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下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 ? ? ? ? ? ?...
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? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
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RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Anatomofordinarycarbonhassixprotonsandeightneutrons
Manyeconomistshavegivenintothefatal{{U}}lure{{/U}}ofmathematics.
Chimpanzees 1Chimpanzees黑猩猩willsoonbeextinct灭绝.Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat栖息地destructioncontinuesthenwithin20yearstherewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy悲剧.Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications含意forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings. 2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes基因组matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouseusedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtestswhichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgeneticallychimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority优先.Butthereisanothermoreselfishreasontopreservethechimp. 3Thechimpanzees’trumpcard王牌comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians兽医oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticularchimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting. 4ForexamplechimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.IndeedtheiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant. 5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing找到theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumansscientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.Thistheyhopewillallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration改变ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach. 23Paragraph_____1. 24Paragraph_____2. 25Paragraph_____3. 26Paragraph_____4. AReasonsforHIVresistance BImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumans CEffectiveAIDStreatment DGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumans EChimps’resistancetoHIV FGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandhumans 27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect 28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand 29Scientistssuspectthatgenes.PlaYasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting 30Thediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulto Asomehumandiseasetreatments Bsomediseases Chumansurvival Dhumangenomes Ekeyareas Fhealthierlifestyle
Chimpanzees 1Chimpanzees黑猩猩willsoonbeextinct灭绝.Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat栖息地destructioncontinuesthenwithin20yearstherewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy悲剧.Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications含意forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings. 2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes基因组matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouseusedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtestswhichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgeneticallychimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority优先.Butthereisanothermoreselfishreasontopreservethechimp. 3Thechimpanzees’trumpcard王牌comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians兽医oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticularchimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting. 4ForexamplechimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.IndeedtheiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant. 5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing找到theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumansscientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.Thistheyhopewillallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration改变ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach. 23Paragraph_____1. 24Paragraph_____2. 25Paragraph_____3. 26Paragraph_____4. AReasonsforHIVresistance BImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumans CEffectiveAIDStreatment DGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumans EChimps’resistancetoHIV FGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandhumans 27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect 28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand 29Scientistssuspectthatgenes.PlaYasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting 30Thediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulto Asomehumandiseasetreatments Bsomediseases Chumansurvival Dhumangenomes Ekeyareas Fhealthierlifestyle
第三篇 YouthEmancipationinSpain TheSpanishGovernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest. Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents’homessaysthelatestreportfromthecountry’sstate-runInstituteofYouth. Tocoax劝诱youngpeoplefromtheirhomestheInstitutestartedaYouthEmancipation解放programthismonth.Theprogramoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandjobs. Economistsblameyoungpeople’sfamilydependenceontheprecarious不稳定的labormarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince2000. Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblemsaysociologists社会学家.FamilytiesinsouthEurope-ItalyPortugalandGreece-arestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEuropesaidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreportTheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth:KeyforUnderstanding. IngeneralyoungpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganizedsaidMinguez. InSpain-especiallyinthecountrysideitisnotuncommontofindentiregroupsofauntsunclescousinsniecesandnephews外侄/侄子alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner. Parents’toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules. Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscomplainhe’llputupafightandcallthefatherafascistsaidJoseAntonioG6mezYanezasociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid. Mothers’willingnesstodochildren’shouseholdchores家务worsenstheproblem.DionisioMassoa60-year-oldinMadridhasthreechildrenintheir20s.Theeldest28hasagirlfriendandajob.Butlifewithmumisgood. Hismumdoesthewashandcooksforhim;intheendheliveswellMassosaid. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofDionisioMasso?
UnpopularSubjects? Isthereaplaceintoday’ssocietyforthestudyofuselesssubjectsinouruniversities?Justover100yearsagoFitzgeraldarguedinawell-writtenletter_____51NaturethatUniversitiesmustbeallowedtostudyuselesssubjects-_____52theydon’twhowill?Hewent0ntousethe_____53ofMaxwell’selectrodynamics_电动力学asonecasewhereauselesssubjecthasbeentransformedtoausefulsubject． Nowadaysthisargumentisagainverymuch_____54inmanyuniversities．Indeedonesuspectsthatitisoneofthoseargumentsthatmustbe_____55anew重新byeachgeneration．Butnowthereisanaddedtwist~--subjectsmustnotonlybeusefultheymustalsobe_____56enoughthatstudentswillflock蜂拥tod0themandevenflocktopaytodothem． Asuniversitiesbecomecommercialoperationsthepressureto_____57subjectsordepartmentsthatarelesspopularwillbecomestrongerandstrongerPerhapsthisismoststrongly_____58atthemomentbyphysics．Therehasbeenmuch_____59inthepressofuniversitiesthatareclosingdownphysicsdepartmentsandincorporatethemwithmathematicsorengineeringdepartments． Manyscientiststhinkotherwise．Theyseephysicsasa_____60sciencewhichmustbekeptaliveifonlyto_____61abaseforothersciencesandengineering．Itisoftheirgreatpersonalconcernthatphysicsteachingandresearchisunder_____62inmanyuniversities．HowCanitbepreservedintherushtowardscommercialcompetition?Amajorturnaround转变instudentpopularitymayhaveto_____63untiltheindustrial worlddiscoversthatitneedsphysicistsandstartspayingthemwell． Physicsisnownotonlyunpopularitisalsohard．Wecandomoreaboutthelatterby_____64teachinginourschoolsanduniversities．Wecanalso_____65cooperativearrangementstoensurethatphysicistskeeptheirresearchandteachinguptodate
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UnpopularSubjects? Isthereaplaceintoday’ssocietyforthestudyofuselesssubjectsinouruniversities?Justover100yearsagoFitzgeraldarguedinawell-writtenletter_____51NaturethatUniversitiesmustbeallowedtostudyuselesssubjects-_____52theydon’twhowill?Hewent0ntousethe_____53ofMaxwell’selectrodynamics_电动力学asonecasewhereauselesssubjecthasbeentransformedtoausefulsubject． Nowadaysthisargumentisagainverymuch_____54inmanyuniversities．Indeedonesuspectsthatitisoneofthoseargumentsthatmustbe_____55anew重新byeachgeneration．Butnowthereisanaddedtwist~--subjectsmustnotonlybeusefultheymustalsobe_____56enoughthatstudentswillflock蜂拥tod0themandevenflocktopaytodothem． Asuniversitiesbecomecommercialoperationsthepressureto_____57subjectsordepartmentsthatarelesspopularwillbecomestrongerandstrongerPerhapsthisismoststrongly_____58atthemomentbyphysics．Therehasbeenmuch_____59inthepressofuniversitiesthatareclosingdownphysicsdepartmentsandincorporatethemwithmathematicsorengineeringdepartments． Manyscientiststhinkotherwise．Theyseephysicsasa_____60sciencewhichmustbekeptaliveifonlyto_____61abaseforothersciencesandengineering．Itisoftheirgreatpersonalconcernthatphysicsteachingandresearchisunder_____62inmanyuniversities．HowCanitbepreservedintherushtowardscommercialcompetition?Amajorturnaround转变instudentpopularitymayhaveto_____63untiltheindustrial worlddiscoversthatitneedsphysicistsandstartspayingthemwell． Physicsisnownotonlyunpopularitisalsohard．Wecandomoreaboutthelatterby_____64teachinginourschoolsanduniversities．Wecanalso_____65cooperativearrangementstoensurethatphysicistskeeptheirresearchandteachinguptodate
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第二篇 Mind-readingMachine AteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanning扫描what’shappeningintheirbrains. Whenyoulookatsomethingyoureyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneurons神经元areresponsibleforthisprocessing. ThefMRIfunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging功能性磁振造影brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat. Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbodyactiveneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneuronsandthemoreactiveaneuronisthemoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrainthemoreactiveitsneuronsandinturnthemorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRIscientistscanvisualize使显现whichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood-andthereforewhichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation. AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinkslooksatsomethingorcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.ByhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimagesfMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages. TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjectslikepeopleanimalsandfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers’brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers’brainstolightuponthescanindicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee. Inasecondtestthescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebeforetheirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.ThistimethescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexampleifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstronglyrelatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttesttheirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples. Theexpressionhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatwork’inparagraph5means
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RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Thehalf-lifeofC-14isabout25000years.
第三篇 YouthEmancipationinSpain TheSpanishGovernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest. Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents’homessaysthelatestreportfromthecountry’sstate-runInstituteofYouth. Tocoax劝诱youngpeoplefromtheirhomestheInstitutestartedaYouthEmancipation解放programthismonth.Theprogramoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandjobs. Economistsblameyoungpeople’sfamilydependenceontheprecarious不稳定的labormarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince2000. Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblemsaysociologists社会学家.FamilytiesinsouthEurope-ItalyPortugalandGreece-arestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEuropesaidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreportTheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth:KeyforUnderstanding. IngeneralyoungpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganizedsaidMinguez. InSpain-especiallyinthecountrysideitisnotuncommontofindentiregroupsofauntsunclescousinsniecesandnephews外侄/侄子alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner. Parents’toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules. Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscomplainhe’llputupafightandcallthefatherafascistsaidJoseAntonioG6mezYanezasociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid. Mothers’willingnesstodochildren’shouseholdchores家务worsenstheproblem.DionisioMassoa60-year-oldinMadridhasthreechildrenintheir20s.Theeldest28hasagirlfriendandajob.Butlifewithmumisgood. Hismumdoesthewashandcooksforhim;intheendheliveswellMassosaid. Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatfamilytiesarestrongerinPortugalthanin
第二篇 Mind-readingMachine AteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanning扫描what’shappeningintheirbrains. Whenyoulookatsomethingyoureyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneurons神经元areresponsibleforthisprocessing. ThefMRIfunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging功能性磁振造影brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat. Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbodyactiveneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneuronsandthemoreactiveaneuronisthemoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrainthemoreactiveitsneuronsandinturnthemorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRIscientistscanvisualize使显现whichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood-andthereforewhichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation. AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinkslooksatsomethingorcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.ByhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimagesfMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages. TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjectslikepeopleanimalsandfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers’brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers’brainstolightuponthescanindicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee. Inasecondtestthescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebeforetheirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.ThistimethescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexampleifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstronglyrelatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttesttheirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples. Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethetitleofthepassage?
第一篇 Water Thesecondmostimportantconstituent构成成份ofthebiosphere生物圈isliquidwater.Thiscanonlyexistinaverynarrowrangeoftemperaturessincewaterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.Lifeasweknowitwouldonlybepossibleonthesurfaceofaplanetwhichhadtemperaturessomewherewithinthisnarrowrange. Theearth’ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsfairlyconstantinquantity.Thetotalquantityofwaterisnotknownveryaccuratelybutitisaboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobetoadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkilometers.Mostofitisintheformofthesaltwateroftheoceansabout97percent.TherestisfreshbutthreequartersofthisisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountainsandcannotbeusedbylivingsystemsuntilmelted.Oftheremainingfractionalwhichissomewhatlessthanonepercentofthewholethereis10—20timesasmuchstoredundergroundwaterasthereisactuallyonthesurface.Thereisalsoatinybutextremelyimportantfractionofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervaporintheatmosphere. Watervaporintheatmosphereisthechannelthroughwhichthewholewatercirculation循环ofthebiospherehastopass.Waterevaporated蒸发fromthesurfaceoftheoceansfromlakesandriversandfrommoist潮湿的earthisaddedtoit.Fromitthewatercomesoutagainasrainorsnowfallingoneithertheseaortheland.Thereisasmightbeexpectedamoreintensiveevaporationperunitareaovertheseaandoceansthanoverthelandbutthereismorerainfalloverthelandthanovertheoceansandthebalanceisrestoredbytherunofffromthelandintheformofrivers. ThetotalquantityofwateronEarth
Chimpanzees 1Chimpanzees黑猩猩willsoonbeextinct灭绝.Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat栖息地destructioncontinuesthenwithin20yearstherewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy悲剧.Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications含意forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings. 2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes基因组matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouseusedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtestswhichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgeneticallychimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority优先.Butthereisanothermoreselfishreasontopreservethechimp. 3Thechimpanzees’trumpcard王牌comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians兽医oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticularchimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting. 4ForexamplechimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.IndeedtheiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant. 5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing找到theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumansscientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.Thistheyhopewillallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration改变ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach. 23Paragraph_____1. 24Paragraph_____2. 25Paragraph_____3. 26Paragraph_____4. AReasonsforHIVresistance BImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumans CEffectiveAIDStreatment DGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumans EChimps’resistancetoHIV FGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandhumans 27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect 28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand 29Scientistssuspectthatgenes.PlaYasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting 30Thediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulto Asomehumandiseasetreatments Bsomediseases Chumansurvival Dhumangenomes Ekeyareas Fhealthierlifestyle
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RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Nowadaysmanyscientistsdependonradiocarbonfordatingage-oldobjects
UnpopularSubjects? Isthereaplaceintoday’ssocietyforthestudyofuselesssubjectsinouruniversities?Justover100yearsagoFitzgeraldarguedinawell-writtenletter_____51NaturethatUniversitiesmustbeallowedtostudyuselesssubjects-_____52theydon’twhowill?Hewent0ntousethe_____53ofMaxwell’selectrodynamics_电动力学asonecasewhereauselesssubjecthasbeentransformedtoausefulsubject． Nowadaysthisargumentisagainverymuch_____54inmanyuniversities．Indeedonesuspectsthatitisoneofthoseargumentsthatmustbe_____55anew重新byeachgeneration．Butnowthereisanaddedtwist~--subjectsmustnotonlybeusefultheymustalsobe_____56enoughthatstudentswillflock蜂拥tod0themandevenflocktopaytodothem． Asuniversitiesbecomecommercialoperationsthepressureto_____57subjectsordepartmentsthatarelesspopularwillbecomestrongerandstrongerPerhapsthisismoststrongly_____58atthemomentbyphysics．Therehasbeenmuch_____59inthepressofuniversitiesthatareclosingdownphysicsdepartmentsandincorporatethemwithmathematicsorengineeringdepartments． Manyscientiststhinkotherwise．Theyseephysicsasa_____60sciencewhichmustbekeptaliveifonlyto_____61abaseforothersciencesandengineering．Itisoftheirgreatpersonalconcernthatphysicsteachingandresearchisunder_____62inmanyuniversities．HowCanitbepreservedintherushtowardscommercialcompetition?Amajorturnaround转变instudentpopularitymayhaveto_____63untiltheindustrial worlddiscoversthatitneedsphysicistsandstartspayingthemwell． Physicsisnownotonlyunpopularitisalsohard．Wecandomoreaboutthelatterby_____64teachinginourschoolsanduniversities．Wecanalso_____65cooperativearrangementstoensurethatphysicistskeeptheirresearchandteachinguptodate
Chimpanzees 1Chimpanzees黑猩猩willsoonbeextinct灭绝.Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat栖息地destructioncontinuesthenwithin20yearstherewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy悲剧.Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications含意forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings. 2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes基因组matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouseusedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtestswhichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infactchimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgeneticallychimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority优先.Butthereisanothermoreselfishreasontopreservethechimp. 3Thechimpanzees’trumpcard王牌comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians兽医oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticularchimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting. 4ForexamplechimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.IndeedtheiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant. 5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing找到theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumansscientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.Thistheyhopewillallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration改变ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach. 23Paragraph_____1. 24Paragraph_____2. 25Paragraph_____3. 26Paragraph_____4. AReasonsforHIVresistance BImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumans CEffectiveAIDStreatment DGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumans EChimps’resistancetoHIV FGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandhumans 27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect 28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand 29Scientistssuspectthatgenes.PlaYasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting 30Thediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfulto Asomehumandiseasetreatments Bsomediseases Chumansurvival Dhumangenomes Ekeyareas Fhealthierlifestyle
RadiocarbonDating Nowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon放射性碳orcarbon-14dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened. Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarboncalledcarbon-12hassixprotons质子andsixneutrons中子initsnucleus原子核.Carbon-14orC-14isaradioactiveunstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons.Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay衰减.Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus. InLibby’sradiocarbondatingtechniquetheweakradioactiveemissions放射fromthisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.ThedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated. Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth’satmospherewhennitrogen氮-14orN-14interactswithcosmicrays宇宙射线.ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformedthemountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.ConsequentlyC-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50000years. AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules分子thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues组织.Onceanorganism有机体diesitstopstakingincarboninanyformandtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreasesandtheratioofC-14toothercarbonatomsgoesdown.IntermsofradiocarbondatingthefewerC-14atomsinasampletheolderthatsampleis. Radiocarbonisreliableindatinganobjectbacktoatleast50000years.
第一篇 Water Thesecondmostimportantconstituent构成成份ofthebiosphere生物圈isliquidwater.Thiscanonlyexistinaverynarrowrangeoftemperaturessincewaterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.Lifeasweknowitwouldonlybepossibleonthesurfaceofaplanetwhichhadtemperaturessomewherewithinthisnarrowrange. Theearth’ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsfairlyconstantinquantity.Thetotalquantityofwaterisnotknownveryaccuratelybutitisaboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobetoadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkilometers.Mostofitisintheformofthesaltwateroftheoceansabout97percent.TherestisfreshbutthreequartersofthisisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountainsandcannotbeusedbylivingsystemsuntilmelted.Oftheremainingfractionalwhichissomewhatlessthanonepercentofthewholethereis10—20timesasmuchstoredundergroundwaterasthereisactuallyonthesurface.Thereisalsoatinybutextremelyimportantfractionofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervaporintheatmosphere. Watervaporintheatmosphereisthechannelthroughwhichthewholewatercirculation循环ofthebiospherehastopass.Waterevaporated蒸发fromthesurfaceoftheoceansfromlakesandriversandfrommoist潮湿的earthisaddedtoit.Fromitthewatercomesoutagainasrainorsnowfallingoneithertheseaortheland.Thereisasmightbeexpectedamoreintensiveevaporationperunitareaovertheseaandoceansthanoverthelandbutthereismorerainfalloverthelandthanovertheoceansandthebalanceisrestoredbytherunofffromthelandintheformofrivers. Thewordfractioninthesecondparagraphmeans
UnpopularSubjects? Isthereaplaceintoday’ssocietyforthestudyofuselesssubjectsinouruniversities?Justover100yearsagoFitzgeraldarguedinawell-writtenletter_____51NaturethatUniversitiesmustbeallowedtostudyuselesssubjects-_____52theydon’twhowill?Hewent0ntousethe_____53ofMaxwell’selectrodynamics_电动力学asonecasewhereauselesssubjecthasbeentransformedtoausefulsubject． Nowadaysthisargumentisagainverymuch_____54inmanyuniversities．Indeedonesuspectsthatitisoneofthoseargumentsthatmustbe_____55anew重新byeachgeneration．Butnowthereisanaddedtwist~--subjectsmustnotonlybeusefultheymustalsobe_____56enoughthatstudentswillflock蜂拥tod0themandevenflocktopaytodothem． Asuniversitiesbecomecommercialoperationsthepressureto_____57subjectsordepartmentsthatarelesspopularwillbecomestrongerandstrongerPerhapsthisismoststrongly_____58atthemomentbyphysics．Therehasbeenmuch_____59inthepressofuniversitiesthatareclosingdownphysicsdepartmentsandincorporatethemwithmathematicsorengineeringdepartments． Manyscientiststhinkotherwise．Theyseephysicsasa_____60sciencewhichmustbekeptaliveifonlyto_____61abaseforothersciencesandengineering．Itisoftheirgreatpersonalconcernthatphysicsteachingandresearchisunder_____62inmanyuniversities．HowCanitbepreservedintherushtowardscommercialcompetition?Amajorturnaround转变instudentpopularitymayhaveto_____63untiltheindustrial worlddiscoversthatitneedsphysicistsandstartspayingthemwell． Physicsisnownotonlyunpopularitisalsohard．Wecandomoreaboutthelatterby_____64teachinginourschoolsanduniversities．Wecanalso_____65cooperativearrangementstoensurethatphysicistskeeptheirresearchandteachinguptodate
第二篇 Mind-readingMachine AteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanning扫描what’shappeningintheirbrains. Whenyoulookatsomethingyoureyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneurons神经元areresponsibleforthisprocessing. ThefMRIfunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging功能性磁振造影brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat. Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbodyactiveneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneuronsandthemoreactiveaneuronisthemoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrainthemoreactiveitsneuronsandinturnthemorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRIscientistscanvisualize使显现whichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood-andthereforewhichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation. AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinkslooksatsomethingorcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.ByhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimagesfMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages. TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjectslikepeopleanimalsandfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers’brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers’brainstolightuponthescanindicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee. Inasecondtestthescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebeforetheirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.ThistimethescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexampleifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstronglyrelatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttesttheirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples. Whatisresponsibleforprocessingtheinformationsentbyyoureyes?
Wehadalong{{U}}conversation{{/U}}aboutherparents.
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