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第一篇LongerLivesforWildElephants Mostpeoplethinkofzoosassafeplacesforanimalswherestragglessuchasdifficultyfindingfoodandavoidingpredatorsdon’texist.Withoutsuchproblemsanimalsinzoosshouldlivetoaripeoldage. ButthatmaynotbetrueforthelargestlandanimalsonEarth.Scientistshaveknownthatelephantsinzoosoftensufferfrompoorhealth.Theydevelopdiseases.jointproblemsandbehaviorchanges.Sometimestheyevenbecomeinfertileorunabletohavebabies. Tolearnmoreabouthowcaptivityaffectselephantsateamofinternationalscientistscomparedthelifespansoffemaleelephantsborninzooswithfemaleelephantslivingoutdoorsintheirnativelands.Zooskeepdetailedrecordsofalltheanimalsintheircaredocumentingfactorssuchasbirthdatesillnessesweightanddeath.Theserecordsmadeitpossiblefortheresearcherstoanalyze40yearsofdataon800AfricanandAsianelephantsinzoosacrossEurope.Thescientistscomparedthelifespansofthezoo-bornelephantswiththelifespansofthousandsoffemalewildelephantsinAfricaandAsianelephantsthatworkinloggingcampsoverapproximatelythesametimeperiod. TheteamfoundthatfemaleAfricanelephantsborninzooslivedanaverageof16.9years.Theirwildcounterpartswhodiedofnaturalcauseslivedanaverageof56years—morethanthreetimesaslong.FemaleAsianelephantsfollowedasimilarpattern.Inzoostheylived18.9yearswhilethoseintheloggingcampslived41.7years. Scientistsdon’tyetknowwhywildelephantsseemtofaresomuchbetterthantheirzoo-raisedcounterparts.GeorgiaMasonabiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawholedthestudythinksstressandobesitymaybetoblame.Zooelephantsdon’tgetthesamekindofexercisetheywouldinthewildandmostareveryfat.Elephantsociallivesarealsomuchdifferentinzoosthaninthewildwheretheyliveinlargeherdsandfamilygroups. AnotherfindingfromthestudyshowedthatAsianelephantsborninzoosweremorelikelytodieearlythanAsianelephantscapturedinthewildandbroughttozoos.Masonsuggestsstressinthemothersinzoosmightcausethemtohavebabiesthatarelesslikelytosurvive. Thestudyraisessomequestionsaboutacquiringmoreelephantstokeepinzoos.Whilesomethreatenedandendangeredspecieslivinginzoosreproducesuccessfullyandmaintainhealthypopulationsthatdoesn’tappeartobethecasewithelephants.Currentlyzoosarenetconsumersofelephantsnotnetproducers.Masonsays.Whichofthefollowingaboutthescientists’studyisNOTtrue?
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LakesTooFeelGlobalWarming There’snodoubt:InthelastfewdecadestheaveragetemperatureonEarthhasbeenhigherthanit’sbeeninhundredsofyears.Aroundtheworldpeoplearestartingtomeasuretheeffectsofglobalwarming—andtryingtofigureoutwhattodoaboutit. Scientistsrecentlyusedsatellitestostudythetemperaturesoflakesaroundtheworldandtheyfoundthatlakesareheatingup.Between1985and2009satellitesrecordedthenighttimetemperaturesofthesurfacesof167lakes.Duringthose24yearsthelakesgotwarmer—byanaverageofabout0.045degreeCelsiusperyear. Insomeplaceslakeshavebeenwarmingbyasmuchas0.10degreeCelsiusperyear.AtthatratealakemaywarmbyafulldegreeCelsiusor1.8degreesFahrenheitinjust10years.Thatdifferencemayseemsmall—youmightnotevennoticeitinyourbathtub.Butinalakeslightlywarmertemperaturescouldmeanmorealgaeandalgaecanmakethelakepoisonoustofish. ThescientistswhodidthestudyworkforNASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratoryattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.TheyreportthatlakesseemtobewarmingfasterinthenorthernpartsoftheNorthernHemisphere.IntheUnitedStateslakesinthesouthwesternpartofthecountrywarmedfasterthandidtheGreatLakesinthenorth. Thestudyshowsthatinsomeregionslakesarewarmingfasterthantheairaroundthem.ThisisimportantbecausescientistsoftenusemeasurementsofairtemperaturetostudyhowtheEarthiswarming.Byusinglaketemperaturesaswellscientistscangetabetterpictureofglobalwarming.Thescientistssaydataonlakesgivescientistsanewwaytomeasuretheimpactofclimatechangearoundtheworld. That’sgoingtobeusefulsincenocountryistoobigortoosmalltoignoreclimatechange.Scientistsaren’ttheonlyonesconcerned.EveryonewholivesonEarthisgoingtobeaffectedbytherapidwarmingoftheplanet.Manyworldleadersbelievewemightbeabletodosomethingaboutitespeciallybyreducingtheamountofgreenhousegasesweputintotheair. That’swhytheUnitedNationsstartedtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeorUNFCCC.Everyyeartheconventionmeetsandrepresentativesfromcountriesaroundtheworldgathertotalkaboutclimatechangeanddiscussglobalsolutionstothechallengesofawarmingworld.Scientisthavebeenkeepingrecordsoflaketemperaturesforover30years.
第二篇Cellphones:hanguporkeeptalking Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitisactuallyconsideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountriescellphonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesaremorethanameansofcommunication—havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecoolandconnected. Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesomehealthprofessionalsworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefutremanypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.InEnglandtherehasbeenaseriousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephonecompaniesareworriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisnoproofthatmobilephonesarebadforyourhealth. Ontheotherhandwhydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthebraincellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangeinthetissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning扫描equipment.Inonecaseatravelingsalesmanhadtoretireatayoungagebecauseofseriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn’trememberevensimpletasks.Hewouldoftenforgetthenameofhisownson.Thismanusedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursadayeverydayofhisworkingweekforacoupleofyears.Hisfamilydoctorblamedhismobilephoneusebuthisemployer’sdoctordidn’tagree. Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswerisradiation.High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsofradiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthereissomeradiationbuttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout. Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinuesitappearsthatit’sbesttousemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkforalongtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenientespeciallyinemergencies.Inthefuturemobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornowit’swisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften.Thewriter’spurposeofwritingthisarticleistoadvisepeople
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LakesTooFeelGlobalWarming There’snodoubt:InthelastfewdecadestheaveragetemperatureonEarthhasbeenhigherthanit’sbeeninhundredsofyears.Aroundtheworldpeoplearestartingtomeasuretheeffectsofglobalwarming—andtryingtofigureoutwhattodoaboutit. Scientistsrecentlyusedsatellitestostudythetemperaturesoflakesaroundtheworldandtheyfoundthatlakesareheatingup.Between1985and2009satellitesrecordedthenighttimetemperaturesofthesurfacesof167lakes.Duringthose24yearsthelakesgotwarmer—byanaverageofabout0.045degreeCelsiusperyear. Insomeplaceslakeshavebeenwarmingbyasmuchas0.10degreeCelsiusperyear.AtthatratealakemaywarmbyafulldegreeCelsiusor1.8degreesFahrenheitinjust10years.Thatdifferencemayseemsmall—youmightnotevennoticeitinyourbathtub.Butinalakeslightlywarmertemperaturescouldmeanmorealgaeandalgaecanmakethelakepoisonoustofish. ThescientistswhodidthestudyworkforNASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratoryattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.TheyreportthatlakesseemtobewarmingfasterinthenorthernpartsoftheNorthernHemisphere.IntheUnitedStateslakesinthesouthwesternpartofthecountrywarmedfasterthandidtheGreatLakesinthenorth. Thestudyshowsthatinsomeregionslakesarewarmingfasterthantheairaroundthem.ThisisimportantbecausescientistsoftenusemeasurementsofairtemperaturetostudyhowtheEarthiswarming.Byusinglaketemperaturesaswellscientistscangetabetterpictureofglobalwarming.Thescientistssaydataonlakesgivescientistsanewwaytomeasuretheimpactofclimatechangearoundtheworld. That’sgoingtobeusefulsincenocountryistoobigortoosmalltoignoreclimatechange.Scientistsaren’ttheonlyonesconcerned.EveryonewholivesonEarthisgoingtobeaffectedbytherapidwarmingoftheplanet.Manyworldleadersbelievewemightbeabletodosomethingaboutitespeciallybyreducingtheamountofgreenhousegasesweputintotheair. That’swhytheUnitedNationsstartedtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeorUNFCCC.Everyyeartheconventionmeetsandrepresentativesfromcountriesaroundtheworldgathertotalkaboutclimatechangeanddiscussglobalsolutionstothechallengesofawarmingworld.LakesseemtobewarmingfasterinAsia.
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SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
第一篇LongerLivesforWildElephants Mostpeoplethinkofzoosassafeplacesforanimalswherestragglessuchasdifficultyfindingfoodandavoidingpredatorsdon’texist.Withoutsuchproblemsanimalsinzoosshouldlivetoaripeoldage. ButthatmaynotbetrueforthelargestlandanimalsonEarth.Scientistshaveknownthatelephantsinzoosoftensufferfrompoorhealth.Theydevelopdiseases.jointproblemsandbehaviorchanges.Sometimestheyevenbecomeinfertileorunabletohavebabies. Tolearnmoreabouthowcaptivityaffectselephantsateamofinternationalscientistscomparedthelifespansoffemaleelephantsborninzooswithfemaleelephantslivingoutdoorsintheirnativelands.Zooskeepdetailedrecordsofalltheanimalsintheircaredocumentingfactorssuchasbirthdatesillnessesweightanddeath.Theserecordsmadeitpossiblefortheresearcherstoanalyze40yearsofdataon800AfricanandAsianelephantsinzoosacrossEurope.Thescientistscomparedthelifespansofthezoo-bornelephantswiththelifespansofthousandsoffemalewildelephantsinAfricaandAsianelephantsthatworkinloggingcampsoverapproximatelythesametimeperiod. TheteamfoundthatfemaleAfricanelephantsborninzooslivedanaverageof16.9years.Theirwildcounterpartswhodiedofnaturalcauseslivedanaverageof56years—morethanthreetimesaslong.FemaleAsianelephantsfollowedasimilarpattern.Inzoostheylived18.9yearswhilethoseintheloggingcampslived41.7years. Scientistsdon’tyetknowwhywildelephantsseemtofaresomuchbetterthantheirzoo-raisedcounterparts.GeorgiaMasonabiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawholedthestudythinksstressandobesitymaybetoblame.Zooelephantsdon’tgetthesamekindofexercisetheywouldinthewildandmostareveryfat.Elephantsociallivesarealsomuchdifferentinzoosthaninthewildwheretheyliveinlargeherdsandfamilygroups. AnotherfindingfromthestudyshowedthatAsianelephantsborninzoosweremorelikelytodieearlythanAsianelephantscapturedinthewildandbroughttozoos.Masonsuggestsstressinthemothersinzoosmightcausethemtohavebabiesthatarelesslikelytosurvive. Thestudyraisessomequestionsaboutacquiringmoreelephantstokeepinzoos.Whilesomethreatenedandendangeredspecieslivinginzoosreproducesuccessfullyandmaintainhealthypopulationsthatdoesn’tappeartobethecasewithelephants.Currentlyzoosarenetconsumersofelephantsnotnetproducers.Masonsays.Oneofthepossiblereasonsforthezoo-raisedelephants’pro?
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
LakesTooFeelGlobalWarming There’snodoubt:InthelastfewdecadestheaveragetemperatureonEarthhasbeenhigherthanit’sbeeninhundredsofyears.Aroundtheworldpeoplearestartingtomeasuretheeffectsofglobalwarming—andtryingtofigureoutwhattodoaboutit. Scientistsrecentlyusedsatellitestostudythetemperaturesoflakesaroundtheworldandtheyfoundthatlakesareheatingup.Between1985and2009satellitesrecordedthenighttimetemperaturesofthesurfacesof167lakes.Duringthose24yearsthelakesgotwarmer—byanaverageofabout0.045degreeCelsiusperyear. Insomeplaceslakeshavebeenwarmingbyasmuchas0.10degreeCelsiusperyear.AtthatratealakemaywarmbyafulldegreeCelsiusor1.8degreesFahrenheitinjust10years.Thatdifferencemayseemsmall—youmightnotevennoticeitinyourbathtub.Butinalakeslightlywarmertemperaturescouldmeanmorealgaeandalgaecanmakethelakepoisonoustofish. ThescientistswhodidthestudyworkforNASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratoryattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.TheyreportthatlakesseemtobewarmingfasterinthenorthernpartsoftheNorthernHemisphere.IntheUnitedStateslakesinthesouthwesternpartofthecountrywarmedfasterthandidtheGreatLakesinthenorth. Thestudyshowsthatinsomeregionslakesarewarmingfasterthantheairaroundthem.ThisisimportantbecausescientistsoftenusemeasurementsofairtemperaturetostudyhowtheEarthiswarming.Byusinglaketemperaturesaswellscientistscangetabetterpictureofglobalwarming.Thescientistssaydataonlakesgivescientistsanewwaytomeasuretheimpactofclimatechangearoundtheworld. That’sgoingtobeusefulsincenocountryistoobigortoosmalltoignoreclimatechange.Scientistsaren’ttheonlyonesconcerned.EveryonewholivesonEarthisgoingtobeaffectedbytherapidwarmingoftheplanet.Manyworldleadersbelievewemightbeabletodosomethingaboutitespeciallybyreducingtheamountofgreenhousegasesweputintotheair. That’swhytheUnitedNationsstartedtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeorUNFCCC.Everyyeartheconventionmeetsandrepresentativesfromcountriesaroundtheworldgathertotalkaboutclimatechangeanddiscussglobalsolutionstothechallengesofawarmingworld.UNFCCC’sannualmeetingwillbeheldinMexicothisyear.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinction灭绝ofthesmallpox天花virus.Whensmallpoxwascompletelygotridofintheworldscientistswantedto51thekillervirusinthelasttwolabs-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Theyasked:Ifsmallpoxhastrulygonefromtheplanet52pointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves? inrealityofcourseitwasnaiveto53thateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapowerfulpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials小药瓶.AndthelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia55noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave56ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe57fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines疫苗.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto58thevirus-justin59thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe60withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?61.Keepthevirus62internationalsupportinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasit63amultilateral多边的approachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideais64.Ifthevirusisusefulthenlet’s65ittheservantofallhumanitynotjustapartofit.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinction灭绝ofthesmallpox天花virus.Whensmallpoxwascompletelygotridofintheworldscientistswantedto51thekillervirusinthelasttwolabs-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Theyasked:Ifsmallpoxhastrulygonefromtheplanet52pointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves? inrealityofcourseitwasnaiveto53thateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapowerfulpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials小药瓶.AndthelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia55noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave56ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe57fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines疫苗.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto58thevirus-justin59thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe60withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?61.Keepthevirus62internationalsupportinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasit63amultilateral多边的approachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideais64.Ifthevirusisusefulthenlet’s65ittheservantofallhumanitynotjustapartofit.
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OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinction灭绝ofthesmallpox天花virus.Whensmallpoxwascompletelygotridofintheworldscientistswantedto51thekillervirusinthelasttwolabs-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Theyasked:Ifsmallpoxhastrulygonefromtheplanet52pointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves? inrealityofcourseitwasnaiveto53thateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapowerfulpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials小药瓶.AndthelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia55noobviousgain. NowAmericanresearchershave56ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe57fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines疫苗.Soonceagainthere’sagoodreasonto58thevirus-justin59thediseaseputsinareappearance. Howdowe60withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia?61.Keepthevirus62internationalsupportinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasit63amultilateral多边的approachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideais64.Ifthevirusisusefulthenlet’s65ittheservantofallhumanitynotjustapartofit.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
第二篇Cellphones:hanguporkeeptalking Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitisactuallyconsideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountriescellphonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesaremorethanameansofcommunication—havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecoolandconnected. Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesomehealthprofessionalsworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefutremanypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.InEnglandtherehasbeenaseriousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephonecompaniesareworriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisnoproofthatmobilephonesarebadforyourhealth. Ontheotherhandwhydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthebraincellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangeinthetissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning扫描equipment.Inonecaseatravelingsalesmanhadtoretireatayoungagebecauseofseriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn’trememberevensimpletasks.Hewouldoftenforgetthenameofhisownson.Thismanusedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursadayeverydayofhisworkingweekforacoupleofyears.Hisfamilydoctorblamedhismobilephoneusebuthisemployer’sdoctordidn’tagree. Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswerisradiation.High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsofradiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthereissomeradiationbuttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout. Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinuesitappearsthatit’sbesttousemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkforalongtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenientespeciallyinemergencies.Inthefuturemobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornowit’swisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften.PeoplebuycellphonesforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat
Andersonleftthetable{{U}}remarking{{/U}}thathehadsomeworktodo.
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
第三篇TheBookofLife Sofarscientistshavenamedabout1.8millionlivingspecies物种andthat’sjustafractionofwhatprobablyexistsonEarth.Withsomanyplantsanimalsandothercreaturescoveringtheplanetitcanbetoughtofigureoutwhattypeofspiderismovingupyourlegorwhatkindofbirdisflyingby. Asoon-to-be-launchedWebsitemighthelp.Aninternationalteamofresearchershas announcedthecreationofaWeb-basedEncyclopediaofLifeEoL.TheprojectaimstocatalogeveryspeciesonEarthinasingleeasy-to-usereferenceguide. Togettheencyclopediastartedthecreatorswilluseinformationfromscientificdatabasesthatalreadyexist.Andeventuallyinspecialsectionsofthesitenonscientistswithspecializedknowledgewillgettojoinin.Bird-watchersforexamplewillbeabletoinputwhichbirdsthey’veseenandwhere.Thetechnologyforthiskindoftoolhasonlyrecentlybecomeavailable. AstheEoLdevelopsyoumightfinditusefulforschoolprojects.Thesitewillfeaturespecialpagesforkidswhoarestudyingecosystems生态系统intheirneighborhoods.Tomakesuretheencyclopediaisaccuratescientistswillreviewmuchoftheinformationaddedtoit.Peoplewhovisitthesitewillbeabletochoosetoleaveoutpagesthathaven’tbeenreviewed. AnotherconvenientfeatureoftheEoListhatyou’llbeabletopickthelevelofdetailyouseetomatchyourinterestsageandcurrentknowledge.Ifyouwantedtolearnaboutbearsforascienceclassreportforexampleyoucouldusethenovicesettingtogetbasicinformationabouttheanimals.Ontheexpertsettingontheotherhandyoucouldgetmuchmoredetailedinformationaboutthehistoryliteratureandexplorationofbears. Itnowtakesyearsforscientiststocollectallthedatatheyneedtodescribeandanalyzespecies.ThecreatorsoftheEncyclopediaofLifehopethattheirnewtoolwillspeedthatprocess.ThegoalofthecreatingoftheEoListo
SmokingCanIncreaseDepressiveSymptomsinTeens Whilesometeenagersmaypuffoncigarettestoself-medicate自我治疗againstthebluesscientistsattheUniversityofTorontoandtheUniversityofMontrealhavefoundthatsmokingmayactually__51_depressivesymptomsinsometeens. Thisobservationalstudyisoneofthefewtoexaminetheperceived_52__benefitsofsmokingamongteenssaysleadresearcherMichaelChaitonaresearchassociateattheOntarioTobaccoResearchUnitoftheUniversityofToronto._53__cigarettesmayappeartohaveself-medicatingeffectsortoimprovemoodinthelong_54__wefoundthatteenswhostartedtosmokereportedhigherdepressivesymptoms. Aspartofthestudysome662highschoolteenagerscompletedupto20questionnairesabouttheiruseofcigarettesto_55___mood.SecondaryschoolswereselectedtoprovideamixofFrenchandEnglishparticipantsurbanandruralschoolsandschools_56__inhighmoderateandlowsocioeconomicneighborhoods. Participantsweredividedintothree_57___:neversmokers;smokerswhodidnotusecigarettestoself-medicateimprovemoodorphysical_58__;smokerswhousedcigarettestoself-medicate.Depressivesymptomsweremeasuredusingascalethataskedhowoftenparticipantsfelttootiredtodothings;had_59__goingtosleeporstayingasleep;feltunhappysadordepressed;felthopless aboutthefuture;feltvexedantsyortense;andworriedtoomuchaboutthings. Smokerswhousedcigarettesasmood_60__hadhigherrisksofelevated提升depressivesymptoms_61__teenswhohadneversmokedsaysco-researcherJenniferO’LoughlinaprofessorattheUniversityofMontrealDepartmentofSocialandPreventiveMedicine.Ourstudyfoundthatteensmokerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingare_62__higherriskofdevelopingdepressivesymptoms. The_63__betweendepressionandsmokingexits_64__amongteensthatusecigarettestofeelbetter.It’s_65__toemphasizethatdepressivesymptomscoreswerehigheramongteenagerswhoreportedemotionalbenefitsfromsmokingaftertheybegantosmokesaysDr.Chaiton.
Marsha{{U]}confessed{{/U}}thatsheknewnothingofcomputer.
第三篇TheBookofLife Sofarscientistshavenamedabout1.8millionlivingspecies物种andthat’sjustafractionofwhatprobablyexistsonEarth.Withsomanyplantsanimalsandothercreaturescoveringtheplanetitcanbetoughtofigureoutwhattypeofspiderismovingupyourlegorwhatkindofbirdisflyingby. Asoon-to-be-launchedWebsitemighthelp.Aninternationalteamofresearchershas announcedthecreationofaWeb-basedEncyclopediaofLifeEoL.TheprojectaimstocatalogeveryspeciesonEarthinasingleeasy-to-usereferenceguide. Togettheencyclopediastartedthecreatorswilluseinformationfromscientificdatabasesthatalreadyexist.Andeventuallyinspecialsectionsofthesitenonscientistswithspecializedknowledgewillgettojoinin.Bird-watchersforexamplewillbeabletoinputwhichbirdsthey’veseenandwhere.Thetechnologyforthiskindoftoolhasonlyrecentlybecomeavailable. AstheEoLdevelopsyoumightfinditusefulforschoolprojects.Thesitewillfeaturespecialpagesforkidswhoarestudyingecosystems生态系统intheirneighborhoods.Tomakesuretheencyclopediaisaccuratescientistswillreviewmuchoftheinformationaddedtoit.Peoplewhovisitthesitewillbeabletochoosetoleaveoutpagesthathaven’tbeenreviewed. AnotherconvenientfeatureoftheEoListhatyou’llbeabletopickthelevelofdetailyouseetomatchyourinterestsageandcurrentknowledge.Ifyouwantedtolearnaboutbearsforascienceclassreportforexampleyoucouldusethenovicesettingtogetbasicinformationabouttheanimals.Ontheexpertsettingontheotherhandyoucouldgetmuchmoredetailedinformationaboutthehistoryliteratureandexplorationofbears. Itnowtakesyearsforscientiststocollectallthedatatheyneedtodescribeandanalyzespecies.ThecreatorsoftheEncyclopediaofLifehopethattheirnewtoolwillspeedthatprocess.Thewordnoviceinparagraph5couldbebestreplacedby
LakesTooFeelGlobalWarming There’snodoubt:InthelastfewdecadestheaveragetemperatureonEarthhasbeenhigherthanit’sbeeninhundredsofyears.Aroundtheworldpeoplearestartingtomeasuretheeffectsofglobalwarming—andtryingtofigureoutwhattodoaboutit. Scientistsrecentlyusedsatellitestostudythetemperaturesoflakesaroundtheworldandtheyfoundthatlakesareheatingup.Between1985and2009satellitesrecordedthenighttimetemperaturesofthesurfacesof167lakes.Duringthose24yearsthelakesgotwarmer—byanaverageofabout0.045degreeCelsiusperyear. Insomeplaceslakeshavebeenwarmingbyasmuchas0.10degreeCelsiusperyear.AtthatratealakemaywarmbyafulldegreeCelsiusor1.8degreesFahrenheitinjust10years.Thatdifferencemayseemsmall—youmightnotevennoticeitinyourbathtub.Butinalakeslightlywarmertemperaturescouldmeanmorealgaeandalgaecanmakethelakepoisonoustofish. ThescientistswhodidthestudyworkforNASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratoryattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.TheyreportthatlakesseemtobewarmingfasterinthenorthernpartsoftheNorthernHemisphere.IntheUnitedStateslakesinthesouthwesternpartofthecountrywarmedfasterthandidtheGreatLakesinthenorth. Thestudyshowsthatinsomeregionslakesarewarmingfasterthantheairaroundthem.ThisisimportantbecausescientistsoftenusemeasurementsofairtemperaturetostudyhowtheEarthiswarming.Byusinglaketemperaturesaswellscientistscangetabetterpictureofglobalwarming.Thescientistssaydataonlakesgivescientistsanewwaytomeasuretheimpactofclimatechangearoundtheworld. That’sgoingtobeusefulsincenocountryistoobigortoosmalltoignoreclimatechange.Scientistsaren’ttheonlyonesconcerned.EveryonewholivesonEarthisgoingtobeaffectedbytherapidwarmingoftheplanet.Manyworldleadersbelievewemightbeabletodosomethingaboutitespeciallybyreducingtheamountofgreenhousegasesweputintotheair. That’swhytheUnitedNationsstartedtheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeorUNFCCC.Everyyeartheconventionmeetsandrepresentativesfromcountriesaroundtheworldgathertotalkaboutclimatechangeanddiscussglobalsolutionstothechallengesofawarmingworld.Scientistsgenerallyfocusonairtemperatureswhenstudyingglobalwarming.
第二篇Cellphones:hanguporkeeptalking Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitisactuallyconsideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountriescellphonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesaremorethanameansofcommunication—havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecoolandconnected. Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesomehealthprofessionalsworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefutremanypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.InEnglandtherehasbeenaseriousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephonecompaniesareworriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisnoproofthatmobilephonesarebadforyourhealth. Ontheotherhandwhydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthebraincellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangeinthetissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning扫描equipment.Inonecaseatravelingsalesmanhadtoretireatayoungagebecauseofseriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn’trememberevensimpletasks.Hewouldoftenforgetthenameofhisownson.Thismanusedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursadayeverydayofhisworkingweekforacoupleofyears.Hisfamilydoctorblamedhismobilephoneusebuthisemployer’sdoctordidn’tagree. Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswerisradiation.High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsofradiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthereissomeradiationbuttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout. Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinuesitappearsthatit’sbesttousemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkforalongtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenientespeciallyinemergencies.Inthefuturemobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornowit’swisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften.Thesalesmanretiredyoungbecause
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