnologytransferareawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedareboundtogobankruptwithinafewyears.WhilethisdebatecontinuesnewideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworkswhichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz.YetitisthefourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestroleintechnologytransfer.Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyisnowEurope’slargestorganizationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutesemploying12000people.Itcontinuestogrow.LastyearitswalloweduptheHeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBedimTodaythereareevenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia.Thewordexpertiseinline3couldbebestreplacedby______.
WhyDoPeopleShrinkDidyoueverseethemovieHoneylshrunkthekidsIt’saboutawackydadwho’salsoascientistwhoaccidentallyshrinkshiskidswithhishomemademiniaturizinginvention.Oops!1Forolderpeopleshrinkingisn’tthatdramaticorsuddenatall.Ittakesplaceoveryearsandmayadduptoonlyoneinchorsooffoftheiradultheightmaybealittlemoremaybelessandthiskindofshrinkingcan’tbemagicallyreversedalthoughtherearethingsthatcanbedonetostopitorslowitdown.2Thereareafewreasons.Aspeoplegetoldertheygenerallylosesomemuscleandfatfromtheirbodiesaspartofthenaturalagingprocess.Gravitytheforcethatkeepsyourfeetonthegroundtakeholdandthebonesinthespinecalledvertebraemaybreakdownordegenerateandstarttocollapseintooneanother.3.Butperhapsthemostcommonreasonwhysomeolderpeopleshrinkisbecauseofosteoporosis.Osteoporosisoccurswhentoomuchspongybonetissuewhichisfoundinsideofmostbonesisbrokendownandnotenoughnewbonematerialismade.4.Bonesbecomesmallerandweakerandcaneasilybreakifsomeonewithoste6porosisisinjured.Olderpeople—especiallywomenwhogenerallyhavesmallerandlighterbonestobeginwith—aremorelikelytodeveloposteoporosis.Asyearsgobyapersonwithosteoporosisshrinksalittlebit.DidyouknowthateverydayyoudoashrinkingactYouaren’tastallattheendofthedayasyouareatthebeginning.That’sbecauseasthedaygoesonwaterinthedisksofthespinegetscompressedsqueezedduetogravitymakingyoujustatinybitshorter.Don’tworrythough.5A.Theyenduppressingclosertogetherwhichmakesapersonlosealittleheightandbecomeshorter.B.Onceyougetagoodnight’srestyourbodyrecoversandthenextmorningyou’restandingtallagain.C.Overtimeboneissaidtobelostbecauseit’snotbeingreplaced.D.Luckilytherearethingsthatpeoplecandotopreventshrinking.E.Thekidsspendtherestofthemovieastinypeoplewhoarebarelyvisiblewhiletryingtogetbacktotheirnormalsize.F.Butwhydoesshrinkinghappenatall
AmericanSportsTheUnitedStatesisasports-lovingnation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitivestruggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory;athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;andhuntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeninginsportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsportsasthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthegame.BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayedthroughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellintothefall.AlthoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemostnearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.Footballisthemostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthecountryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatasmanyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer.InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedinpaddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelytooccur.BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsandcolleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularinothercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayedindoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisaverypopulargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehighschoolmatchesareheldyearly.Otherspectatorsportsincludewrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselvessportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswhoridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-calledsportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorsesracebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionofhorseracing.Footballcanbeclassifiedasaspectatorsport.
MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.ThesefindingswhichDLDanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbedbutcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.ForthecurrentreportKripkereviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleepandhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Togetagoodnight’srestpeoplemaynotneedto______.A.fallasleepagainB.becomemoreenergeticthefollowingdayC.sleeplessthan7hoursD.confirmthoseseriousconsequencesE.suffersleepproblemsF.sleepmorethan8hours
SomethingMenDoNotLiketoDoEricBrownhatesshopping.It’sjustnotenjoyabletomesaidthe28-year-old.Chicagomanwhowascarryingseveralshoppingbagsalongthecity’smainstreetMichiganAvenue.WhenI’mout1IbasicallyknowwhatIwanttoget.Irushin.Ibuyit.I2.Commonwisdomsaysthatguyshatetoshop.Youcanaskgenerationsofmen.Butpeoplewhostudyshoppingsaythatanumberofsocialculturalandeconomicfactorsarenow3thismen-hate-to-shopnotion.4socialclassethnicityage—mensaytheyhatetoshopsaysSharonZukinaCityUniversityofNewYorksociologyprofessor.Yetwhenyouaskthemdeeperquestionsitturnsoutthatthey5toshop.Mengenerallyliketoshopfor6musicandhardware.Butifyouaskthemabouttheshoppingtheydoforbooksormusicthey’llsay’Wellthat’snotshopping.That’s7.’Inotherwordswhatmenandwomencallbuyingthingsandhowtheyapproachthattaskare8.Womenwill9throughseveral1000-square-metrestoresinsearchoftheperfectpartydress.Menwillwanderthrough100Internetsitesinsearchofthe10digitalcamcorder.Womenseeshoppingasasocialevent.Menseeitasamissionora11tobewon.MenarefrequentlyshoppingtowinsaysMaryAnnMcGrathamarketingprofessoratLoyolaUniversityofChicago.Theywanttogetthebestdeal.TheywanttogetthebestoneThelastoneandiftheydothatit12themhappy.Whenwomenshopthey’redoingitinawaywheretheywant13tobeveryhappysaysMcGrath.They’rekindofshoppingforlove.Infactitisinclothingwhereweseeamale-female14mostclearly.WhygrumblesomemenareallmaleclothesnavygreyblackorbrownButwouldtheywearLightgreenandpinkThesedaysmanyguyswearasortofuniformsaysPacoUnderhillauthorofWhyWeByeIt’sbeenhardforthemtounderstandwhatitmeanstobefashion-consciousinabusinessway.Itbecomesmuchmucheasierifyou15yourrangeofchoices.grumblen.抱怨发牢骚ethnicityn.种族特点camcordern.摄像放像机
AmericanSportsTheUnitedStatesisasports-lovingnation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitivestruggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory;athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;andhuntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeninginsportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsportsasthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthegame.BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayedthroughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellintothefall.AlthoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemostnearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.Footballisthemostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthecountryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatasmanyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer.InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedinpaddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelytooccur.BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsandcolleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularinothercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayedindoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisaverypopulargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehighschoolmatchesareheldyearly.Otherspectatorsportsincludewrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselvessportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswhoridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-calledsportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorsesracebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionofhorseracing.Professionalbaseballteamscancontinuetoplayforalongperiodoftimeinthefallaftertheregularbaseballseasonsofspringandsummer.
SomethingMenDoNotLiketoDoEricBrownhatesshopping.It’sjustnotenjoyabletomesaidthe28-year-old.Chicagomanwhowascarryingseveralshoppingbagsalongthecity’smainstreetMichiganAvenue.WhenI’mout1IbasicallyknowwhatIwanttoget.Irushin.Ibuyit.I2.Commonwisdomsaysthatguyshatetoshop.Youcanaskgenerationsofmen.Butpeoplewhostudyshoppingsaythatanumberofsocialculturalandeconomicfactorsarenow3thismen-hate-to-shopnotion.4socialclassethnicityage—mensaytheyhatetoshopsaysSharonZukinaCityUniversityofNewYorksociologyprofessor.Yetwhenyouaskthemdeeperquestionsitturnsoutthatthey5toshop.Mengenerallyliketoshopfor6musicandhardware.Butifyouaskthemabouttheshoppingtheydoforbooksormusicthey’llsay’Wellthat’snotshopping.That’s7.’Inotherwordswhatmenandwomencallbuyingthingsandhowtheyapproachthattaskare8.Womenwill9throughseveral1000-square-metrestoresinsearchoftheperfectpartydress.Menwillwanderthrough100Internetsitesinsearchofthe10digitalcamcorder.Womenseeshoppingasasocialevent.Menseeitasamissionora11tobewon.MenarefrequentlyshoppingtowinsaysMaryAnnMcGrathamarketingprofessoratLoyolaUniversityofChicago.Theywanttogetthebestdeal.TheywanttogetthebestoneThelastoneandiftheydothatit12themhappy.Whenwomenshopthey’redoingitinawaywheretheywant13tobeveryhappysaysMcGrath.They’rekindofshoppingforlove.Infactitisinclothingwhereweseeamale-female14mostclearly.WhygrumblesomemenareallmaleclothesnavygreyblackorbrownButwouldtheywearLightgreenandpinkThesedaysmanyguyswearasortofuniformsaysPacoUnderhillauthorofWhyWeByeIt’sbeenhardforthemtounderstandwhatitmeanstobefashion-consciousinabusinessway.Itbecomesmuchmucheasierifyou15yourrangeofchoices.grumblen.抱怨发牢骚ethnicityn.种族特点camcordern.摄像放像机
MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThingAlthoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthatpeoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretroublefallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.ThesefindingswhichDLDanielKripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hoursanight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbedbutcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesofsleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.ForthecurrentreportKripkereviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleepandhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours.InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigherpercentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenightunableto______.
PushbikePerilLowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure—orevenkill—childreniftheyfallontotheendsofthehandlebarssoateamofengineersisredesigningthehumblehandlebarinabidtomakeitsafer.KristyArbogastabioengineerattheChildren’sHospitalofPhiladelphiainPennsylvaniabegantheprojectwithhercolleaguesafterastudyofseriousabdominalinjuriesinchildreninthepast30yearsshowedthatmorethanathirdwerecausedbybicycleaccidents.Thetaskwastoidentifyhowtheinjuriesoccurredandcameupwithsomecountermeasuresshesays.ByinterviewingthechildrenandtheirparentsArbogastandherteamwereabletoreconstructmanyoftheaccidentsandidentifiedacommonmechanismresponsibleforseriousinjures.Theydiscoveredthatmostoccurwhenchildrenhitanobstacleataslowspeedcausingthemtotoppleover.Tomaintaintheirbalancetheyturnthehandlebarsthrough90degrees—buttheirmomentumforcesthemintotheendofthehandlebars.Thebikethenfallsoverandtheotherendofthehandlebarshitsthegroundrammingitintotheirabdomen.Thesolutionthegroupcameupwithisahandgripfittedwithaspringanddampingsystem.Thespringabsorbsupto50percentoftheforcestransmittedthroughthehandlebarsinanimpact.Thegrouphopestocommercializethedevicewhichshouldaddonlyafewdollarstothecostofabike.ButourtaskhasbeenoneofeducationbecauseupuntilnowbicyclemanufacturerwereunawareoftheproblemsaysArbogast.TheteamhasalsoapproachedtheUSConsumerProductSafetyCommissiontotrytopersuademanufacturerstoadoptthenewdesign.Adecisionisexpectedlaterthisyear.handlebarn常用复数自行车等的车把abdominaladj.腹部的redesignv.重新设计bioengineern.生物工程师reconstructvt.重建重构countermeasuren.对策abdomenn.膜腹部momentumn.冲力handgripn.握柄dampingadj.制动的减速的缓冲的commercializevt.使商品化Thenewhandgripworksinwhichofthefollowingways
Thesubstancecanbeaddedtogasolinetoacceleratethespeedofautomobiles.
CommonProblemsCommonSolutionsThechancesarethatyoumadeupyourmindaboutsmokingalongtimeago—anddecidedit’snotforyou.Thechancesareequallygoodthatyouknowalotofsmokers—thereareafterallabout60millionofthemworkwiththemandgetalongwiththemverywell.Andfinallyit’saprettysafebetthatyou’reopen-mindedandinterestedinallthevariousissuesaboutsmokersandnonsmokers—oryouwouldn’tbereadingthis.Andthosethreethingsmakeyouincrediblyimportanttoday.Becausetheymeanthatyoursisthevoice—notthesmoker’sandnottheanti-smoker’s—thatwilldeterminehowmuchofsociety’seffortsshouldgointobuildingwallsthatseparateusandhowmuchintothesearchforsolutionsthatbringustogether.Foronetragicresultoftheemphasisonbuildingwallsisthediversionofmillionsofdollarsfromscientificresearchonthecausesandcuresofdiseaseswhichwhenallissaidanddonestillstrikethenonsmokeraswellasthesmoker.Oneprominenthealthorganizationtocitebutasingleinstancenowspends28centsofeverypubliclycontributeddollaroneducationmuchofitinand-smokingpropagandaandonly2centsonresearch.Therewillalwaysbesomewhowanttobuildwallswhowanttoseparatepeoplefrompeopleanduptoapointeventhesemayservesociety.Theanti-smokingwall-buildershavetogivethemtheirduehelpedtomakeusallmorekeenlyawareofchoice.Butourguessandcertainlyourhopeisthatyouareamongthefargreatestnumberwhoknowthatwallsareonlytemporaryatbestandthatoverthelongrunwecanservesociety’sinterestbetterbyworkingtogetherinmutualaccommodation.Whatevervirtuewailsmayhavetheycannevermoveoursocietytowardfundamentalsolutions.Peoplewhoworktogetheroncommonproblemscommonsolutionscan.Inparagraph4yourefersto______.
ImeanttogiveyouthisbooktodaybutIforgot.
Hishealthhaddeterioratedwhilehewasinprison.
Theyarewordedabouttheircapacitytoinvestinthefuture.
Theyhadafarbetteryieldthananyotherfarmmilesawayaroundthisyear.
PushbikePerilLowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure—orevenkill—childreniftheyfallontotheendsofthehandlebarssoateamofengineersisredesigningthehumblehandlebarinabidtomakeitsafer.KristyArbogastabioengineerattheChildren’sHospitalofPhiladelphiainPennsylvaniabegantheprojectwithhercolleaguesafterastudyofseriousabdominalinjuriesinchildreninthepast30yearsshowedthatmorethanathirdwerecausedbybicycleaccidents.Thetaskwastoidentifyhowtheinjuriesoccurredandcameupwithsomecountermeasuresshesays.ByinterviewingthechildrenandtheirparentsArbogastandherteamwereabletoreconstructmanyoftheaccidentsandidentifiedacommonmechanismresponsibleforseriousinjures.Theydiscoveredthatmostoccurwhenchildrenhitanobstacleataslowspeedcausingthemtotoppleover.Tomaintaintheirbalancetheyturnthehandlebarsthrough90degrees—buttheirmomentumforcesthemintotheendofthehandlebars.Thebikethenfallsoverandtheotherendofthehandlebarshitsthegroundrammingitintotheirabdomen.Thesolutionthegroupcameupwithisahandgripfittedwithaspringanddampingsystem.Thespringabsorbsupto50percentoftheforcestransmittedthroughthehandlebarsinanimpact.Thegrouphopestocommercializethedevicewhichshouldaddonlyafewdollarstothecostofabike.ButourtaskhasbeenoneofeducationbecauseupuntilnowbicyclemanufacturerwereunawareoftheproblemsaysArbogast.TheteamhasalsoapproachedtheUSConsumerProductSafetyCommissiontotrytopersuademanufacturerstoadoptthenewdesign.Adecisionisexpectedlaterthisyear.handlebarn常用复数自行车等的车把abdominaladj.腹部的redesignv.重新设计bioengineern.生物工程师reconstructvt.重建重构countermeasuren.对策abdomenn.膜腹部momentumn.冲力handgripn.握柄dampingadj.制动的减速的缓冲的commercializevt.使商品化Accordingtothepassagesomeengineersaretryingtoimprovethehandlebarsbecause______.
SomethingMenDoNotLiketoDoEricBrownhatesshopping.It’sjustnotenjoyabletomesaidthe28-year-old.Chicagomanwhowascarryingseveralshoppingbagsalongthecity’smainstreetMichiganAvenue.WhenI’mout1IbasicallyknowwhatIwanttoget.Irushin.Ibuyit.I2.Commonwisdomsaysthatguyshatetoshop.Youcanaskgenerationsofmen.Butpeoplewhostudyshoppingsaythatanumberofsocialculturalandeconomicfactorsarenow3thismen-hate-to-shopnotion.4socialclassethnicityage—mensaytheyhatetoshopsaysSharonZukinaCityUniversityofNewYorksociologyprofessor.Yetwhenyouaskthemdeeperquestionsitturnsoutthatthey5toshop.Mengenerallyliketoshopfor6musicandhardware.Butifyouaskthemabouttheshoppingtheydoforbooksormusicthey’llsay’Wellthat’snotshopping.That’s7.’Inotherwordswhatmenandwomencallbuyingthingsandhowtheyapproachthattaskare8.Womenwill9throughseveral1000-square-metrestoresinsearchoftheperfectpartydress.Menwillwanderthrough100Internetsitesinsearchofthe10digitalcamcorder.Womenseeshoppingasasocialevent.Menseeitasamissionora11tobewon.MenarefrequentlyshoppingtowinsaysMaryAnnMcGrathamarketingprofessoratLoyolaUniversityofChicago.Theywanttogetthebestdeal.TheywanttogetthebestoneThelastoneandiftheydothatit12themhappy.Whenwomenshopthey’redoingitinawaywheretheywant13tobeveryhappysaysMcGrath.They’rekindofshoppingforlove.Infactitisinclothingwhereweseeamale-female14mostclearly.WhygrumblesomemenareallmaleclothesnavygreyblackorbrownButwouldtheywearLightgreenandpinkThesedaysmanyguyswearasortofuniformsaysPacoUnderhillauthorofWhyWeByeIt’sbeenhardforthemtounderstandwhatitmeanstobefashion-consciousinabusinessway.Itbecomesmuchmucheasierifyou15yourrangeofchoices.grumblen.抱怨发牢骚ethnicityn.种族特点camcordern.摄像放像机
Heinvestedaconsiderableamountofmoneyintheproject.
Weshouldcontemplatedtheproblemfromallsides.
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