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The most prominent characteristic of handwriting is undoubtedly letter formation and slant（ ）.
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SugarPowerforCellPhonesUsingenzymescommonlyfoundinlivingcellsanewtypeoffuelcellproducessmallamountsofelectricityfromsugar.Ifthetechnologyisabletosucceedinmassproductionyoumaysomedayshareyoursweetdrinkswithyourcellphone.Infuelcellschemicalreactionsgenerateelectricalcurrents.Theprocessusuallyreliesonpreciousmetalssuchasplatinum.Inlivingcellsenzymesperformasimilarjobbreakingdownsugarstoobtainelectronsandproduceenergy.WhenresearcherspreviouslyusedenzymesinfuelcellstheyhadtroublekeepingthemactivesaysShelleyD.MinteerofStLouisUniversity.Whereasbiologicalcellscontinuallyproducefreshenzymesthere’snomechanisminfuelcellstoreplaceenzymesastheyquicklydegrade.MinteerandTamaraKlotzbachalsoofStLouisUniversityhavenowdevelopedpolymersthatwraparoundanenzymeandpreserveitinamicroscopicpocket.WetailorthesepocketstoprovidetheidealmicroenvironmentfortheenzymeMinteersays.Thepolymerskeeptheenzymeactiveformonthsinsteadofdays.Inthenewfuelcelltinypolymerbagsofenzymeareembeddedinamembranethatcoatsoneoftheelectrodes.Whenglucosefromasugaryliquidgetsintoapockettheenzymeoxidizesitreleasingelectronsandprotons.Theelectronscrossthemembraneandenterawirethroughwhichtheytraveltotheotherelectrodewheretheyreactwithoxygenintheatmospheretoproducewater.Theflowofelectronsthroughthewireconstitutesanelectricalcurrentthatcangeneratepower.Sofarthenewfuelcellsdon’tproducemuchpowerbutthefactthattheyworkatallisexcitingsaysPaulKenisachemicalengineerattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrhana-Champaign.JustgettingittoworkKenissaysisamajoraccomplishment.Sugar-eatingfuelcellscouldbeanefficientwaytomakeelectricity.Sugariseasytofind.Andthenewfuelcellsthatrunonitarebiodegradablesothetechnologywouldn’thurttheenvironment.Thescientistsarenowtryingtousedifferentenzymesthatwillgetmorepowerfromsugar.Theypredictthatpopularproductsmaybeusingthenewtechnologyinaslittleas3years.Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhencanweshareoursweetdrinkswithourcellphones
Asanassistantinashopshetriestobecourteousatalltimesevenwhensheisverytired.
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 59
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 53
AGreatQuakeComingEveryonewholivesinSanFranciscoknowsthatearthquakesarecommonintheBayArea--andtheycanbedevastating．In1906forexampleamajorquakedestroyedabout28000buildingsandkilledhundredsperhapsthousandsofpeople．ResidentsnowwonderwhenthenextBigOnewillstrike．It’sboundtohappensomeday．Atleastsevenactivefault断层linesrunthroughtheSanFranciscoarea．FaultsareplaceswherepiecesofEarth’scrust地壳slidepasteachother．Whenthesepiecesslipthegroundshakes．Toprepareforthatdayscientistsareusingnewtechniquestoreanalyzethe1906earthquakeandpredicthowbadthedamagemightbewhenthenextonehappens．Onenewfindingaboutthe1906quakeisthattheSanAndreasfaultsplitapartfasterthanscientistshadassumedatthetime．Duringsmallearthquakesfaultsrupture断裂atabout2.7kilometerspersecond．Duringbiggerquakeshowever．rupturescanhappenatratesfasterthan3.5kilometerspersecond．Atsuchhighspeedsmassiveamountsofpressurebuildupgeneratingundergroundwavesthatcancausemoredamagethanthequakeitself．LuckyforSanFranciscothesepressurepulses脉冲traveledawayfromthecityduringthe1906event．Asbadasthedamagewasitcouldhavebeenfarworse．Lookingahead．scientistsaretryingtopredictwhenthenextmajorquakewilloccur．Recordsshowthatearthquakeswerecommonbefore1906．Sincethentheareahasbeenrelativelyquiet．PatternsinthedatahoweversuggestthattheprobabilityofamajorearthquakestrikingtheBayAreabefore2032isatleast62percent．NewbuildingsinSanFranciscoarequitesafeincaseoffuturequakes．Stillmorethan84percentofthecity’sbuildingsareoldandweak．Analysessuggestthatanothermassiveearthquakewouldcauseextensivedamage．PeoplewholivetheretodaytendtofeelsafebecauseSanFranciscohasremainedprettyquietforawhile．Accordingtothenewresearchhowever．it’snotamatterofiftheBigOnewillhit．It’sjustamatterofwhen．SanFranciscoisfullypreparedforanotherbigearthquake．
PlantGas Scientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment. Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantmountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming. InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves. Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degreesC.At30degreesCtheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled. Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight. Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes. Thenewfindingisan"interestingobservation"saysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes. Whatisthebeneficialpointofsomemicrobesconsumingplant-producedmethane
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TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 63
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AGreatQuakeComingEveryonewholivesinSanFranciscoknowsthatearthquakesarecommonintheBayArea--andtheycanbedevastating．In1906forexampleamajorquakedestroyedabout28000buildingsandkilledhundredsperhapsthousandsofpeople．ResidentsnowwonderwhenthenextBigOnewillstrike．It’sboundtohappensomeday．Atleastsevenactivefault断层linesrunthroughtheSanFranciscoarea．FaultsareplaceswherepiecesofEarth’scrust地壳slidepasteachother．Whenthesepiecesslipthegroundshakes．Toprepareforthatdayscientistsareusingnewtechniquestoreanalyzethe1906earthquakeandpredicthowbadthedamagemightbewhenthenextonehappens．Onenewfindingaboutthe1906quakeisthattheSanAndreasfaultsplitapartfasterthanscientistshadassumedatthetime．Duringsmallearthquakesfaultsrupture断裂atabout2.7kilometerspersecond．Duringbiggerquakeshowever．rupturescanhappenatratesfasterthan3.5kilometerspersecond．Atsuchhighspeedsmassiveamountsofpressurebuildupgeneratingundergroundwavesthatcancausemoredamagethanthequakeitself．LuckyforSanFranciscothesepressurepulses脉冲traveledawayfromthecityduringthe1906event．Asbadasthedamagewasitcouldhavebeenfarworse．Lookingahead．scientistsaretryingtopredictwhenthenextmajorquakewilloccur．Recordsshowthatearthquakeswerecommonbefore1906．Sincethentheareahasbeenrelativelyquiet．PatternsinthedatahoweversuggestthattheprobabilityofamajorearthquakestrikingtheBayAreabefore2032isatleast62percent．NewbuildingsinSanFranciscoarequitesafeincaseoffuturequakes．Stillmorethan84percentofthecity’sbuildingsareoldandweak．Analysessuggestthatanothermassiveearthquakewouldcauseextensivedamage．PeoplewholivetheretodaytendtofeelsafebecauseSanFranciscohasremainedprettyquietforawhile．Accordingtothenewresearchhowever．it’snotamatterofiftheBigOnewillhit．It’sjustamatterofwhen．TheSanFranciscoareaislocatedaboveseveralactivefaultlines．
AGreatQuakeComingEveryonewholivesinSanFranciscoknowsthatearthquakesarecommonintheBayArea--andtheycanbedevastating．In1906forexampleamajorquakedestroyedabout28000buildingsandkilledhundredsperhapsthousandsofpeople．ResidentsnowwonderwhenthenextBigOnewillstrike．It’sboundtohappensomeday．Atleastsevenactivefault断层linesrunthroughtheSanFranciscoarea．FaultsareplaceswherepiecesofEarth’scrust地壳slidepasteachother．Whenthesepiecesslipthegroundshakes．Toprepareforthatdayscientistsareusingnewtechniquestoreanalyzethe1906earthquakeandpredicthowbadthedamagemightbewhenthenextonehappens．Onenewfindingaboutthe1906quakeisthattheSanAndreasfaultsplitapartfasterthanscientistshadassumedatthetime．Duringsmallearthquakesfaultsrupture断裂atabout2.7kilometerspersecond．Duringbiggerquakeshowever．rupturescanhappenatratesfasterthan3.5kilometerspersecond．Atsuchhighspeedsmassiveamountsofpressurebuildupgeneratingundergroundwavesthatcancausemoredamagethanthequakeitself．LuckyforSanFranciscothesepressurepulses脉冲traveledawayfromthecityduringthe1906event．Asbadasthedamagewasitcouldhavebeenfarworse．Lookingahead．scientistsaretryingtopredictwhenthenextmajorquakewilloccur．Recordsshowthatearthquakeswerecommonbefore1906．Sincethentheareahasbeenrelativelyquiet．PatternsinthedatahoweversuggestthattheprobabilityofamajorearthquakestrikingtheBayAreabefore2032isatleast62percent．NewbuildingsinSanFranciscoarequitesafeincaseoffuturequakes．Stillmorethan84percentofthecity’sbuildingsareoldandweak．Analysessuggestthatanothermassiveearthquakewouldcauseextensivedamage．PeoplewholivetheretodaytendtofeelsafebecauseSanFranciscohasremainedprettyquietforawhile．Accordingtothenewresearchhowever．it’snotamatterofiftheBigOnewillhit．It’sjustamatterofwhen．AmajorearthquakestrikingSanFranciscosomedayisinevitable．
PlantGasScientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethane甲烷沼气fordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemist地球化学家attheMaxPlanekInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment.Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantamountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobes微生物needtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming.InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambers室房间腔thatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves.Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degreesC..At30degreesC.theyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanograms微克ofmethaneperhourOnenanogramisabillionthofagram..Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled.Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripled增加三倍whenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight.Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriabacterium的复数细菌thatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes.ThenewfindingisaninterestingobservationsaysJenniferY.Kingabiogeochemist生物地球化学家attheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes.WhichofthefollowingaboutmethaneisNotmentionedinthepassage
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 65
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 57
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 61
Thecontempthefeltforhisfellowstudentswasobvious
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Thetruthisthathehasjustbeenfired.
PlantGas Scientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment. Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantmountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming. InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves. Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degreesC.At30degreesCtheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled. Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight. Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes. Thenewfindingisan"interestingobservation"saysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes. Whichstatementistrueofthemethaneemissionsofplantsintheexperiment
Hearingproblemsmaybealleviatedbychangesindietandexercisehabits.
AGreatQuakeComingEveryonewholivesinSanFranciscoknowsthatearthquakesarecommonintheBayArea--andtheycanbedevastating．In1906forexampleamajorquakedestroyedabout28000buildingsandkilledhundredsperhapsthousandsofpeople．ResidentsnowwonderwhenthenextBigOnewillstrike．It’sboundtohappensomeday．Atleastsevenactivefault断层linesrunthroughtheSanFranciscoarea．FaultsareplaceswherepiecesofEarth’scrust地壳slidepasteachother．Whenthesepiecesslipthegroundshakes．Toprepareforthatdayscientistsareusingnewtechniquestoreanalyzethe1906earthquakeandpredicthowbadthedamagemightbewhenthenextonehappens．Onenewfindingaboutthe1906quakeisthattheSanAndreasfaultsplitapartfasterthanscientistshadassumedatthetime．Duringsmallearthquakesfaultsrupture断裂atabout2.7kilometerspersecond．Duringbiggerquakeshowever．rupturescanhappenatratesfasterthan3.5kilometerspersecond．Atsuchhighspeedsmassiveamountsofpressurebuildupgeneratingundergroundwavesthatcancausemoredamagethanthequakeitself．LuckyforSanFranciscothesepressurepulses脉冲traveledawayfromthecityduringthe1906event．Asbadasthedamagewasitcouldhavebeenfarworse．Lookingahead．scientistsaretryingtopredictwhenthenextmajorquakewilloccur．Recordsshowthatearthquakeswerecommonbefore1906．Sincethentheareahasbeenrelativelyquiet．PatternsinthedatahoweversuggestthattheprobabilityofamajorearthquakestrikingtheBayAreabefore2032isatleast62percent．NewbuildingsinSanFranciscoarequitesafeincaseoffuturequakes．Stillmorethan84percentofthecity’sbuildingsareoldandweak．Analysessuggestthatanothermassiveearthquakewouldcauseextensivedamage．PeoplewholivetheretodaytendtofeelsafebecauseSanFranciscohasremainedprettyquietforawhile．Accordingtothenewresearchhowever．it’snotamatterofiftheBigOnewillhit．It’sjustamatterofwhen．Thehighestspeedoffaultrupturesinthe1906quakewasmorethan3.5kilometerspersecond．
Thelandcrabaforest-floorscavengernativetotropicalAmericamigratestothewatertobreed.
{{*HTML*}}A.industriallypollutedsoils??B.rockandsoilchemistry??C.naturallypollutedsoils??D.thepathwaysofmetalsintothefood??E.theelementofiodine??F.thepersistenceofheavymetalsIndustriallycontaminatedsitesusuallyrequireathoroughclean-updueto______.
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 55
{{*HTML*}}A．Goals??B．HistoryofWomen’sRightsMovement??C．StartofWomen’sRightsMovement??D．TraditionalStatusofWomen??E．RightsofWomen??F．DevelopmentParagraph5______
{{*HTML*}}CarsAreGoodfortheEnvironment??Britain’smotorindustryisplanningamajorpublicitycampaigntocounterwhatitseesasanofficialanti-carbiasandtoimprovetheenvironmentalimageofthecarsaccordingtodocuments?leakedtothepressuregroupFriendsoftheEarthFOE.?46?.??TheinternaldocumentwhichwasproducedlastmonthbytheSocietyofMotorManufacturers?andTraderssaysthattheultimateobjectiveofthecampaignmustbetoprotectthelongtermcommercialfreedomofthemotorindustryandthelifestylefreedomofcarusers!.???47?.EuropeancarmanufacturershavealreadyagreedwiththeEuropeanCommissiontoreduceCO2emissionsfromnewcarsby25percenttotargetof140gramsperkilometreby2008.??Howeverthedocumentalsorevealsthattheindustryissomewayfrommeetingthetarget.?48???Tohelpcontroltheseemissionsthegovernmenthasproposedreplacingtheflatrateannualtaxoncarswithataxrelatedtoenginesizesothatownersoflargegas-guzzler耗油量大的汽车wouldpaymorethanownersofsmallcars.?49?.??RichardBarnetthesociety’smediamanagersays:Wewillworkwiththegovernmenttopractiseapracticalsystem.?50?.A?Thecampaignwillhighlightthemotorindustry’seffortstoreduceemissionsofcarbondioxide二氧化碳.B?ButthemotorindustryopposestaxesonpersonsowningcarspreferringtaxesonuseC?Thefive-yearcampaigncouldcostupto￡12millionD?ThereasonwhycarsaregoodfortheenvironmentisobviousE?ButIanWillmoreofFOEsaystheindustrymayposeaspartnersofthegovernmentbutitsrealintentionistofrustrateseriousattemptstoreducetrafficlevelsF?Forexamplelastyear’snewcarsexceedanaverageof192gramsperkilometre--some37percentabovethetarget
PlantGasScientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethane甲烷沼气fordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemist地球化学家attheMaxPlanekInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment.Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantamountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobes微生物needtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming.InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambers室房间腔thatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves.Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degreesC..At30degreesC.theyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanograms微克ofmethaneperhourOnenanogramisabillionthofagram..Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled.Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripled增加三倍whenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight.Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriabacterium的复数细菌thatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes.ThenewfindingisaninterestingobservationsaysJenniferY.Kingabiogeochemist生物地球化学家attheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes.Totestwhetherplantsareasourceofmethanethescientistscreated______.
TheDevelopmentofRubber Hereisthestoryofrubber.Fromtheearliesttimeitwascommonknowledge51thePeruviansthatwhenacutwasmadeintheoutsideskinofarubbertreeawhiteliquid52milkcameoutandthat53thisasticky粘的massofrubbermightbemade.Thisrubberissoftwhenwarmsothatitispossibletogiveitany54.ThePeruviansmadethe55thatitwasverygoodforkeepingoutthewet.Thenintheearly1800’stheAmericansmadeuseofitforthefirsttime.Firsttheymadeovershoesto56theirfeetdry.ThencameacertainMr.Mackintoshwhomadecoatsofclothcoveredwithnaturalrubber.FromthatdaytothiswehavebeencoatingclothwithrubberasMr.Mackintosh57andourraincoatsarestillnamedafterhim. Butthesefirstrubberovershoesandraincoatswereallsoftandstickyinsummerand58andinelastic无弹性的inthewinterwhenitwascolD.Buttherubberwehavetodayissoftandelastic有弹性的59verystrongmeveninthewarmestsummerandthecoldestwinter.Thiswasmade60byamancalledGoodyear.Aftermany61hefoundthatnitricacid硝酸madetherubbermuchbetterbutitisnothardandstrongenough.Thenastrangethingtook 62.AfriendofhisNicholasHaywardhadtheideainhissleepthatrubbermightbemadehardandstrongifmixedwithsulfur硫磺andputinthesun.Goodyearputthisidea63thetestandsawthatitdidhavemoreorlessthedesiredeffectthoughsomewhatlessthanmore.Theonlyeffectithadwasontheoutsideoftherubber.Itiscommonknowledgenowthatthe64tomakerubberhardandstrongisbyheatingitwithsulfur.IttookGoodyearfourmoreyearstofindthismethoD.Whenatlasthedidithehad65atall.Everythingofthesmallestvaluehadbeenusedtogetmoneyevenhissons’school-books. 51
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