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EasternQuakesCanTriggerBigShakes InthefirstweekofNovember2011peopleincentralOklahomaexperiencedmorethantwodozenearthquakes.Thelargestamagnitude5.6quakeshookthousandsoffansinacollegefootballstadiumcausedcracksinafewbuildingsandrattledthenervesofmanypeoplewhohadneverfeltaquakebefore.Oklahomaisnotanareaofthecountryfamousforitsquakes.IfyouwatchthenewsonTVyouseereportsaboutallsortsofnaturaldisasters—hurricanestornadoesfloodingandwildfirestonameafew.Butthemostdangeroustypeofnaturaldisasterandalsothemostunpredictableistheearthquake. ResearchersattheU.S.GeologicalSurveyestimatethatseveralmillionearthquakesrattletheglobeeachyear.Thatmaysoundscarybutpeopledon’tfeelmanyofthetremorsbecausetheyhappeninremoteandunpopulatedregions.Manyquakeshappenundertheoceanandothershaveaverysmallmagnitudeorshakingintensity. Amagnitude5.8earthquakethatstruckcentralVirginiatheafternoonofAugust232011wasfeltfromcentralGeorgiatosoutheasternCanada.InmanyurbanareasincludingWashingtonD.C.andNewYorkCityWallStreetshownpeoplecrowdedthestreetswhileengineersinspectedbuildings. Scientistsknowaboutsmallremotequakesonlybecauseofverysensitiveelectronicdevicescalledseismometers.Thesedevicesdetectandmeasurethesizeofgroundvibrationsproducedbyearthquakes.AltogetherUSGSresearchersuseseismometerstoidentifyandlocateabout20000earthquakeseachyear. Althoughearthquakescanhappenanywhereintheworldreallybigquakesoccuronlyincertainareas.Thelargestonesregisteramagnitude8orhigherandhappenonaverageonlyonceeachyear.SuchbigonestypicallyoccuralongtheedgesofEarth’stectonicplates. TectonicplatesarehugepiecesofEarth’scrustsometimesmanykilometersthick.Theseplatescoverourplanet’ssurfacelikeajigsawpuzzle.Oftenjaggededgesoftheseplatestemporarilylocktogether.Whenplatesjostleandscrapepasteachotherearthquakesoccur.Onaveragetectonicplatesmoveveryslowly—aboutthesamespeedasyourfingernailsgrow. Butsometimesearthquakesrumblethroughportionsofthelandscapefarfromaplate’sedges.Althoughlessexpectedthesemid-platetremorscandosubstantialdamage.SomeofthebiggestknownexamplesrattledtheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatestwocenturiesago.Todayscientistsarestillpuzzlingoverwhythequakesoccurredandwhensimilaronesmightoccur. Fewearthquakeshappenwithoutpeople’sawareness.
EasternQuakesCanTriggerBigShakes InthefirstweekofNovember2011peopleincentralOklahomaexperiencedmorethantwodozenearthquakes.Thelargestamagnitude5.6quakeshookthousandsoffansinacollegefootballstadiumcausedcracksinafewbuildingsandrattledthenervesofmanypeoplewhohadneverfeltaquakebefore.Oklahomaisnotanareaofthecountryfamousforitsquakes.IfyouwatchthenewsonTVyouseereportsaboutallsortsofnaturaldisasters—hurricanestornadoesfloodingandwildfirestonameafew.Butthemostdangeroustypeofnaturaldisasterandalsothemostunpredictableistheearthquake. ResearchersattheU.S.GeologicalSurveyestimatethatseveralmillionearthquakesrattletheglobeeachyear.Thatmaysoundscarybutpeopledon’tfeelmanyofthetremorsbecausetheyhappeninremoteandunpopulatedregions.Manyquakeshappenundertheoceanandothershaveaverysmallmagnitudeorshakingintensity. Amagnitude5.8earthquakethatstruckcentralVirginiatheafternoonofAugust232011wasfeltfromcentralGeorgiatosoutheasternCanada.InmanyurbanareasincludingWashingtonD.C.andNewYorkCityWallStreetshownpeoplecrowdedthestreetswhileengineersinspectedbuildings. Scientistsknowaboutsmallremotequakesonlybecauseofverysensitiveelectronicdevicescalledseismometers.Thesedevicesdetectandmeasurethesizeofgroundvibrationsproducedbyearthquakes.AltogetherUSGSresearchersuseseismometerstoidentifyandlocateabout20000earthquakeseachyear. Althoughearthquakescanhappenanywhereintheworldreallybigquakesoccuronlyincertainareas.Thelargestonesregisteramagnitude8orhigherandhappenonaverageonlyonceeachyear.SuchbigonestypicallyoccuralongtheedgesofEarth’stectonicplates. TectonicplatesarehugepiecesofEarth’scrustsometimesmanykilometersthick.Theseplatescoverourplanet’ssurfacelikeajigsawpuzzle.Oftenjaggededgesoftheseplatestemporarilylocktogether.Whenplatesjostleandscrapepasteachotherearthquakesoccur.Onaveragetectonicplatesmoveveryslowly—aboutthesamespeedasyourfingernailsgrow. Butsometimesearthquakesrumblethroughportionsofthelandscapefarfromaplate’sedges.Althoughlessexpectedthesemid-platetremorscandosubstantialdamage.SomeofthebiggestknownexamplesrattledtheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatestwocenturiesago.Todayscientistsarestillpuzzlingoverwhythequakesoccurredandwhensimilaronesmightoccur. TheearthquakethathittheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatestwocenturiesagoisthebiggestmid-plateoneinhistory.
第二篇GrossNationalHappiness Inthelastcenturynewtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.Howeveronecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsiathekingdomofBhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhistfó jiāo culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutanhoweverwasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotreadandtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Thenin1972anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodernbutwithoutlosingitstraditions. KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNatonalProductGNP.TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreasespeoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreasedthekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.TodecideifpeoplewerehappierhecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappinessGNH. GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcareeducationandjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthyprotectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finallypeoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagoodstablegovernment. NowtheseissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Teenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparksandthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadakingithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.FinallyBhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandinternet. Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeopleculturesandland. BrazilmaybethenestcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazilperhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow. Todaymanycountriesare
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
{{*HTML*}}Astheheadmastermadealongspeechtheceremonywasprolongedbytenminutes.
Germs细菌onBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdomdollarsintheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonethingin______51变化:germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover100years.Attheturnofthe20th______52someresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrency______53onecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegermpopulationsfoundonbillsofdifferent______54. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhichcomparedthegermpopulationsfoundonmoney______55from10nations.Thescientistsstudiedl280banknotesintotal;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafes______56thosebusinessesoftenrelyoncash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria---nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthe______57变化---about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnotcauseharm. Whatwecallpapermoney______58变化isn’tmadefrompaper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycotton.Differentcountriesmayusedifferent______59toprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.Othersweremadefrompolymers. Thethree______60withthelowestnumbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. The______61变化currencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.This______62变化suggeststhatgermshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstand______63变化germsliveonmoney---andwhetherornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwill______64theamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefactremainsPapermoney______65变化germs.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;Afterallyouneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit.
Germs细菌onBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdomdollarsintheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonethingin______51变化:germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover100years.Attheturnofthe20th______52someresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrency______53onecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegermpopulationsfoundonbillsofdifferent______54. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhichcomparedthegermpopulationsfoundonmoney______55from10nations.Thescientistsstudiedl280banknotesintotal;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafes______56thosebusinessesoftenrelyoncash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria---nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthe______57变化---about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnotcauseharm. Whatwecallpapermoney______58变化isn’tmadefrompaper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycotton.Differentcountriesmayusedifferent______59toprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.Othersweremadefrompolymers. Thethree______60withthelowestnumbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. The______61变化currencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.This______62变化suggeststhatgermshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstand______63变化germsliveonmoney---andwhetherornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwill______64theamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefactremainsPapermoney______65变化germs.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;Afterallyouneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit.
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
{{*HTML*}}Youmusttrytowipeoutthememoryofthesehorribleevents.
第二篇GrossNationalHappiness Inthelastcenturynewtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.Howeveronecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsiathekingdomofBhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhistfó jiāo culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutanhoweverwasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotreadandtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Thenin1972anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodernbutwithoutlosingitstraditions. KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNatonalProductGNP.TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreasespeoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreasedthekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.TodecideifpeoplewerehappierhecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappinessGNH. GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcareeducationandjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthyprotectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finallypeoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagoodstablegovernment. NowtheseissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Teenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparksandthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadakingithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.FinallyBhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandinternet. Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeopleculturesandland. BrazilmaybethenestcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazilperhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow. AcountryshowsitsprogresswithGNPby
第二篇GrossNationalHappiness Inthelastcenturynewtechnologyimprovedthelivesofmanypeopleinmanycountries.Howeveronecountryresistedthesechanges.HighintheHimalayanmountainsofAsiathekingdomofBhutanremainedseparate.ItspeopleandBuddhistfó jiāo culturehadnotbeenaffectedforalmostathousandyears.Bhutanhoweverwasapoorcountry.Peoplediedatayoungage.Mostofitspeoplecouldnotreadandtheydidnotknowmuchabouttheoutsideworld.Thenin1972anewrulernamedKingJigmeSingyeWangchuckdecidedtohelpBhutantobecomemodernbutwithoutlosingitstraditions. KingWangchucklookedatothercountriesforideas.HesawthatmostcountriesmeasuredtheirprogressbytheirGrossNatonalProductGNP.TheGNPmeasuresproductsandmoney.Whenthenumberofproductssoldincreasespeoplesaythecountryismakingprogress.KingWangchuckhadadifferentideaforBhutan.Hewantedtomeasurehiscountry’sprogressbypeople’shappiness.Ifthepeople’shappinessincreasedthekingcouldsaythatBhutanwasmakingprogress.TodecideifpeoplewerehappierhecreatedameasurecalledGrossNationalHappinessGNH. GNHisbasedoncertainprinciplesthatcreatehappiness.Peoplearehappieriftheyhavehealthcareeducationandjobs.Theyarehappierwhentheyliveinahealthyprotectedenvironment.Theyarehappierwhentheycankeeptheirtraditionalcultureandcustoms.Finallypeoplearehappierwhentheyhaveagoodstablegovernment. NowtheseissomeevidenceofincreasedGNHinBhutan.Peoplearehealthierandarelivinglonger.Morepeopleareeducatedandemployed.Teenty-fivepercentofthelandhasbecomenationalparksandthecountryhasalmostnopollution.TheBhutanesecontinuetoweartheirtraditionalclothingandfollowtheirancientBuddhistcustoms.Bhutanhasalsobecomeademocracy.In2008KingWangchuckgavehispowertohisson.Althoughthecountrystillhadakingithelditsfirstdemocraticelectionsthatyear.Bhutanhadpoliticalpartiesandpoliticalcandidatesforthefirsttime.FinallyBhutanhasconnectedtotherestoftheworldthroughtelevisionandinternet. Bhutanisasymbolforsocialprogress.ManycountriesarenowinterestedinBhutan’sGNH.Thesecountriesareinvestigatingtheirownwaystomeasurehappiness.Theywanttocreatenewpoliciesthattakecareoftheirpeopleculturesandland. BrazilmaybethenestcountrytousetheprinciplesofGNH.BrazilianleadersseetheprinciplesofGNHasasourceofinspiration.Brazilisalargecountrywithadiversepopulation.IfhappinessworksasameasureofprogressinBrazilperhapstherestoftheworldwillfollow. WhowasJigmeSingyeWangchuck?
{{*HTML*}}Herbehaviourisextremelychildish.
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
第一篇ActiveGallery:ThebestofBionics仿生学 Humansmightbethemosthighly-evolvedspeciesontheplanetbutmostanimalspossessskillswecanonlydreamofhaving.Imaginehowmuchelectricitywecouldsaveifwecouldseeinthedarkthewaycatsdo.Imagineleapingfromtreetotreelikeamonkey.Giraffes长颈鹿whichareotherwisecalmandgood-naturedsleeponly4.6hoursaday. Werealizedalonglongtimeagothatnatureprovidesthebestblueprint蓝图forinvention.We’veborrowedcanalsfrombeavers河狸andreflectorsfromcat’seyes.Althoughthewordsbionicsbecamepopularonlyafterthe1960shistoryshowsthatnaturehasalwaysprovidedideasonsolvingeverydayproblems.Ourarchives档案don’tgobacktothetimeofLeonardodaVinciandhisbird-likeflyingmachinesbutwecantakeyoutothelate19thcenturywhereweappliedthosesameprinciplesforbuildingourfirstpracticalairplanes. TopreparefortheirflightatKittyHawktheWrightbrothersstudiedthemovementsofpigeonstofigureouthowtheystayedhighupwhentheywereheavierthanair.Theirsuccessinspiredscoresofsuccessorstoimproveontheairplanebystudyingvariousaspectsofnature.OneofOrvilleWright’spupilscaughtandstuffedseagullstoexaminetheirwingspan.MeanwhiletwoFrenchinventorsexaminedspinningsycamore梧桐seedsinanefforttoapplythosesamemotionsreversedtoahelicopter. Someexamplesaremoreobviousthanothers.TheoutsideoftheairplanedesignedbytheWrightbrotherslookslikeaminimalistic简单抽象艺术structure.OntheotherhandBarneyConnett’sfishsubmarine潜水艇actuallylookslikeafish. Somebio-inspiredconceptshaveyettobeinvented.Inthe1960stheUSArmycommissionedseveraluniversityprofessorstoconductresearchonthemotorskillsanimalsinhopeofapplyingthosesameabilitiestotanks.Tanksthatrunlikehorsesorjumplikegrasshoppers蚂蚱-soundsshockingdoesn’tit?Butimaginehowlifewouldchangeifwecouldachievethat. WhichofthefollowingintrueabouttheresearchcarriedoutbytheUSArmy?
{{*HTML*}}Nothingwouldinducemetovoteforhimagain.
第三篇LifeFormFoundonSaturn’sTitan ScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlifeontheSaturn’smoon.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagencyNASAanalyzeddatafromspacecraftCassiniwhichpointedtotheexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn’sbiggestmoon. ScientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsarebreathinginTitan’sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen. TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan’splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.ThistheysaypointstotheexistenceofsomebugsconsumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth. Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit’stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitansimilartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarthsaysNASAscientistChrisMcKay.Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflifeitwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth. Todatescientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywherethoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitanwheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvinminus290degreesFahrenheitamethane-basedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocessesbutnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan’ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit. ScientistshadexpectedtheSun’sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan’ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface. TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan’ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanationsaidMarkAllenaprincipalinvestigatoroftheNASATitanteam. Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed.Allensaid.Wehavealotofworktodotoruleoutpossiblenon-biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocesswithoutbiologycanexplaintheseresults. ItcanbeinferredfromMarkAllen’saddressthat
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
{{*HTML*}}Heworkedsohardthateventuallyhefellill.
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
EasternQuakesCanTriggerBigShakes InthefirstweekofNovember2011peopleincentralOklahomaexperiencedmorethantwodozenearthquakes.Thelargestamagnitude5.6quakeshookthousandsoffansinacollegefootballstadiumcausedcracksinafewbuildingsandrattledthenervesofmanypeoplewhohadneverfeltaquakebefore.Oklahomaisnotanareaofthecountryfamousforitsquakes.IfyouwatchthenewsonTVyouseereportsaboutallsortsofnaturaldisasters—hurricanestornadoesfloodingandwildfirestonameafew.Butthemostdangeroustypeofnaturaldisasterandalsothemostunpredictableistheearthquake. ResearchersattheU.S.GeologicalSurveyestimatethatseveralmillionearthquakesrattletheglobeeachyear.Thatmaysoundscarybutpeopledon’tfeelmanyofthetremorsbecausetheyhappeninremoteandunpopulatedregions.Manyquakeshappenundertheoceanandothershaveaverysmallmagnitudeorshakingintensity. Amagnitude5.8earthquakethatstruckcentralVirginiatheafternoonofAugust232011wasfeltfromcentralGeorgiatosoutheasternCanada.InmanyurbanareasincludingWashingtonD.C.andNewYorkCityWallStreetshownpeoplecrowdedthestreetswhileengineersinspectedbuildings. Scientistsknowaboutsmallremotequakesonlybecauseofverysensitiveelectronicdevicescalledseismometers.Thesedevicesdetectandmeasurethesizeofgroundvibrationsproducedbyearthquakes.AltogetherUSGSresearchersuseseismometerstoidentifyandlocateabout20000earthquakeseachyear. Althoughearthquakescanhappenanywhereintheworldreallybigquakesoccuronlyincertainareas.Thelargestonesregisteramagnitude8orhigherandhappenonaverageonlyonceeachyear.SuchbigonestypicallyoccuralongtheedgesofEarth’stectonicplates. TectonicplatesarehugepiecesofEarth’scrustsometimesmanykilometersthick.Theseplatescoverourplanet’ssurfacelikeajigsawpuzzle.Oftenjaggededgesoftheseplatestemporarilylocktogether.Whenplatesjostleandscrapepasteachotherearthquakesoccur.Onaveragetectonicplatesmoveveryslowly—aboutthesamespeedasyourfingernailsgrow. Butsometimesearthquakesrumblethroughportionsofthelandscapefarfromaplate’sedges.Althoughlessexpectedthesemid-platetremorscandosubstantialdamage.SomeofthebiggestknownexamplesrattledtheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatestwocenturiesago.Todayscientistsarestillpuzzlingoverwhythequakesoccurredandwhensimilaronesmightoccur. Oklahomaisanareaoftenexperiencingnaturaldisasters.
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
第三篇LifeFormFoundonSaturn’sTitan ScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlifeontheSaturn’smoon.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagencyNASAanalyzeddatafromspacecraftCassiniwhichpointedtotheexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn’sbiggestmoon. ScientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsarebreathinginTitan’sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen. TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan’splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.ThistheysaypointstotheexistenceofsomebugsconsumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth. Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit’stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitansimilartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarthsaysNASAscientistChrisMcKay.Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflifeitwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth. Todatescientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywherethoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitanwheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvinminus290degreesFahrenheitamethane-basedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocessesbutnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan’ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit. ScientistshadexpectedtheSun’sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan’ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface. TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan’ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanationsaidMarkAllenaprincipalinvestigatoroftheNASATitanteam. Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed.Allensaid.Wehavealotofworktodotoruleoutpossiblenon-biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocesswithoutbiologycanexplaintheseresults. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutTitanistrue?
{{*HTML*}}Maryhasderivedagooddealofbenefitfromherjob.
{{*HTML*}}Ouraimwastoupdatethehealthserviceandwesucceeded.
第一篇ActiveGallery:ThebestofBionics仿生学 Humansmightbethemosthighly-evolvedspeciesontheplanetbutmostanimalspossessskillswecanonlydreamofhaving.Imaginehowmuchelectricitywecouldsaveifwecouldseeinthedarkthewaycatsdo.Imagineleapingfromtreetotreelikeamonkey.Giraffes长颈鹿whichareotherwisecalmandgood-naturedsleeponly4.6hoursaday. Werealizedalonglongtimeagothatnatureprovidesthebestblueprint蓝图forinvention.We’veborrowedcanalsfrombeavers河狸andreflectorsfromcat’seyes.Althoughthewordsbionicsbecamepopularonlyafterthe1960shistoryshowsthatnaturehasalwaysprovidedideasonsolvingeverydayproblems.Ourarchives档案don’tgobacktothetimeofLeonardodaVinciandhisbird-likeflyingmachinesbutwecantakeyoutothelate19thcenturywhereweappliedthosesameprinciplesforbuildingourfirstpracticalairplanes. TopreparefortheirflightatKittyHawktheWrightbrothersstudiedthemovementsofpigeonstofigureouthowtheystayedhighupwhentheywereheavierthanair.Theirsuccessinspiredscoresofsuccessorstoimproveontheairplanebystudyingvariousaspectsofnature.OneofOrvilleWright’spupilscaughtandstuffedseagullstoexaminetheirwingspan.MeanwhiletwoFrenchinventorsexaminedspinningsycamore梧桐seedsinanefforttoapplythosesamemotionsreversedtoahelicopter. Someexamplesaremoreobviousthanothers.TheoutsideoftheairplanedesignedbytheWrightbrotherslookslikeaminimalistic简单抽象艺术structure.OntheotherhandBarneyConnett’sfishsubmarine潜水艇actuallylookslikeafish. Somebio-inspiredconceptshaveyettobeinvented.Inthe1960stheUSArmycommissionedseveraluniversityprofessorstoconductresearchonthemotorskillsanimalsinhopeofapplyingthosesameabilitiestotanks.Tanksthatrunlikehorsesorjumplikegrasshoppers蚂蚱-soundsshockingdoesn’tit?Butimaginehowlifewouldchangeifwecouldachievethat. Whichofthefollowingcanbefoundinthearchivegallery?
ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeand________51development.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareasespeciallyindevelopingcountrieswilllikelysufferfromthe________52ofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingto________53emissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofound________54tothegrowingcitiesoftheworld.saysRomeroLankao.Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents. Citiesare________55sourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindingshighlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerableandsuggestpolicyinterventions干预thatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term_________56.Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreater__________57fornaturaldisasters.Potentialthreatsassociatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesandprolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat________58pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemore________59inanurbanenvironment.Forexampleaprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofairpollutioncausingwidespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthatmay________60basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroadsareespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsub-standardhousing________61accesstoreliabledrinkingwaterroadsandbasicservices. Localgovernmentsthereforeshouldtakemeasuresto________62theirresidents.Unfortunatelytheytendtomovetowardsrhetoric言辞________63meaningfulresponsesRomeroLankaowrites.Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioning________64.Theydon’temphasizemasstransitandreduceautomobileuse.Infactmanylocalgovernmentsaretakingahands-offapproach.________65sheurgesthemtochangetheiridlepoliciesandtotakestrongstepstopreventtheharmfuleffectsofclimatechangeoncities.
EasternQuakesCanTriggerBigShakes InthefirstweekofNovember2011peopleincentralOklahomaexperiencedmorethantwodozenearthquakes.Thelargestamagnitude5.6quakeshookthousandsoffansinacollegefootballstadiumcausedcracksinafewbuildingsandrattledthenervesofmanypeoplewhohadneverfeltaquakebefore.Oklahomaisnotanareaofthecountryfamousforitsquakes.IfyouwatchthenewsonTVyouseereportsaboutallsortsofnaturaldisasters—hurricanestornadoesfloodingandwildfirestonameafew.Butthemostdangeroustypeofnaturaldisasterandalsothemostunpredictableistheearthquake. ResearchersattheU.S.GeologicalSurveyestimatethatseveralmillionearthquakesrattletheglobeeachyear.Thatmaysoundscarybutpeopledon’tfeelmanyofthetremorsbecausetheyhappeninremoteandunpopulatedregions.Manyquakeshappenundertheoceanandothershaveaverysmallmagnitudeorshakingintensity. Amagnitude5.8earthquakethatstruckcentralVirginiatheafternoonofAugust232011wasfeltfromcentralGeorgiatosoutheasternCanada.InmanyurbanareasincludingWashingtonD.C.andNewYorkCityWallStreetshownpeoplecrowdedthestreetswhileengineersinspectedbuildings. Scientistsknowaboutsmallremotequakesonlybecauseofverysensitiveelectronicdevicescalledseismometers.Thesedevicesdetectandmeasurethesizeofgroundvibrationsproducedbyearthquakes.AltogetherUSGSresearchersuseseismometerstoidentifyandlocateabout20000earthquakeseachyear. Althoughearthquakescanhappenanywhereintheworldreallybigquakesoccuronlyincertainareas.Thelargestonesregisteramagnitude8orhigherandhappenonaverageonlyonceeachyear.SuchbigonestypicallyoccuralongtheedgesofEarth’stectonicplates. TectonicplatesarehugepiecesofEarth’scrustsometimesmanykilometersthick.Theseplatescoverourplanet’ssurfacelikeajigsawpuzzle.Oftenjaggededgesoftheseplatestemporarilylocktogether.Whenplatesjostleandscrapepasteachotherearthquakesoccur.Onaveragetectonicplatesmoveveryslowly—aboutthesamespeedasyourfingernailsgrow. Butsometimesearthquakesrumblethroughportionsofthelandscapefarfromaplate’sedges.Althoughlessexpectedthesemid-platetremorscandosubstantialdamage.SomeofthebiggestknownexamplesrattledtheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStatestwocenturiesago.Todayscientistsarestillpuzzlingoverwhythequakesoccurredandwhensimilaronesmightoccur. Bigearthquakesofamagnitude8orhigherseldomhappenfarfromtheedgesoftectonicplates.
{{*HTML*}}Whenshewasinvitedtodinnershereadilyaccepted.
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