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A. industrially polluted soils ? ?B. rock and soil chemistry ? ?C. naturally polluted soils ? ?D. th...
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{{*HTML*}}ChineseDialects方言??TheenormousdifferencesinChinesedialectshavebeenacontinuingproblemeversinceChinabecameanempirein221B.C.anditisonebigreasonwhythecountryhasremainedimpoverished贫穷.Ofthe600millionpeoplewhocallthemselvesChineseallbutaverysmallnumberspeakChinese.ButthedialectsvarysowidelythatthespeechofPekingforexampleisasdifferentfromthespeechofCantonasEnglishisfromGerman.??Thereis?tobesureonlyonewrittenlanguageforallChinabutitbearsnophonetic语音的relationshiptoanyofthespokendialects.Moreoverithassomanysymbolsthatonlyatinyportionofthepopulationhasevermasteredit.??AsaresultmostChinesehavebeenisolatedforcenturiesfromafreeflowofideasandfromtheeconomicprogressthatsuchaflowproduces.Manydynastiestriedwithlittlesuccesstobreakdownthewall.Afterrecognizingtheimportanceofhavingaliteratepeopleforworkinginatechnologicalworldandfordevelopinganeffectivepropaganda宣传machinethepresentgovernmentisputtingeverythingintotacklingthelanguageproblem.Buttheobstaclesaresoformidable难以应付的thattheresultscannotyetbepredicted.??Atthehearttheproblemisthedialects.Thedialects’preventedtheevolutionofasinglewrittenlanguagebasedonphonetics.InsteadtheChinesewereforcedtodevelopasystemthathasnorelationtosoundandtheyhaveclungtoitformorethan3000years.Whenthissystemisappliedtoawholelanguageitresultsinanoverwhelmingnumberofsymbols.??Thereareabout50000entriesinaChinesedictionarynotcountingthecompounds复合词.InordertobeliterateaChinesemustlearn6000;tobemoderatelyeducated12000.AnEnglish-speakingchildhavingtoconqueronlyatwenty-six-letteralphabethasusuallylearnedtoreadbythetimehebeginsthethirdgrade.AChinesechildneedsatleastfivemoreyearsofelementarylearning;intheseventhgradehecanbarelyreadaChinesenewspaper.??A.DealingwiththeProblemofVariousDialects??B.DifficultiesinLearningChinese??C.FeaturesofChineseDialects??D.DifferencesinChineseDialects??E.DialectsasHeartoftheProblem??F.WaysoftheGovernmenttoTackletheProblemParagraph3______
StopEatingTooMuchCleanyourplate!andBeamemberoftheclean-plateclub!JustabouteverykidintheUShasheardthisfromaparentorgrandparent.Oftenit’saccompaniedbyanappeal:Justthinkaboutthosestarvingorphans孤儿inAfrica!Sureweshouldbegratefulforeverybiteoffood.UnfortunatelymanypeopleintheUStaketoomanybites.Insteadofstayingcleantheplateperhapsweshouldsavesomefoodfortomorrow.AccordingtonewsreportsUSrestaurantsarepartlytoblameforthegrowingbellies肚子.AwaiterputsaplateoffoodinfrontofeachcustomerwithtwotofourtimestheamountrecommendedbythegovernmentaccordingtoaUSATodaystory.Americanstraditionallyassociatequantitywithvalueandmostrestaurantstrytogivethemthat.Theyprefertohavecustomerscomplainabouttoomuchfoodratherthantoolittle.BarbaraRollsanutrition营养professoratPennsylvaniaStateUniversitytoldUSATodaythatrestaurantportionsizesbegantogrowinthe1970sthesametimethattheAmericanwaistline腰围begantoexpand.Healthexpertshavetriedtogetmanyrestaurantstoservesmallerportions.Nowapparentlysomecustomersarecallingforthistoo.TherestaurantindustrytrademagazineQSRreportedlastmonththat57percentofmorethan4000peoplesurveyedbelievedrestaurantsservedportionsthatweretoolarge;23percenthadnoopinion;20percentdisagreed.ButacloserlookatthesurveyindicatesthatmanyAmericanswhocan’taffordfinediningstillpreferlargeportions.Seventypercentofthoseearningatleast＄150000peryearprefersmallerportions;butonly45percentofthoseearninglessthan＄25000wantsmaller.It’snotthatworkingclassAmericansdon’twanttoeathealthy.It’sjustthatafterlonghoursatlow-payingjobsgettinglessontheirplatehardlyseemslikeagooddeal.Theylivefrompaycheck薪金支票topaycheckhappytosavealittlemoneyfornextyear’sChristmaspresents.Whathappenedinthe1970s
{{*HTML*}}Chimpanzees??1.Chimpanzees黑猩猩willsoonbeextinct灭绝.Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat栖息地destructioncontinuesthenwithin20yearstherewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy悲剧.Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications含意forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives--humanbeings.??2.In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzee?genomes基因组matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouseusedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtestswhichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.??Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspectesofmonkey.AswellasresemblingUSgeneticallychimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority优先.Butthereisanothermoreselfish?reasontopreservethechimp.??3.Thechimpanzees’trumpcard王牌comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilar?tohumansthatveterinarians兽医oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticularchimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting.??4.ForexamplechimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.IndeedtheiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant.??5.Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing找到theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequence?differsfromthatofhumansscientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.Thistheyhopewillallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration改变ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompleted?humangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach.??A.GeneticDifferencesBetweenChimpsandHumans??B.ReasonsforHIVResistance??C.ImplicationsofChimpanzeeExtinctionforHumans??D.EffectiveAIDSTreatment??E.GeneticSimilaritiesBetweenChimpsandHumans??F.Chimps’ResistancetoHIVParagraph4______
London’sFirstLightRailSystemTheDocklandsLightRailwayDLRtookjustthreeyearstobuildatacostof￡77million.ItisLondon’sfirstLightRailSystembutitsroutefollowsthatofanumberofolderlineswhichcarriedthenineteenthcenturyrailwaysthroughthecroweddistrictsoftheEastEnd.ThesectionofthelinefromtheTowerGatewayStationtoPoplarfollowsthelineofoneofLondon’searliestrailwaystheLondon&Blackwell1840acable-drawnrailwaylaterconvertedtosteamwhichcarriedpassengerstosteamshipsatBlackwellPierandprovidedtransportforthemessengersandclerkswhowentbackwardsandforwardsbetweenthedocks码头andthecityeveryday.FromPoplartoIslandGardensanewlinecrosseshighabovethedockwatersandthenjoinstheoldtrackoftheMillwallExtensionRailwaybuilttoservicetheMillwallDocks1868andtoprovidetransportforworkersinthelocalfactories.Thislinewashorse-drawnforpartofitsrouteuntilthe1880s.ThePolartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasfirstdevelopedbytheNorthLondonRailwaybuiltinthe1850stolinktheWestandEastIndiaDockswiththemanufacturingdistrictsoftheMidlandsandNorthofEngland.Thereweremajorrailwayworksandsidings岔线atBowuntilrecently.Thetrainsareautomaticallycontrolledfromacentralcomputerwhichdealswithallsignalingandothersafetyfactorsaswellasadjustingspeedstokeepwithinthetimetable;onboardeachvehicleTrainCaptainswhoarealsofullyqualifieddriversareequippedwithtwo-wayradiostomaintaincontactwithcentralcontrol.Therearepassengerliftsandself-serviceticketmachinesateverystation.WelearnfromthepassagethattheLondon&Blackwellrailway______.
NoJetlag时差反应Anymore Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag时差反应.Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductive对产的有成效的andmoreprone51makingmistakes.Itisactuallycausedby52ofyour"bodyclock"-asmallcluster串组群ofbraincellsthatcontrolsthetimingofbiological53.Thebodyclockisdesignedforaregularrhythm节奏ofdaylightanddarknesssothatitisthrownoutofbalancewhenitexperiencesdaylightanddarknessatthe"wrong"timesinanewtimezone.The54ofjetlagoftenpersist持续fordays55theinternalbodyclockslowlyadjuststothenewtimezone. Nowanewanti-jetlagsystemisavailablethatisbasedonproven56andpioneeringscientificresearch.Dr.MartinMoorehasdevisedapracticalstrategytoadjustthebodyclockmuchsoonertothenewtimezone57controlledexposuretobrightlight.Thetimezoneshift转换iseasytoaccomplishandeliminates消除58ofthediscomfortofjetlag Asuccessfultimezoneshiftdependsonknowingtheexacttimestoeither59oravoidbrightlight.Exposuretolightatthewrongtimecanactuallymakejetlagworse.Theproperschedule60lightexposuredependsagreatdealon61travelplans. Dataonaspecificflightitinerary旅行路线andtheindividual’ssleep62areusedtoproduceatripguidewith63onexactlywhentobeexposedtobrightlight. Whenthetripguidecalls64brightlightyoushouldspendtimeoutdoorsifpossible.Ifitisdarkoutsideortheweatherisbad65youareonanairplaneyoucanuseaspeciallightdevicetoprovidethenecessarylightstimulus刺激forarangeofactivitiessuchasreadingwatchingTVorworking. 63
London’sFirstLightRailSystemTheDocklandsLightRailwayDLRtookjustthreeyearstobuildatacostof￡77million.ItisLondon’sfirstLightRailSystembutitsroutefollowsthatofanumberofolderlineswhichcarriedthenineteenthcenturyrailwaysthroughthecroweddistrictsoftheEastEnd.ThesectionofthelinefromtheTowerGatewayStationtoPoplarfollowsthelineofoneofLondon’searliestrailwaystheLondon&Blackwell1840acable-drawnrailwaylaterconvertedtosteamwhichcarriedpassengerstosteamshipsatBlackwellPierandprovidedtransportforthemessengersandclerkswhowentbackwardsandforwardsbetweenthedocks码头andthecityeveryday.FromPoplartoIslandGardensanewlinecrosseshighabovethedockwatersandthenjoinstheoldtrackoftheMillwallExtensionRailwaybuilttoservicetheMillwallDocks1868andtoprovidetransportforworkersinthelocalfactories.Thislinewashorse-drawnforpartofitsrouteuntilthe1880s.ThePolartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasfirstdevelopedbytheNorthLondonRailwaybuiltinthe1850stolinktheWestandEastIndiaDockswiththemanufacturingdistrictsoftheMidlandsandNorthofEngland.Thereweremajorrailwayworksandsidings岔线atBowuntilrecently.Thetrainsareautomaticallycontrolledfromacentralcomputerwhichdealswithallsignalingandothersafetyfactorsaswellasadjustingspeedstokeepwithinthetimetable;onboardeachvehicleTrainCaptainswhoarealsofullyqualifieddriversareequippedwithtwo-wayradiostomaintaincontactwithcentralcontrol.Therearepassengerliftsandself-serviceticketmachinesateverystation.ItappearsthatthePoplartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasoriginallydevelopedto______.
Shefeltfrustratedwhennobodyunderstoodwhatshewastryingtosay.
{{*HTML*}}Chimpanzees??1.Chimpanzees黑猩猩willsoonbeextinct灭绝.Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat栖息地destructioncontinuesthenwithin20yearstherewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy悲剧.Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications含意forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives--humanbeings.??2.In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzee?genomes基因组matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouseusedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtestswhichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.??Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspectesofmonkey.AswellasresemblingUSgeneticallychimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority优先.Butthereisanothermoreselfish?reasontopreservethechimp.??3.Thechimpanzees’trumpcard王牌comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilar?tohumansthatveterinarians兽医oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticularchimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting.??4.ForexamplechimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.IndeedtheiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant.??5.Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing找到theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequence?differsfromthatofhumansscientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.Thistheyhopewillallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration改变ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompleted?humangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach.??A.GeneticDifferencesBetweenChimpsandHumans??B.ReasonsforHIVResistance??C.ImplicationsofChimpanzeeExtinctionforHumans??D.EffectiveAIDSTreatment??E.GeneticSimilaritiesBetweenChimpsandHumans??F.Chimps’ResistancetoHIVParagraph2______
Hundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheearthquake.
StopEatingTooMuchCleanyourplate!andBeamemberoftheclean-plateclub!JustabouteverykidintheUShasheardthisfromaparentorgrandparent.Oftenit’saccompaniedbyanappeal:Justthinkaboutthosestarvingorphans孤儿inAfrica!Sureweshouldbegratefulforeverybiteoffood.UnfortunatelymanypeopleintheUStaketoomanybites.Insteadofstayingcleantheplateperhapsweshouldsavesomefoodfortomorrow.AccordingtonewsreportsUSrestaurantsarepartlytoblameforthegrowingbellies肚子.AwaiterputsaplateoffoodinfrontofeachcustomerwithtwotofourtimestheamountrecommendedbythegovernmentaccordingtoaUSATodaystory.Americanstraditionallyassociatequantitywithvalueandmostrestaurantstrytogivethemthat.Theyprefertohavecustomerscomplainabouttoomuchfoodratherthantoolittle.BarbaraRollsanutrition营养professoratPennsylvaniaStateUniversitytoldUSATodaythatrestaurantportionsizesbegantogrowinthe1970sthesametimethattheAmericanwaistline腰围begantoexpand.Healthexpertshavetriedtogetmanyrestaurantstoservesmallerportions.Nowapparentlysomecustomersarecallingforthistoo.TherestaurantindustrytrademagazineQSRreportedlastmonththat57percentofmorethan4000peoplesurveyedbelievedrestaurantsservedportionsthatweretoolarge;23percenthadnoopinion;20percentdisagreed.ButacloserlookatthesurveyindicatesthatmanyAmericanswhocan’taffordfinediningstillpreferlargeportions.Seventypercentofthoseearningatleast＄150000peryearprefersmallerportions;butonly45percentofthoseearninglessthan＄25000wantsmaller.It’snotthatworkingclassAmericansdon’twanttoeathealthy.It’sjustthatafterlonghoursatlow-payingjobsgettinglessontheirplatehardlyseemslikeagooddeal.Theylivefrompaycheck薪金支票topaycheckhappytosavealittlemoneyfornextyear’sChristmaspresents.ParentsintheUnitedStatestendtoasktheirchildren
TokyoisWorld’sPriciestCity TheweakAmericandollarandstrongEuropeanandAsiancurrencieshelpedmakeTokyoandLondonthemostexpensivecitiesintheworldaccordingtoarecentsurvey.Americancitieswereabsentfromthetop10withthemostexpensiveU.S.cityNewYorkdroppingtwospotsfromlastyearto12inthesurveyof144urbanareasconductedbyMercerHumanResourceConsulting.MoscowrankedinthirdplacewithOsakaandHongKongroundingoutthetopfivemostexpensivecities. Thesurveydrawnuptwiceayearrankscostoflivingforforeignworkersnotlocalresidentsandisusedprimarilybymultinationalcompaniestodeterminepayforexpatriateemployees."Theeuroappreciated升值morethan11percentinthelastsixmonths."saidMarie-LaurenceSepedeseniorresearcheratMercer."SothatmadeEuropeancitiesgoupandU.S.citiesdrop."SepedenotedthatwhileU.S.citiesgotcheaperinrelationtothoseinEuropeandAsiatherankingsamong:AmericancitiesremainedsimilartopreviousyearswithLosAngelesChicagoandSanFranciscoallplacinghighonthelist.AlsonotablewastheclimbofAustralianandNewZealandcitiesupthelistashiftcausedbythosenation’sstrongcurrencies.Sydneymovedfrom67lastyearto20thisyearandAucklandNewZealandclimbed35placesto80.Therestofthetop20remainedfairlyconstantalthoughParisViennaAustriaandIstanbulTurkeymadetheirfirstappearancessohighintherankings. Thesurveytookintoconsideration250criteriaincludingthecostofutilitiesfoodandentertainment.WhilethesurveylookedatarangeoflivingstandardsSepedesaidthestudywasmostrepresentativeoftheexpensesofpeopleworkingforbiginternationalcorporationsandmaintainingfairlyhighstandardsofliving.MercersaidthecontinuedappreciationoftheeuroagainsttheU.S.dollarcouldeventuallyforcecompaniestomoveemployeesandreorganize."Mainlythedepreciation贬值ofthedollarmakesitcheapertosendemployeestoAmericancities"saidJackieBarberaspokeswomanforthesurvey. ComparedwithothercitiescompaniesmayprefertosendemployeestoTokyo.
Jackconsumesapoundofcheeseaday.
ArcticMeltEarth’sNorthandSouthPolesarefamousforbeingcoldandicy．LastyearhowevertheamountoficeintheArcticOcean北冰洋felltoarecordlow．NormallyicebuildsinArcticwatersaroundtheNorthPoleeachwinterandshrinks缩小duringthesummer．Butformanyyearstheamountoficeleftbytheendofsummerhasbeendeclining．Since1979eachdecadehasseenan11.4percentdropinend-of-summericecover．Between1981and2000．iceintheArcticlost22percentofitsthickness-becoming1.13metersthinner．LastsummerArcticseaicereacheditsthinnestlevelsyet．Bytheendofsummer2007theicehadshrunktocoverjust4.2millionsquarekilometers．That’s38percentlessareathantheaveragecoveratthattimeofyear．Andit’saverylarge23percentbelowthepreviousrecordlowwhichwassetjust2yearsago．Thiscontinuingtrendhasmadescientistsconcerned．TheremaybeseveralreasonsfortheicemeltsaysJinlunZhanganoceanographer海洋学家attheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle．UnusuallystrongwindsblewthroughtheArcticlastsummer．ThewindspushedmuchoftheiceoutofthecentralArctic．1eavingalargeareaofthiniceandopenwater．ScientistsalsosuspectthatfewercloudscovertheArcticnowthaninthepast．Clearerskiesallowmoresunlighttoreachtheocean．Theextraheatwarmsboththewaterandtheatmosphere．InpartsoftheArcticOceanlastyearsurfacetemperatureswere3.5Celsiuswarmerthanaverageand1.5℃warmerthanthepreviousrecordhigh．Withbothairandwatergettingwarmertheiceismeltingfrombothaboveandbelow．InsomepartsoftheBeaufortSeanorthofAlaskaandwesternCanadaicethatmeasured3.3metersthickatthebeginningofthesummermeasuredjust50cmbyseason’send．Thenewmeasurementssuggestthatmeltingisfarmoreseverethanscientistshaveseenbyjustlookingaticecoverfromabove．SomescientistsfearthattheArcticisstuckinawarmingtrendfromwhichitmayneverrecover．Bytheendofsummer2007theicecoverintheArcticwas
LocatedinWashingtonD.C.theLibraryofCongresscontainsanimposingarrayofbooksoneveryconceivablesubject.
{{*HTML*}}Starsintheireyes??TheScientificAmericanBookoftheCosmoseditedbyDavidLevyMacmillan￡20ISBN0333782933??Previousgenerationsofscientistswouldhavekilledtoknowwhatweknow.ForthefirsttimeinhistorywehaveaprettygoodideaofthematerialcontentoftheUniverseourpositionwithinitandhowthewholethingcameintobeing.??Inthesetimesofexplodingknowledgethereisadefiniteneedtotakestockandassemblewhatweknowinapalatable受欢迎的form.?46???TheessaysinTheScientificAmericanBookoftheCosmoshavebeenselectedbyDavidLevyco-discovererofCometShoemaker-Levy9whichin1994struckJupiterwiththeviolenceofseveralfull-scalenuclearwars.?47?Thisiscertainlyagreatcollectionofessaysbutitisnotasthebookpromisesaseamless完美的无逢隙的synthesisofourcurrentknowledge.??NobodycanfaulttherangeofarticlesLevyhasi.ncluded.Thereareessaysontheplanetsmoonsandassorteddebris碎片intheSolarSystemandonourGalaxytheMilkyWay.?48???Thecontributorstooarestarsintheirownfields.NotmanybookscanboastchapterswrittenbysuchgiantsasErwinSchrodingerandFrancisCrick.MypersonalfavouritesareapiercinglyclearessaybyAlbertEinsteinongeneralrelativityandanarticlebyAlanGuthandPaulSteinhardtontheinflationary膨胀的Universe.??Somuchforthebook’scontent.ButLevyhasnotsucceededinprovidinganaccuratesynthesisofourcurrentknowledgeofthecosmoswhichthebookJacketpromises.Gatheringtogetherpreviouslypublishedarticlesinevitablyleavessubjectgapsmissingexplanationsandsoon.?49?Butthereisn’tone.Infactsurprisinglyforabooksodenselypackedwithinformationthereisnoindex.??Collectingessaysinthiswayisclearlyagoodpublishingwheeze巧妙的生意.?Butthisapproachshortchangesthepublicwhowouldbebetterservedbyanaccountmouldedintoaseamlesswhole.?50?Howeverforthenexteditionpleasepleasecanwehaveanindex???A.Tegmarkfearshemayholdtherecordforthelongesttimetakentoreadonebook.??B.Inamorepositiveveinthisisawonderfulcollectionofessaystodipinandoutofifyoualreadyhaveagoodoverview概述ofcurrentcosmicunderstanding.??C.Levyisanactiveastronomerandanaccomplishedwritersoyou’dexpecthimtoprovideabroadandaccuratepictureofourcurrentunderstandingofthecosmos.??D.ScientificAmericanhasattemptedtocatertothisneedbybringingtogetheressaysthathaveappearedinthemagazine.??E.Tosomeextentthesecouldhavebeenpluggedwithaglossary词表ofterms.??F.AlsoincludedarecontributionsontheworldofsubatomicparticlestheoriginoflifeonEarthandthepossibilityofitsexistenceelsewhere.
{{*HTML*}}Starsintheireyes??TheScientificAmericanBookoftheCosmoseditedbyDavidLevyMacmillan￡20ISBN0333782933??Previousgenerationsofscientistswouldhavekilledtoknowwhatweknow.ForthefirsttimeinhistorywehaveaprettygoodideaofthematerialcontentoftheUniverseourpositionwithinitandhowthewholethingcameintobeing.??Inthesetimesofexplodingknowledgethereisadefiniteneedtotakestockandassemblewhatweknowinapalatable受欢迎的form.?46???TheessaysinTheScientificAmericanBookoftheCosmoshavebeenselectedbyDavidLevyco-discovererofCometShoemaker-Levy9whichin1994struckJupiterwiththeviolenceofseveralfull-scalenuclearwars.?47?Thisiscertainlyagreatcollectionofessaysbutitisnotasthebookpromisesaseamless完美的无逢隙的synthesisofourcurrentknowledge.??NobodycanfaulttherangeofarticlesLevyhasi.ncluded.Thereareessaysontheplanetsmoonsandassorteddebris碎片intheSolarSystemandonourGalaxytheMilkyWay.?48???Thecontributorstooarestarsintheirownfields.NotmanybookscanboastchapterswrittenbysuchgiantsasErwinSchrodingerandFrancisCrick.MypersonalfavouritesareapiercinglyclearessaybyAlbertEinsteinongeneralrelativityandanarticlebyAlanGuthandPaulSteinhardtontheinflationary膨胀的Universe.??Somuchforthebook’scontent.ButLevyhasnotsucceededinprovidinganaccuratesynthesisofourcurrentknowledgeofthecosmoswhichthebookJacketpromises.Gatheringtogetherpreviouslypublishedarticlesinevitablyleavessubjectgapsmissingexplanationsandsoon.?49?Butthereisn’tone.Infactsurprisinglyforabooksodenselypackedwithinformationthereisnoindex.??Collectingessaysinthiswayisclearlyagoodpublishingwheeze巧妙的生意.?Butthisapproachshortchangesthepublicwhowouldbebetterservedbyanaccountmouldedintoaseamlesswhole.?50?Howeverforthenexteditionpleasepleasecanwehaveanindex???A.Tegmarkfearshemayholdtherecordforthelongesttimetakentoreadonebook.??B.Inamorepositiveveinthisisawonderfulcollectionofessaystodipinandoutofifyoualreadyhaveagoodoverview概述ofcurrentcosmicunderstanding.??C.Levyisanactiveastronomerandanaccomplishedwritersoyou’dexpecthimtoprovideabroadandaccuratepictureofourcurrentunderstandingofthecosmos.??D.ScientificAmericanhasattemptedtocatertothisneedbybringingtogetheressaysthathaveappearedinthemagazine.??E.Tosomeextentthesecouldhavebeenpluggedwithaglossary词表ofterms.??F.AlsoincludedarecontributionsontheworldofsubatomicparticlestheoriginoflifeonEarthandthepossibilityofitsexistenceelsewhere.
ArcticMeltEarth’sNorthandSouthPolesarefamousforbeingcoldandicy．LastyearhowevertheamountoficeintheArcticOcean北冰洋felltoarecordlow．NormallyicebuildsinArcticwatersaroundtheNorthPoleeachwinterandshrinks缩小duringthesummer．Butformanyyearstheamountoficeleftbytheendofsummerhasbeendeclining．Since1979eachdecadehasseenan11.4percentdropinend-of-summericecover．Between1981and2000．iceintheArcticlost22percentofitsthickness-becoming1.13metersthinner．LastsummerArcticseaicereacheditsthinnestlevelsyet．Bytheendofsummer2007theicehadshrunktocoverjust4.2millionsquarekilometers．That’s38percentlessareathantheaveragecoveratthattimeofyear．Andit’saverylarge23percentbelowthepreviousrecordlowwhichwassetjust2yearsago．Thiscontinuingtrendhasmadescientistsconcerned．TheremaybeseveralreasonsfortheicemeltsaysJinlunZhanganoceanographer海洋学家attheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle．UnusuallystrongwindsblewthroughtheArcticlastsummer．ThewindspushedmuchoftheiceoutofthecentralArctic．1eavingalargeareaofthiniceandopenwater．ScientistsalsosuspectthatfewercloudscovertheArcticnowthaninthepast．Clearerskiesallowmoresunlighttoreachtheocean．Theextraheatwarmsboththewaterandtheatmosphere．InpartsoftheArcticOceanlastyearsurfacetemperatureswere3.5Celsiuswarmerthanaverageand1.5℃warmerthanthepreviousrecordhigh．Withbothairandwatergettingwarmertheiceismeltingfrombothaboveandbelow．InsomepartsoftheBeaufortSeanorthofAlaskaandwesternCanadaicethatmeasured3.3metersthickatthebeginningofthesummermeasuredjust50cmbyseason’send．Thenewmeasurementssuggestthatmeltingisfarmoreseverethanscientistshaveseenbyjustlookingaticecoverfromabove．SomescientistsfearthattheArcticisstuckinawarmingtrendfromwhichitmayneverrecover．TheBeaufortSeamentionedinparagraph7isanexampletoshow
NoJetlag时差反应Anymore Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag时差反应.Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductive对产的有成效的andmoreprone51makingmistakes.Itisactuallycausedby52ofyour"bodyclock"-asmallcluster串组群ofbraincellsthatcontrolsthetimingofbiological53.Thebodyclockisdesignedforaregularrhythm节奏ofdaylightanddarknesssothatitisthrownoutofbalancewhenitexperiencesdaylightanddarknessatthe"wrong"timesinanewtimezone.The54ofjetlagoftenpersist持续fordays55theinternalbodyclockslowlyadjuststothenewtimezone. Nowanewanti-jetlagsystemisavailablethatisbasedonproven56andpioneeringscientificresearch.Dr.MartinMoorehasdevisedapracticalstrategytoadjustthebodyclockmuchsoonertothenewtimezone57controlledexposuretobrightlight.Thetimezoneshift转换iseasytoaccomplishandeliminates消除58ofthediscomfortofjetlag Asuccessfultimezoneshiftdependsonknowingtheexacttimestoeither59oravoidbrightlight.Exposuretolightatthewrongtimecanactuallymakejetlagworse.Theproperschedule60lightexposuredependsagreatdealon61travelplans. Dataonaspecificflightitinerary旅行路线andtheindividual’ssleep62areusedtoproduceatripguidewith63onexactlywhentobeexposedtobrightlight. Whenthetripguidecalls64brightlightyoushouldspendtimeoutdoorsifpossible.Ifitisdarkoutsideortheweatherisbad65youareonanairplaneyoucanuseaspeciallightdevicetoprovidethenecessarylightstimulus刺激forarangeofactivitiessuchasreadingwatchingTVorworking. 65
NoJetlag时差反应Anymore Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag时差反应.Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductive对产的有成效的andmoreprone51makingmistakes.Itisactuallycausedby52ofyour"bodyclock"-asmallcluster串组群ofbraincellsthatcontrolsthetimingofbiological53.Thebodyclockisdesignedforaregularrhythm节奏ofdaylightanddarknesssothatitisthrownoutofbalancewhenitexperiencesdaylightanddarknessatthe"wrong"timesinanewtimezone.The54ofjetlagoftenpersist持续fordays55theinternalbodyclockslowlyadjuststothenewtimezone. Nowanewanti-jetlagsystemisavailablethatisbasedonproven56andpioneeringscientificresearch.Dr.MartinMoorehasdevisedapracticalstrategytoadjustthebodyclockmuchsoonertothenewtimezone57controlledexposuretobrightlight.Thetimezoneshift转换iseasytoaccomplishandeliminates消除58ofthediscomfortofjetlag Asuccessfultimezoneshiftdependsonknowingtheexacttimestoeither59oravoidbrightlight.Exposuretolightatthewrongtimecanactuallymakejetlagworse.Theproperschedule60lightexposuredependsagreatdealon61travelplans. Dataonaspecificflightitinerary旅行路线andtheindividual’ssleep62areusedtoproduceatripguidewith63onexactlywhentobeexposedtobrightlight. Whenthetripguidecalls64brightlightyoushouldspendtimeoutdoorsifpossible.Ifitisdarkoutsideortheweatherisbad65youareonanairplaneyoucanuseaspeciallightdevicetoprovidethenecessarylightstimulus刺激forarangeofactivitiessuchasreadingwatchingTVorworking. 61
MsHawkinshandlesthecompany'saccounts.
StopEatingTooMuchCleanyourplate!andBeamemberoftheclean-plateclub!JustabouteverykidintheUShasheardthisfromaparentorgrandparent.Oftenit’saccompaniedbyanappeal:Justthinkaboutthosestarvingorphans孤儿inAfrica!Sureweshouldbegratefulforeverybiteoffood.UnfortunatelymanypeopleintheUStaketoomanybites.Insteadofstayingcleantheplateperhapsweshouldsavesomefoodfortomorrow.AccordingtonewsreportsUSrestaurantsarepartlytoblameforthegrowingbellies肚子.AwaiterputsaplateoffoodinfrontofeachcustomerwithtwotofourtimestheamountrecommendedbythegovernmentaccordingtoaUSATodaystory.Americanstraditionallyassociatequantitywithvalueandmostrestaurantstrytogivethemthat.Theyprefertohavecustomerscomplainabouttoomuchfoodratherthantoolittle.BarbaraRollsanutrition营养professoratPennsylvaniaStateUniversitytoldUSATodaythatrestaurantportionsizesbegantogrowinthe1970sthesametimethattheAmericanwaistline腰围begantoexpand.Healthexpertshavetriedtogetmanyrestaurantstoservesmallerportions.Nowapparentlysomecustomersarecallingforthistoo.TherestaurantindustrytrademagazineQSRreportedlastmonththat57percentofmorethan4000peoplesurveyedbelievedrestaurantsservedportionsthatweretoolarge;23percenthadnoopinion;20percentdisagreed.ButacloserlookatthesurveyindicatesthatmanyAmericanswhocan’taffordfinediningstillpreferlargeportions.Seventypercentofthoseearningatleast＄150000peryearprefersmallerportions;butonly45percentofthoseearninglessthan＄25000wantsmaller.It’snotthatworkingclassAmericansdon’twanttoeathealthy.It’sjustthatafterlonghoursatlow-payingjobsgettinglessontheirplatehardlyseemslikeagooddeal.Theylivefrompaycheck薪金支票topaycheckhappytosavealittlemoneyfornextyear’sChristmaspresents.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofworkingclassAmericans
NoJetlag时差反应Anymore Mostpeoplewhotravellongdistancescomplainofjetlag时差反应.Jetlagmakesbusinesstravelerslessproductive对产的有成效的andmoreprone51makingmistakes.Itisactuallycausedby52ofyour"bodyclock"-asmallcluster串组群ofbraincellsthatcontrolsthetimingofbiological53.Thebodyclockisdesignedforaregularrhythm节奏ofdaylightanddarknesssothatitisthrownoutofbalancewhenitexperiencesdaylightanddarknessatthe"wrong"timesinanewtimezone.The54ofjetlagoftenpersist持续fordays55theinternalbodyclockslowlyadjuststothenewtimezone. Nowanewanti-jetlagsystemisavailablethatisbasedonproven56andpioneeringscientificresearch.Dr.MartinMoorehasdevisedapracticalstrategytoadjustthebodyclockmuchsoonertothenewtimezone57controlledexposuretobrightlight.Thetimezoneshift转换iseasytoaccomplishandeliminates消除58ofthediscomfortofjetlag Asuccessfultimezoneshiftdependsonknowingtheexacttimestoeither59oravoidbrightlight.Exposuretolightatthewrongtimecanactuallymakejetlagworse.Theproperschedule60lightexposuredependsagreatdealon61travelplans. Dataonaspecificflightitinerary旅行路线andtheindividual’ssleep62areusedtoproduceatripguidewith63onexactlywhentobeexposedtobrightlight. Whenthetripguidecalls64brightlightyoushouldspendtimeoutdoorsifpossible.Ifitisdarkoutsideortheweatherisbad65youareonanairplaneyoucanuseaspeciallightdevicetoprovidethenecessarylightstimulus刺激forarangeofactivitiessuchasreadingwatchingTVorworking. 59
TokyoisWorld’sPriciestCity TheweakAmericandollarandstrongEuropeanandAsiancurrencieshelpedmakeTokyoandLondonthemostexpensivecitiesintheworldaccordingtoarecentsurvey.Americancitieswereabsentfromthetop10withthemostexpensiveU.S.cityNewYorkdroppingtwospotsfromlastyearto12inthesurveyof144urbanareasconductedbyMercerHumanResourceConsulting.MoscowrankedinthirdplacewithOsakaandHongKongroundingoutthetopfivemostexpensivecities. Thesurveydrawnuptwiceayearrankscostoflivingforforeignworkersnotlocalresidentsandisusedprimarilybymultinationalcompaniestodeterminepayforexpatriateemployees."Theeuroappreciated升值morethan11percentinthelastsixmonths."saidMarie-LaurenceSepedeseniorresearcheratMercer."SothatmadeEuropeancitiesgoupandU.S.citiesdrop."SepedenotedthatwhileU.S.citiesgotcheaperinrelationtothoseinEuropeandAsiatherankingsamong:AmericancitiesremainedsimilartopreviousyearswithLosAngelesChicagoandSanFranciscoallplacinghighonthelist.AlsonotablewastheclimbofAustralianandNewZealandcitiesupthelistashiftcausedbythosenation’sstrongcurrencies.Sydneymovedfrom67lastyearto20thisyearandAucklandNewZealandclimbed35placesto80.Therestofthetop20remainedfairlyconstantalthoughParisViennaAustriaandIstanbulTurkeymadetheirfirstappearancessohighintherankings. Thesurveytookintoconsideration250criteriaincludingthecostofutilitiesfoodandentertainment.WhilethesurveylookedatarangeoflivingstandardsSepedesaidthestudywasmostrepresentativeoftheexpensesofpeopleworkingforbiginternationalcorporationsandmaintainingfairlyhighstandardsofliving.MercersaidthecontinuedappreciationoftheeuroagainsttheU.S.dollarcouldeventuallyforcecompaniestomoveemployeesandreorganize."Mainlythedepreciation贬值ofthedollarmakesitcheapertosendemployeestoAmericancities"saidJackieBarberaspokeswomanforthesurvey. BecauseoftheOlympicGamesSydneymovedupquickly.
{{*HTML*}}ChineseDialects方言??TheenormousdifferencesinChinesedialectshavebeenacontinuingproblemeversinceChinabecameanempirein221B.C.anditisonebigreasonwhythecountryhasremainedimpoverished贫穷.Ofthe600millionpeoplewhocallthemselvesChineseallbutaverysmallnumberspeakChinese.ButthedialectsvarysowidelythatthespeechofPekingforexampleisasdifferentfromthespeechofCantonasEnglishisfromGerman.??Thereis?tobesureonlyonewrittenlanguageforallChinabutitbearsnophonetic语音的relationshiptoanyofthespokendialects.Moreoverithassomanysymbolsthatonlyatinyportionofthepopulationhasevermasteredit.??AsaresultmostChinesehavebeenisolatedforcenturiesfromafreeflowofideasandfromtheeconomicprogressthatsuchaflowproduces.Manydynastiestriedwithlittlesuccesstobreakdownthewall.Afterrecognizingtheimportanceofhavingaliteratepeopleforworkinginatechnologicalworldandfordevelopinganeffectivepropaganda宣传machinethepresentgovernmentisputtingeverythingintotacklingthelanguageproblem.Buttheobstaclesaresoformidable难以应付的thattheresultscannotyetbepredicted.??Atthehearttheproblemisthedialects.Thedialects’preventedtheevolutionofasinglewrittenlanguagebasedonphonetics.InsteadtheChinesewereforcedtodevelopasystemthathasnorelationtosoundandtheyhaveclungtoitformorethan3000years.Whenthissystemisappliedtoawholelanguageitresultsinanoverwhelmingnumberofsymbols.??Thereareabout50000entriesinaChinesedictionarynotcountingthecompounds复合词.InordertobeliterateaChinesemustlearn6000;tobemoderatelyeducated12000.AnEnglish-speakingchildhavingtoconqueronlyatwenty-six-letteralphabethasusuallylearnedtoreadbythetimehebeginsthethirdgrade.AChinesechildneedsatleastfivemoreyearsofelementarylearning;intheseventhgradehecanbarelyreadaChinesenewspaper.??A.DealingwiththeProblemofVariousDialects??B.DifficultiesinLearningChinese??C.FeaturesofChineseDialects??D.DifferencesinChineseDialects??E.DialectsasHeartoftheProblem??F.WaysoftheGovernmenttoTackletheProblemParagraph5______
Thereportadvocatedsettingupdaytrainingcolleges.
TokyoisWorld’sPriciestCity TheweakAmericandollarandstrongEuropeanandAsiancurrencieshelpedmakeTokyoandLondonthemostexpensivecitiesintheworldaccordingtoarecentsurvey.Americancitieswereabsentfromthetop10withthemostexpensiveU.S.cityNewYorkdroppingtwospotsfromlastyearto12inthesurveyof144urbanareasconductedbyMercerHumanResourceConsulting.MoscowrankedinthirdplacewithOsakaandHongKongroundingoutthetopfivemostexpensivecities. Thesurveydrawnuptwiceayearrankscostoflivingforforeignworkersnotlocalresidentsandisusedprimarilybymultinationalcompaniestodeterminepayforexpatriateemployees."Theeuroappreciated升值morethan11percentinthelastsixmonths."saidMarie-LaurenceSepedeseniorresearcheratMercer."SothatmadeEuropeancitiesgoupandU.S.citiesdrop."SepedenotedthatwhileU.S.citiesgotcheaperinrelationtothoseinEuropeandAsiatherankingsamong:AmericancitiesremainedsimilartopreviousyearswithLosAngelesChicagoandSanFranciscoallplacinghighonthelist.AlsonotablewastheclimbofAustralianandNewZealandcitiesupthelistashiftcausedbythosenation’sstrongcurrencies.Sydneymovedfrom67lastyearto20thisyearandAucklandNewZealandclimbed35placesto80.Therestofthetop20remainedfairlyconstantalthoughParisViennaAustriaandIstanbulTurkeymadetheirfirstappearancessohighintherankings. Thesurveytookintoconsideration250criteriaincludingthecostofutilitiesfoodandentertainment.WhilethesurveylookedatarangeoflivingstandardsSepedesaidthestudywasmostrepresentativeoftheexpensesofpeopleworkingforbiginternationalcorporationsandmaintainingfairlyhighstandardsofliving.MercersaidthecontinuedappreciationoftheeuroagainsttheU.S.dollarcouldeventuallyforcecompaniestomoveemployeesandreorganize."Mainlythedepreciation贬值ofthedollarmakesitcheapertosendemployeestoAmericancities"saidJackieBarberaspokeswomanforthesurvey. NewYorkisoneofthetoptenmostexpensivecitiesintheworldlastyear.
Theseprogrammesareofimmensevaluetooldpeople.
TokyoisWorld’sPriciestCity TheweakAmericandollarandstrongEuropeanandAsiancurrencieshelpedmakeTokyoandLondonthemostexpensivecitiesintheworldaccordingtoarecentsurvey.Americancitieswereabsentfromthetop10withthemostexpensiveU.S.cityNewYorkdroppingtwospotsfromlastyearto12inthesurveyof144urbanareasconductedbyMercerHumanResourceConsulting.MoscowrankedinthirdplacewithOsakaandHongKongroundingoutthetopfivemostexpensivecities. Thesurveydrawnuptwiceayearrankscostoflivingforforeignworkersnotlocalresidentsandisusedprimarilybymultinationalcompaniestodeterminepayforexpatriateemployees."Theeuroappreciated升值morethan11percentinthelastsixmonths."saidMarie-LaurenceSepedeseniorresearcheratMercer."SothatmadeEuropeancitiesgoupandU.S.citiesdrop."SepedenotedthatwhileU.S.citiesgotcheaperinrelationtothoseinEuropeandAsiatherankingsamong:AmericancitiesremainedsimilartopreviousyearswithLosAngelesChicagoandSanFranciscoallplacinghighonthelist.AlsonotablewastheclimbofAustralianandNewZealandcitiesupthelistashiftcausedbythosenation’sstrongcurrencies.Sydneymovedfrom67lastyearto20thisyearandAucklandNewZealandclimbed35placesto80.Therestofthetop20remainedfairlyconstantalthoughParisViennaAustriaandIstanbulTurkeymadetheirfirstappearancessohighintherankings. Thesurveytookintoconsideration250criteriaincludingthecostofutilitiesfoodandentertainment.WhilethesurveylookedatarangeoflivingstandardsSepedesaidthestudywasmostrepresentativeoftheexpensesofpeopleworkingforbiginternationalcorporationsandmaintainingfairlyhighstandardsofliving.MercersaidthecontinuedappreciationoftheeuroagainsttheU.S.dollarcouldeventuallyforcecompaniestomoveemployeesandreorganize."Mainlythedepreciation贬值ofthedollarmakesitcheapertosendemployeestoAmericancities"saidJackieBarberaspokeswomanforthesurvey. Thesurveyisausefulreferenceformultinationalcompanies.
{{*HTML*}}Starsintheireyes??TheScientificAmericanBookoftheCosmoseditedbyDavidLevyMacmillan￡20ISBN0333782933??Previousgenerationsofscientistswouldhavekilledtoknowwhatweknow.ForthefirsttimeinhistorywehaveaprettygoodideaofthematerialcontentoftheUniverseourpositionwithinitandhowthewholethingcameintobeing.??Inthesetimesofexplodingknowledgethereisadefiniteneedtotakestockandassemblewhatweknowinapalatable受欢迎的form.?46???TheessaysinTheScientificAmericanBookoftheCosmoshavebeenselectedbyDavidLevyco-discovererofCometShoemaker-Levy9whichin1994struckJupiterwiththeviolenceofseveralfull-scalenuclearwars.?47?Thisiscertainlyagreatcollectionofessaysbutitisnotasthebookpromisesaseamless完美的无逢隙的synthesisofourcurrentknowledge.??NobodycanfaulttherangeofarticlesLevyhasi.ncluded.Thereareessaysontheplanetsmoonsandassorteddebris碎片intheSolarSystemandonourGalaxytheMilkyWay.?48???Thecontributorstooarestarsintheirownfields.NotmanybookscanboastchapterswrittenbysuchgiantsasErwinSchrodingerandFrancisCrick.MypersonalfavouritesareapiercinglyclearessaybyAlbertEinsteinongeneralrelativityandanarticlebyAlanGuthandPaulSteinhardtontheinflationary膨胀的Universe.??Somuchforthebook’scontent.ButLevyhasnotsucceededinprovidinganaccuratesynthesisofourcurrentknowledgeofthecosmoswhichthebookJacketpromises.Gatheringtogetherpreviouslypublishedarticlesinevitablyleavessubjectgapsmissingexplanationsandsoon.?49?Butthereisn’tone.Infactsurprisinglyforabooksodenselypackedwithinformationthereisnoindex.??Collectingessaysinthiswayisclearlyagoodpublishingwheeze巧妙的生意.?Butthisapproachshortchangesthepublicwhowouldbebetterservedbyanaccountmouldedintoaseamlesswhole.?50?Howeverforthenexteditionpleasepleasecanwehaveanindex???A.Tegmarkfearshemayholdtherecordforthelongesttimetakentoreadonebook.??B.Inamorepositiveveinthisisawonderfulcollectionofessaystodipinandoutofifyoualreadyhaveagoodoverview概述ofcurrentcosmicunderstanding.??C.Levyisanactiveastronomerandanaccomplishedwritersoyou’dexpecthimtoprovideabroadandaccuratepictureofourcurrentunderstandingofthecosmos.??D.ScientificAmericanhasattemptedtocatertothisneedbybringingtogetheressaysthathaveappearedinthemagazine.??E.Tosomeextentthesecouldhavebeenpluggedwithaglossary词表ofterms.??F.AlsoincludedarecontributionsontheworldofsubatomicparticlestheoriginoflifeonEarthandthepossibilityofitsexistenceelsewhere.
CollegeSportsintheUS CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsanddevotemillionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions51aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit52fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities54eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularlydrawcrowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV54onaparwith与……相同或相似anyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates55perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan56one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms—fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford—57infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesarerecruitedandprovidedwithscholarships.Collegecoachesidentify58teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto59thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout60coachescanrecruit—norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus—buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes61.Topcollegefootballprogramsofferscholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive62campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers63theprogramintheirsports.Footballplayersattopcolleges64twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp65andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins.DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. 52
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