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WhyIndiaNeedsItsDyingVultures ThevulturesinquestionmaylookuglyandthreateningbutthesuddensharpdeclineinthreespeciesofIndia’svulturesisproducingalarmratherthancelebrationanditpresentstheworldwithanewkindofenvironmentalproblem.Thedramatic51invulturenumbersiscausingwidespreaddisruptiontopeoplelivinginthe52areasasthebirds.Itisalsocausingseriouspublichealthproblems53theIndiansub-continent. WhiletheirreputationandappearancemaybeunpleasanttomanyIndiansvultureshave54playedaveryimportantroleinkeepingtownsandvillagesalloverIndia55.Itisbecausetheyfeedondeadcows.InIndiacowsaresacredanimalsandare56leftintheopenwhentheydieintheirthousandsuponthousandseveryyear. Thedisappearanceofthevultureshas57anexplosioninthenumbersofwilddogsfeedingontheremainsofthese58animals.Therearefearsthatrabiesmayincreaseasaresult.Andthisterrifyingdiseasemayultimatelyaffecthumansintheregion59wilddogsareitsmaincarriers.Rabiescouldalsospreadtootheranimalspecies60anevengreaterprobleminthefuture. Theneedforactionis61soanemergencyprojecthasbeenlaunchedtofindasolutiontothisseriousvultureproblem.Scientistsaretryingto62thediseasecausingthebirds’deathsandifpossibledevelopacure. Large-scalevulture63werefirstnoticedattheendofthe1980sinIndia.Apopulationsurveyatthattimeshowedthatthethreespeciesofvultureshaddeclined64over90percent.Allthreespeciesarenowlistedascriticallyendangered.Asmostvultureslayonlysingleeggsand65aboutfiveyearstoreachmaturityreversingtheirpopulationdeclinewillbealonganddifficultexercise.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
第三篇OntheTrailoftheHoneyBadgers OnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesertateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers獾.TheteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpertKitsoKhamatohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly谨慎地aspossiblewithoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsoplannedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputationthiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo. Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimalsespeciallywhentheyseesomethingnewhesays.thatcombinedwiththeirunpredictablenaturecanbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefoodforexampletheywon’tbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.They’reactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumansbutassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindangertheycanbecomeextremelyvicious凶恶的.Fortunatelythisisrarebutitdoeshappen. Theresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpectedhoneybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakesfearedandavoidedbymostotheranimalswerenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprisedhoweverbytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelonsprobablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontent.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey猎物.Theteamalsolearntthatcontrarytopreviousresearchfindingsthebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearchincludingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother. Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallengesincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermalesthereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsourceandmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies. Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeopleitgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatternswhichhadbeendisruptedreturnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadgerastheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.Whatdidtheteamfindoutabouthoneybadgers?
WhyIndiaNeedsItsDyingVultures ThevulturesinquestionmaylookuglyandthreateningbutthesuddensharpdeclineinthreespeciesofIndia’svulturesisproducingalarmratherthancelebrationanditpresentstheworldwithanewkindofenvironmentalproblem.Thedramatic51invulturenumbersiscausingwidespreaddisruptiontopeoplelivinginthe52areasasthebirds.Itisalsocausingseriouspublichealthproblems53theIndiansub-continent. WhiletheirreputationandappearancemaybeunpleasanttomanyIndiansvultureshave54playedaveryimportantroleinkeepingtownsandvillagesalloverIndia55.Itisbecausetheyfeedondeadcows.InIndiacowsaresacredanimalsandare56leftintheopenwhentheydieintheirthousandsuponthousandseveryyear. Thedisappearanceofthevultureshas57anexplosioninthenumbersofwilddogsfeedingontheremainsofthese58animals.Therearefearsthatrabiesmayincreaseasaresult.Andthisterrifyingdiseasemayultimatelyaffecthumansintheregion59wilddogsareitsmaincarriers.Rabiescouldalsospreadtootheranimalspecies60anevengreaterprobleminthefuture. Theneedforactionis61soanemergencyprojecthasbeenlaunchedtofindasolutiontothisseriousvultureproblem.Scientistsaretryingto62thediseasecausingthebirds’deathsandifpossibledevelopacure. Large-scalevulture63werefirstnoticedattheendofthe1980sinIndia.Apopulationsurveyatthattimeshowedthatthethreespeciesofvultureshaddeclined64over90percent.Allthreespeciesarenowlistedascriticallyendangered.Asmostvultureslayonlysingleeggsand65aboutfiveyearstoreachmaturityreversingtheirpopulationdeclinewillbealonganddifficultexercise.
WhyIndiaNeedsItsDyingVultures ThevulturesinquestionmaylookuglyandthreateningbutthesuddensharpdeclineinthreespeciesofIndia’svulturesisproducingalarmratherthancelebrationanditpresentstheworldwithanewkindofenvironmentalproblem.Thedramatic51invulturenumbersiscausingwidespreaddisruptiontopeoplelivinginthe52areasasthebirds.Itisalsocausingseriouspublichealthproblems53theIndiansub-continent. WhiletheirreputationandappearancemaybeunpleasanttomanyIndiansvultureshave54playedaveryimportantroleinkeepingtownsandvillagesalloverIndia55.Itisbecausetheyfeedondeadcows.InIndiacowsaresacredanimalsandare56leftintheopenwhentheydieintheirthousandsuponthousandseveryyear. Thedisappearanceofthevultureshas57anexplosioninthenumbersofwilddogsfeedingontheremainsofthese58animals.Therearefearsthatrabiesmayincreaseasaresult.Andthisterrifyingdiseasemayultimatelyaffecthumansintheregion59wilddogsareitsmaincarriers.Rabiescouldalsospreadtootheranimalspecies60anevengreaterprobleminthefuture. Theneedforactionis61soanemergencyprojecthasbeenlaunchedtofindasolutiontothisseriousvultureproblem.Scientistsaretryingto62thediseasecausingthebirds’deathsandifpossibledevelopacure. Large-scalevulture63werefirstnoticedattheendofthe1980sinIndia.Apopulationsurveyatthattimeshowedthatthethreespeciesofvultureshaddeclined64over90percent.Allthreespeciesarenowlistedascriticallyendangered.Asmostvultureslayonlysingleeggsand65aboutfiveyearstoreachmaturityreversingtheirpopulationdeclinewillbealonganddifficultexercise.
WhyIndiaNeedsItsDyingVultures ThevulturesinquestionmaylookuglyandthreateningbutthesuddensharpdeclineinthreespeciesofIndia’svulturesisproducingalarmratherthancelebrationanditpresentstheworldwithanewkindofenvironmentalproblem.Thedramatic51invulturenumbersiscausingwidespreaddisruptiontopeoplelivinginthe52areasasthebirds.Itisalsocausingseriouspublichealthproblems53theIndiansub-continent. WhiletheirreputationandappearancemaybeunpleasanttomanyIndiansvultureshave54playedaveryimportantroleinkeepingtownsandvillagesalloverIndia55.Itisbecausetheyfeedondeadcows.InIndiacowsaresacredanimalsandare56leftintheopenwhentheydieintheirthousandsuponthousandseveryyear. Thedisappearanceofthevultureshas57anexplosioninthenumbersofwilddogsfeedingontheremainsofthese58animals.Therearefearsthatrabiesmayincreaseasaresult.Andthisterrifyingdiseasemayultimatelyaffecthumansintheregion59wilddogsareitsmaincarriers.Rabiescouldalsospreadtootheranimalspecies60anevengreaterprobleminthefuture. Theneedforactionis61soanemergencyprojecthasbeenlaunchedtofindasolutiontothisseriousvultureproblem.Scientistsaretryingto62thediseasecausingthebirds’deathsandifpossibledevelopacure. Large-scalevulture63werefirstnoticedattheendofthe1980sinIndia.Apopulationsurveyatthattimeshowedthatthethreespeciesofvultureshaddeclined64over90percent.Allthreespeciesarenowlistedascriticallyendangered.Asmostvultureslayonlysingleeggsand65aboutfiveyearstoreachmaturityreversingtheirpopulationdeclinewillbealonganddifficultexercise.
第一篇EnergyandPublicLands TheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasingbothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyproduction. In200032percentofU.S.oil35percentofnaturalgasand37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallandsrepresenting20000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsoestimatedtocontainapproximately68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoverednaturalgas. RevenuesfromfederaloilgasandcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStategovernments.In1999forexample$553millioninoilandgasrevenueswerepaidtotheU.S.Treasuryandnon-Indiancoalleasesaccountedforover$304millioninrevenuesofwhich50percentwerepaidtoStategovernments.Publiclandsalsoplayacriticalroleinenergydelivery.Eachyearfederallandmanagersauthorizerightsofwayfortransmissionlinesrailsystemspipelinesandotherfacilitiesrelatedtoenergyproductionanduse. Alternativeenergyproductionfromfederallandslagsbehindconventionalenergyproductionthoughtheamountisstillsignificant.Forexamplefederalgeothermalresourcesproduceabout7.5billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityperyear47percentofallelectricitygeneratedfromU.S.geothermalenergy.Thereare2960windturbinesonpubliclandsinCaliforniaaloneproducingelectricityforabout300000people.Federalhydropowerfacilitiesproduceabout17percentofallhydropowerproducedintheUnitedStates. BecauseofthegrowingU.S.thirstforenergyandincreasingpublicuneasewithdependenceonforeignoilsourcespressureonthepubliclandstomeetU.S.energydemandsisintensifying.Publiclandsareavailableforenergydevelopmentonlyaftertheyhavebeenevaluatedthroughthelanduseplanningprocess.Ifdevelopmentofenergyresourcesconflictswithmanagementoruseofotherresourcesdevelopmentrestrictionsorimpactmitigationmeasuresmaybeimposedormineralproductionmaybebannedaltogether.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
第二篇PuttingPlantstoWork Usingthepowerofthesunisnothingnew.Peoplehavehadsolar-poweredcalculatorsandbuildingswithsolarpanelsfordecades.Butplantsaretherealexperts:They’vebeenusingsunlightasanenergysourceforbillionsofyears. Cellsinthegreenleavesofplantsworkliketinyfactoriestoconvertsunlightcarbondioxideandwaterintosugarsandstarchesstoredenergythattheplantscanuse.Thisconversionprocessiscalledphotosynthesis.Unfortunatelyunlessyou’reaplantit’sdifficultandexpensivetoconvertsunlightintostorableenergy.That’swhyscientistsaretakingacloserlookatexactlyhowplantsdoit. Somescientistsaretryingtogetplantsorbiologicalcellsthatactlikeplantstoworkasminiaturephotosyntheticpowerstations.ForexampleMariaGhirardioftheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryinGoldenColo.isworkingwithgreenalgae.She’stryingtotrickthemintoproducinghydrogeninsteadofsugarswhentheyperformphotosynthesis.Oncetheresearcherscangetthealgaeworkingefficientlythehydrogenthattheyproducecouldbeusedtopowerfuelcellsincarsortogenerateelectricity. Thealgaearegrowninnarrow-neckedglassbottlestoproducehydrogeninthelab.Duringphotosynthesisplantsnormallymakesugarsorstarches.Butundercertainconditionsalotofalgaeareabletousethesunlightenergynottostorestarchbuttomakehydrogen.Ghirardisays.Forexamplealgaewillproducehydrogeninanairfreeenvironment.It’stheoxygenintheairthatpreventsalgaefrommakinghydrogenmostofthetime. Workinginanairfreeenvironmenthoweverisdifficult.It’snotapracticalwaytoproducecheapenergy.ButGhirardiandhercolleagueshavediscoveredthatbyremovingachemicalcalledsulfatefromtheenvironmentthatthealgaegrowintheywillmakehydrogeninsteadofsugarsevenwhenairispresent. Unfortunatelyremovingthesulfatealsomakesthealgae’scellsworkveryslowlyandnotmuchhydrogenisproduced.Stilltheresearchersseethisasafirststepintheirgoaltoproducehydrogenefficientlyfromalgae.Withmoreworktheymaybeabletospeedthecells’activityandproducelargerquantitiesofhydrogen. Theresearchershopethatalgaewillonedaybeaneasy-to-usefuelsource.TheorganismsarecheaptogetandtofeedGhirardisaysandtheycangrowalmostanywhere:Youcangrowtheminareactorinapond.Youcangrowthemintheocean.There’salotofflexibilityinhowyoucanusetheseorganisms.Scientistsstudyhowphotosynthesisworksbecausetheywantto
第三篇OntheTrailoftheHoneyBadgers OnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesertateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers獾.TheteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpertKitsoKhamatohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly谨慎地aspossiblewithoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsoplannedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputationthiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo. Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimalsespeciallywhentheyseesomethingnewhesays.thatcombinedwiththeirunpredictablenaturecanbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefoodforexampletheywon’tbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.They’reactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumansbutassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindangertheycanbecomeextremelyvicious凶恶的.Fortunatelythisisrarebutitdoeshappen. Theresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpectedhoneybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakesfearedandavoidedbymostotheranimalswerenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprisedhoweverbytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelonsprobablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontent.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey猎物.Theteamalsolearntthatcontrarytopreviousresearchfindingsthebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearchincludingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother. Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallengesincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermalesthereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsourceandmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies. Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeopleitgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatternswhichhadbeendisruptedreturnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadgerastheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.Whathappenedwhenhoneybadgersgotusedtohumansaroundthem?
Rumorsbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialproblems.
ComeoutorI’llbustthedoordown.
Therewassomethingpeculiarinthewayhesmiles.
Thepolicewillneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaoftown.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
第二篇PuttingPlantstoWork Usingthepowerofthesunisnothingnew.Peoplehavehadsolar-poweredcalculatorsandbuildingswithsolarpanelsfordecades.Butplantsaretherealexperts:They’vebeenusingsunlightasanenergysourceforbillionsofyears. Cellsinthegreenleavesofplantsworkliketinyfactoriestoconvertsunlightcarbondioxideandwaterintosugarsandstarchesstoredenergythattheplantscanuse.Thisconversionprocessiscalledphotosynthesis.Unfortunatelyunlessyou’reaplantit’sdifficultandexpensivetoconvertsunlightintostorableenergy.That’swhyscientistsaretakingacloserlookatexactlyhowplantsdoit. Somescientistsaretryingtogetplantsorbiologicalcellsthatactlikeplantstoworkasminiaturephotosyntheticpowerstations.ForexampleMariaGhirardioftheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryinGoldenColo.isworkingwithgreenalgae.She’stryingtotrickthemintoproducinghydrogeninsteadofsugarswhentheyperformphotosynthesis.Oncetheresearcherscangetthealgaeworkingefficientlythehydrogenthattheyproducecouldbeusedtopowerfuelcellsincarsortogenerateelectricity. Thealgaearegrowninnarrow-neckedglassbottlestoproducehydrogeninthelab.Duringphotosynthesisplantsnormallymakesugarsorstarches.Butundercertainconditionsalotofalgaeareabletousethesunlightenergynottostorestarchbuttomakehydrogen.Ghirardisays.Forexamplealgaewillproducehydrogeninanairfreeenvironment.It’stheoxygenintheairthatpreventsalgaefrommakinghydrogenmostofthetime. Workinginanairfreeenvironmenthoweverisdifficult.It’snotapracticalwaytoproducecheapenergy.ButGhirardiandhercolleagueshavediscoveredthatbyremovingachemicalcalledsulfatefromtheenvironmentthatthealgaegrowintheywillmakehydrogeninsteadofsugarsevenwhenairispresent. Unfortunatelyremovingthesulfatealsomakesthealgae’scellsworkveryslowlyandnotmuchhydrogenisproduced.Stilltheresearchersseethisasafirststepintheirgoaltoproducehydrogenefficientlyfromalgae.Withmoreworktheymaybeabletospeedthecells’activityandproducelargerquantitiesofhydrogen. Theresearchershopethatalgaewillonedaybeaneasy-to-usefuelsource.TheorganismsarecheaptogetandtofeedGhirardisaysandtheycangrowalmostanywhere:Youcangrowtheminareactorinapond.Youcangrowthemintheocean.There’salotofflexibilityinhowyoucanusetheseorganisms.Researchersfinditdifficulttomakealgaeproducehydrogenefficientlybecause
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
第一篇EnergyandPublicLands TheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasingbothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyproduction. In200032percentofU.S.oil35percentofnaturalgasand37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallandsrepresenting20000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsoestimatedtocontainapproximately68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoverednaturalgas. RevenuesfromfederaloilgasandcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStategovernments.In1999forexample$553millioninoilandgasrevenueswerepaidtotheU.S.Treasuryandnon-Indiancoalleasesaccountedforover$304millioninrevenuesofwhich50percentwerepaidtoStategovernments.Publiclandsalsoplayacriticalroleinenergydelivery.Eachyearfederallandmanagersauthorizerightsofwayfortransmissionlinesrailsystemspipelinesandotherfacilitiesrelatedtoenergyproductionanduse. Alternativeenergyproductionfromfederallandslagsbehindconventionalenergyproductionthoughtheamountisstillsignificant.Forexamplefederalgeothermalresourcesproduceabout7.5billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityperyear47percentofallelectricitygeneratedfromU.S.geothermalenergy.Thereare2960windturbinesonpubliclandsinCaliforniaaloneproducingelectricityforabout300000people.Federalhydropowerfacilitiesproduceabout17percentofallhydropowerproducedintheUnitedStates. BecauseofthegrowingU.S.thirstforenergyandincreasingpublicuneasewithdependenceonforeignoilsourcespressureonthepubliclandstomeetU.S.energydemandsisintensifying.Publiclandsareavailableforenergydevelopmentonlyaftertheyhavebeenevaluatedthroughthelanduseplanningprocess.Ifdevelopmentofenergyresourcesconflictswithmanagementoruseofotherresourcesdevelopmentrestrictionsorimpactmitigationmeasuresmaybeimposedormineralproductionmaybebannedaltogether.Publiclandscanbeusedforenergydevelopmentwhen
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
Shecameacrossthreechildrensleepingunderabridge.
Itseemsincrediblethathehadbeenthereaweekalready.
第一篇EnergyandPublicLands TheUnitedStatesboastssubstantialenergyresources.FederallandsprovideagooddealofU.S.energyproduction;theU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriormanagesfederalenergyleasingbothonlandandontheoffshoreOuterContinentalShelf.Productionfromthesesourcesamountstonearly30percentoftotalannualU.S.energyproduction. In200032percentofU.S.oil35percentofnaturalgasand37percentofcoalwereproducedfromfederallandsrepresenting20000producingoilandgasleasesand135producingcoalleases.Federallandsarealsoestimatedtocontainapproximately68percentofallundiscoveredU.S.oilreservesand74percentofundiscoverednaturalgas. RevenuesfromfederaloilgasandcoalleasingprovidesignificantreturnstoU.S.taxpayersaswellasStategovernments.In1999forexample$553millioninoilandgasrevenueswerepaidtotheU.S.Treasuryandnon-Indiancoalleasesaccountedforover$304millioninrevenuesofwhich50percentwerepaidtoStategovernments.Publiclandsalsoplayacriticalroleinenergydelivery.Eachyearfederallandmanagersauthorizerightsofwayfortransmissionlinesrailsystemspipelinesandotherfacilitiesrelatedtoenergyproductionanduse. Alternativeenergyproductionfromfederallandslagsbehindconventionalenergyproductionthoughtheamountisstillsignificant.Forexamplefederalgeothermalresourcesproduceabout7.5billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricityperyear47percentofallelectricitygeneratedfromU.S.geothermalenergy.Thereare2960windturbinesonpubliclandsinCaliforniaaloneproducingelectricityforabout300000people.Federalhydropowerfacilitiesproduceabout17percentofallhydropowerproducedintheUnitedStates. BecauseofthegrowingU.S.thirstforenergyandincreasingpublicuneasewithdependenceonforeignoilsourcespressureonthepubliclandstomeetU.S.energydemandsisintensifying.Publiclandsareavailableforenergydevelopmentonlyaftertheyhavebeenevaluatedthroughthelanduseplanningprocess.Ifdevelopmentofenergyresourcesconflictswithmanagementoruseofotherresourcesdevelopmentrestrictionsorimpactmitigationmeasuresmaybeimposedormineralproductionmaybebannedaltogether.GeothermalresourceswindturbinesandhydropowerfacilitiesinParagraph4arecitedasexamplestoillustratethat
Theseanimalsmigratesouthannuallyinsearchoffood.
GiantStructures Itisanimpossibletasktoselectthemostamazingwondersofthemodernworldsinceeveryyearmore51constructionsappear.Herearethreegiantstructureswhichareworthyofouradmiration52theymayhavebeensurpassedbysomemorerecentwonders. ThePetronasTwinTowers ThePetronasTowerswerethetallestbuildingsintheworldwhentheywerecompletedin1999.53aheightof452metresthetalltwintowersliketwothinpencilsdominatethecityofKualaLumpur.Atthe41stfloorthetowersare54byabridgesymbolizingagatewaytothecity.TheAmericanarchitectCesarPellidesignedtheskyscrapers. Constructedofhigh-strengthconcretethebuilding55around1800squaremetresofofficespaceoneveryfloor.Andithasashoppingcentreandaconcerthallatthebase.Other56ofthisimpressivebuildingincludedouble-deckerliftsandglassandsteelsunshades. TheMillauBridge TheMillauBridgewasopenedin2004intheTarnValleyinsouthernFrance.Atthe57itwasbuiltitwastheworld’shighestbridge58over340matthehighestpoint.Thebridgeisdescribedasoneofthemostamazinglybeautifulbridgesintheworld.Itwasbuiltto59Millau’scongestionproblems.ThecongestionwasthencausedbytrafficpassingfromParistoBarcelonainSpain.Thebridgewasbuilttowithstandthe60extremeseismicandclimaticconditions.Besidesitisguaranteedfor120years! TheItaipuDam TheItaipuhydroelectricpowerplantisoneofthelargestconstructionsofitskindintheworld.It61ofaseriesofdamsacrosstheRiverParana62formsanaturalborderbetweenBrazilandParaguay.Startedin1975andtaking16yearstocompletetheconstructionwascarriedoutasajointprojectbetweenthetwo63.Thedamiswell-knownforbothitselectricityoutputanditssize.In1995itproduced78%ofParaguay’sand25%ofBrazil’s64needs.Initsconstructiontheamountofironandsteelusedwasequivalenttoover300EiffelTowers.Itisa65amazingwonderofengineering.
第三篇OntheTrailoftheHoneyBadgers OnarecentfieldtriptotheKalahariDesertateamofresearcherslearntalotmoreabouthoneybadgers獾.TheteamemployedalocalwildlifeexpertKitsoKhamatohelpthemlocateandfollowthebadgersacrossthedesert.Theirmainaimwastostudythebadgers’movementsandbehaviourasdiscreetly谨慎地aspossiblewithoutfrighteningthemawayorcausingthemtochangetheirnaturalbehaviour.Theyalsoplannedtotrapafewandstudythemcloseupbeforereleasingthem.Inviewoftheanimal’sreputationthiswassomethingthatevenKhamawasreluctanttodo. Theproblemwithhoneybadgersistheyarenaturallycuriousanimalsespeciallywhentheyseesomethingnewhesays.thatcombinedwiththeirunpredictablenaturecanbeadangerousmixture.Iftheysenseyouhavefoodforexampletheywon’tbeshyaboutcomingrightuptoyouforsomethingtoeat.They’reactuallyquitesociablecreaturesaroundhumansbutassoonastheyfeeltheymightbeindangertheycanbecomeextremelyvicious凶恶的.Fortunatelythisisrarebutitdoeshappen. Theresearchconfirmedmanythingsthatwerealreadyknown.Asexpectedhoneybadgersateanycreaturestheycouldcatchandkill.Evenpoisonoussnakesfearedandavoidedbymostotheranimalswerenotsafefromthem.Theresearchersweresurprisedhoweverbytheanimal’sfondnessforlocalmelonsprobablybecauseoftheirhighwatercontent.Previouslyresearchersthoughtthattheanimalgotallofitsliquidrequirementsfromitsprey猎物.Theteamalsolearntthatcontrarytopreviousresearchfindingsthebadgersoccasionallyformedloosefamilygroups.Theywerealsoabletoconfirmcertainresultsfrompreviousresearchincludingthefatthatfemalebadgersneversocializedwitheachother. Followingsomeofthemalebadgerswasachallengesincetheycancoverlargedistancesinashortspaceoftime.Somehuntingterritoriescovermorethan500squarekilometers.Althoughtheyseemhappytosharetheseterritorieswithothermalesthereareoccasionalfightsoveranimportantfoodsourceandmalebadgerscanbeasaggressivetowardseachotherastheyaretowardsotherspecies. Asthebadgersbecameaccustomedtothepresenceofpeopleitgavetheteamthechancetogetupclosetothemwithoutbeingthesubjectoftheanimal’scuriosity—ortheirsuddenaggression.Thebadgers’eatingpatternswhichhadbeendisruptedreturnedtonormal.Italsoallowedtheteamtoobservemorecloselysomeoftheothercreaturesthatformworkingassociationswiththehoneybadgerastheseseemstoadoptthebadgers’relaxedattitudewhennearhumans.WhydidthewildlifeexpertsvisittheKalahariDesert?
WideWorldofRobots Engineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker修补withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.They’rethebesttoysouttheresaysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisaroboticsapersonwhodesignsbuildsorprogramsrobots. WhenChosetwasakidhewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—carstrainsanimals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Laterinhighschoolhebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars. Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset’slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackwardleftandright.Butsnakescantwist扭曲inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain地形.SnakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecarsChosetconcluded. AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellonChosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset’steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon’tsuchasrolling.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldcrawl爬行throughthegrassswiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole. ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeriesthedoctorhastoopenapatient’schestcuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake? ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenatiaheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchooltoinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs. AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople. Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam’screationsIstilldon’tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobotsChosetsays.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldmakemoremovementsthantheonesothersdeveloped.
WideWorldofRobots Engineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker修补withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.They’rethebesttoysouttheresaysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisaroboticsapersonwhodesignsbuildsorprogramsrobots. WhenChosetwasakidhewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—carstrainsanimals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Laterinhighschoolhebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars. Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset’slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackwardleftandright.Butsnakescantwist扭曲inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain地形.SnakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecarsChosetconcluded. AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellonChosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset’steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon’tsuchasrolling.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldcrawl爬行throughthegrassswiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole. ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeriesthedoctorhastoopenapatient’schestcuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake? ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenatiaheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchooltoinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs. AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople. Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam’screationsIstilldon’tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobotsChosetsays.Snakerobotscouldmoveinonlyfourdirections.
WideWorldofRobots Engineerswhobuildandprogramrobotshavefascinatingjobs.Theseresearcherstinker修补withmachinesinthelabandwritecomputersoftwaretocontrolthesedevices.They’rethebesttoysouttheresaysHowieChosetatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.Chosetisaroboticsapersonwhodesignsbuildsorprogramsrobots. WhenChosetwasakidhewasinterestedinanythingthatmoved—carstrainsanimals.HeputmotorsonTinkertoycarstomakethemmove.Laterinhighschoolhebuiltmobilerobotssimilartosmallcars. Hopingtocontinueworkingonrobotshestudiedcomputerscienceincollege.ButwhenhegottograduateschoolattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadenaChoset’slabmateswereworkingonsomethingevencoolerthanremotelycontrolledcars:roboticsnakes.Somerobotscanmoveonlyforwardbackwardleftandright.Butsnakescantwist扭曲inmanydirectionsandtraveloveralotofdifferenttypesofterrain地形.SnakesarefarmoreinterestingthanthecarsChosetconcluded. AfterhestartedworkingatCarnegieMellonChosetandhiscolleaguestherebegandevelopingtheirownsnakerobots.Choset’steamprogrammedrobotstoperformthesamemovementsasrealsnakessuchasslidingandinchingforward.Therobotsalsomovedinwaysthatsnakesusuallydon’tsuchasrolling.Choset’ssnakerobotscouldcrawl爬行throughthegrassswiminapondandevenclimbaflagpole. ButChosetwonderedifhissnakesmightbeusefulformedicineaswell.Forsomeheartsurgeriesthedoctorhastoopenapatient’schestcuttingthroughthebreastbone.Recoveringfromthesesurgeriescanbeverypainful.Whatifthedoctorcouldperformtheoperationbyinsteadmakingasmallholeinthebodyandsendinginathinroboticsnake? ChosetteamedupwithMarcoZenatiaheartsurgeonnowatHarvardMedicalSchooltoinvestigatetheidea.Zenatipracticedusingtherobotonaplasticmodelofthechestandthentestedtherobotinpigs. AcompanycalledMedroboticsinBostonisnowadaptingthetechnologyforsurgeriesonpeople. Evenafter15yearsofworkingwithhisteam’screationsIstilldon’tgetboredofwatchingthemotionofmyrobotsChosetsays.Zenatitestedtherobotonpeopleafterusingitinpigs.
WhyIndiaNeedsItsDyingVultures ThevulturesinquestionmaylookuglyandthreateningbutthesuddensharpdeclineinthreespeciesofIndia’svulturesisproducingalarmratherthancelebrationanditpresentstheworldwithanewkindofenvironmentalproblem.Thedramatic51invulturenumbersiscausingwidespreaddisruptiontopeoplelivinginthe52areasasthebirds.Itisalsocausingseriouspublichealthproblems53theIndiansub-continent. WhiletheirreputationandappearancemaybeunpleasanttomanyIndiansvultureshave54playedaveryimportantroleinkeepingtownsandvillagesalloverIndia55.Itisbecausetheyfeedondeadcows.InIndiacowsaresacredanimalsandare56leftintheopenwhentheydieintheirthousandsuponthousandseveryyear. Thedisappearanceofthevultureshas57anexplosioninthenumbersofwilddogsfeedingontheremainsofthese58animals.Therearefearsthatrabiesmayincreaseasaresult.Andthisterrifyingdiseasemayultimatelyaffecthumansintheregion59wilddogsareitsmaincarriers.Rabiescouldalsospreadtootheranimalspecies60anevengreaterprobleminthefuture. Theneedforactionis61soanemergencyprojecthasbeenlaunchedtofindasolutiontothisseriousvultureproblem.Scientistsaretryingto62thediseasecausingthebirds’deathsandifpossibledevelopacure. Large-scalevulture63werefirstnoticedattheendofthe1980sinIndia.Apopulationsurveyatthattimeshowedthatthethreespeciesofvultureshaddeclined64over90percent.Allthreespeciesarenowlistedascriticallyendangered.Asmostvultureslayonlysingleeggsand65aboutfiveyearstoreachmaturityreversingtheirpopulationdeclinewillbealonganddifficultexercise.
Hepausedwaitingforhertodigesttheinformation.
WhyIndiaNeedsItsDyingVultures ThevulturesinquestionmaylookuglyandthreateningbutthesuddensharpdeclineinthreespeciesofIndia’svulturesisproducingalarmratherthancelebrationanditpresentstheworldwithanewkindofenvironmentalproblem.Thedramatic51invulturenumbersiscausingwidespreaddisruptiontopeoplelivinginthe52areasasthebirds.Itisalsocausingseriouspublichealthproblems53theIndiansub-continent. WhiletheirreputationandappearancemaybeunpleasanttomanyIndiansvultureshave54playedaveryimportantroleinkeepingtownsandvillagesalloverIndia55.Itisbecausetheyfeedondeadcows.InIndiacowsaresacredanimalsandare56leftintheopenwhentheydieintheirthousandsuponthousandseveryyear. Thedisappearanceofthevultureshas57anexplosioninthenumbersofwilddogsfeedingontheremainsofthese58animals.Therearefearsthatrabiesmayincreaseasaresult.Andthisterrifyingdiseasemayultimatelyaffecthumansintheregion59wilddogsareitsmaincarriers.Rabiescouldalsospreadtootheranimalspecies60anevengreaterprobleminthefuture. Theneedforactionis61soanemergencyprojecthasbeenlaunchedtofindasolutiontothisseriousvultureproblem.Scientistsaretryingto62thediseasecausingthebirds’deathsandifpossibledevelopacure. Large-scalevulture63werefirstnoticedattheendofthe1980sinIndia.Apopulationsurveyatthattimeshowedthatthethreespeciesofvultureshaddeclined64over90percent.Allthreespeciesarenowlistedascriticallyendangered.Asmostvultureslayonlysingleeggsand65aboutfiveyearstoreachmaturityreversingtheirpopulationdeclinewillbealonganddifficultexercise.
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