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A. A Short History of Naming HurricanesB. Harnessing the Hurricane EnergyC. Difficulty in Forecastin...
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A.Reasonfornaminghurricanes??B.Warningofanapproach
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Iwanttoprovidemyboyswithadecenteducation.
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaims.Theschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity.Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyarerightsometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDenson.RidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBUSCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergarten.LastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburgknowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.ShesaysIt’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant.HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfeagree.BruceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusCompanyLarryAlthousepresidentofthecompanyacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord:YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays.Hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Hewasrecognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemiles.Hardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus.AlthousefurtheraddsAlthouseBusCompanywasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversince.Mygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusCompanyisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome.Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerationsLiesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict.AlthouseBusCompanypaysmuchattentionto______.
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaims.Theschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity.Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyarerightsometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDenson.RidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBUSCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergarten.LastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburgknowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.ShesaysIt’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant.HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfeagree.BruceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusCompanyLarryAlthousepresidentofthecompanyacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord:YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays.Hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Hewasrecognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemiles.Hardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus.AlthousefurtheraddsAlthouseBusCompanywasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversince.Mygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusCompanyisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome.Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerationsLiesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict.Thewordmirrorinthefirstlinecouldbebestreplacedby______.
AcausesofchangesBincreasingnumberofmuseumsandvisitorsCmuseumsgettingclosertomorespectatorsDmoviesshowninmuseumsEnewnotionsaboutthemanagementofmuseumsFplacestovisitparagraph4______
CellPhoneLetsYourSecretOutYourcellphoneholdssecretsaboutyou.Besidesthenamesand51thatyou’veprogrammedintoittracesofyourDNAlingeronthedeviceaccordingtoanewstudy.DNAisgeneticmaterialthat52ineverycell.LikeyourfingerprintyourDNAisuniquetoyou53youhaveanidenticaltwin.ScientiststodayroutinelyanalyzeDNAinbloodsalivaorhairleft54atthesceneofacrime.Theresultsoftenhelpdetectivesidentify55andtheirvictims.Yourcellphonecanrevealmoreaboutyou56youmightthink.MeghanJ.McFaddenascientistatMcMasterUniversityinHamiltonOntarioheardaboutacrimeinwhichthesuspectbledontoacellphoneandlaterdroppedthe57.ThismadeherwonderwhethertracesofDNAlingeredoncellphonesevenwhennobloodwasinvolved.58sheandcolleagueMargaretWallaceoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkanalyzedtheflip-openphonesof10volunteers.Theyusedswabstocollect59tracesoftheusersfromtwopartsofthephone:theoutsidewheretheuserholdsitandthe60whichisplacedattheuser’sear.Thescientistsscrubbedthephonesusingasolutionmademostly61alcohol.TheaimofwashingwastoremovealldetectabletracesofDNA.Theownersgottheirphones62foranotherweek.Thentheresearcherscollectedthephonesandrepeatedtheswabbingofeachphoneoncemore.ThescientistsdiscoveredDNAthat63tothephone’sspeakeroneachofthephones.BettersampleswerecollectedfromtheoutsideofeachphonebutthoseswabsalsopickedupDNAthatbelongedtootherpeoplewhohadapparentlyalsohandledthephone.64DNAshowedupeveninswabsthatweretakenimmediatelyafterthephoneswerescrubbed.Thatsuggeststhatwashingwon’tremovealltracesofevidencefromacriminal’sdevice.Socellphonescannowbeaddedtothe65ofcluesthatcanclinchacrime-sceneinvestigation.
ObesityCausesGlobalWarmingThelistofillsattributabletoobesitykeepsgrowing:Lastweekobesepeoplewereaccusedofcausingglobalwarming.ThisconclusioncomesfromSheldonJacobsonoftheUniversityofIllinoisUSandadoctoralstudentLauraMcLay.TheirstudycalculateshowmuchextragasolineisneededtohaulfatAmericansaround.Theanswertheysayisabilliongallonsofgasperyear.46.Therehasbeencallsfortaxesonjunkfoodinrecentyears.47.WetaxcigarettespartlybecauseoftheirhealthcostSchmidtsaid.Similarlyleadingalazylifestylewillendupcostingtaxpayersmore.USpoliticalscientistEricOliversaidhisfirstinstinctwastolaughatthesegasandfastfoodarguments.Butsuchclaimsaregettingattention.AttheUSObesitySociety’sannualmeetingonepersoncorrelatedobesitywithcaraccidentdeathsandanothercorrelatedobesitywithsuicides.48.ThefunnythingwasthateveryonetookitseriouslyOliversaid.Ina1960sstudychildrenwereshowndrawingsofchildrenwithdisabilitiesandwithoutthemandadrawingofanobesechild.Theywereaskedwhichtheywouldwantforafriend49.Threeresearchersrecentlyrepeatedthestudyusingcollegestudents.Onceagainalmostnoonenotevenobesepeoplelikedtheobeseperson.Obesitywasstigmatizedtheresearcherssaid.Butresearcherssaygettingthinisnotlikequittingsmoking.Peoplestruggletostopsmokingandintheendmanysucceed.Obesityisdifferent.Butnotbecauseobesepeopledon’tcare.50.Genesalsoplayapart.A.Ameagerdietmaykeepyouthin.B.Itmeansanextra11milliontonsofcarbondioxide.C.Theobesechildwaspickedlast.D.USeconomistMartinSchmidtsuggestsataxonfastfooddeliveredtopeople’scarsE.Sciencehasshownthattheyhavelimitedpersonalcontrolovertheirweight.F.Nooneaskedwhethertherewasreallyacause-and-effectrelationship.
ImageMartianDustParticlesNASA’sPhoenixMarsLanderhastakenitsfirst-everpictureofasingleparticleofrustyMartiandustwithoneofitsmicroscopes.ThedustparticlesofdustwereshownatahighermagnificationthananythingoutsideofEarththathasbeenimagedbefore.Theroundedparticlemeasuredonlyaboutonemicrometeroronemillionthofameteracross.TakingthisimagerequiredthehighestresolutionmicroscopeoperatedoffEarthandaspeciallydesigneddevicetoholdtheMartiandustsaidTomPikeaPhoenixscienceteammemberfromImperialCollegeLondon.Wealwaysknewitwasgoingtobetechnicallyverychallengingtoimageparticlesthissmall.Thedevicethatimagedthedustspeckiscalledanatomicforcemicroscopewhichmapstheshapeofparticlesinthreedimensionsbyscanningthemwithasharptipattheendofaspring.Theatomicforcemicroscopecandetailtheshapesofparticlesassmallasabout100nanometers.Andthiswon’tbethelastdustparticlethatPhoenixwillimage.Afterthisfirstsuccesswe’renowworkingonbuildingupaportraitgalleryofthedustonMarsPikesaid.DustexistseverywhereonMarscoatingthesurfaceandgivingititsrustyredcolor.DustparticlesalsocolortheMartianskypinkandfeedstormsthatregularlyenvelopetheplanet.Theultra-finedustisthemediumthatactivelylinksgasesintheMartianatmospheretoprocessesinMartiansoilsoitiscriticallyimportanttounderstandingMars’environmenttheresearcherssaid.The$420-millionPhoenixmissionisanalyzingthedustandsubsurfaceicelayersofMars’arcticregionstolookforsignsofpotentialpasthabitability.TheparticleseenintheatomicforcemicroscopeimagewaspartofasamplescoopedbytheroboticarmfromtheSnowWhitetrenchanddeliveredtoPhoenix’smicroscopestationinearlyJuly.UsingthesametechnologywehavealsomeasuredthesizeofparticlesonthemoonandJupiter.
CellPhoneLetsYourSecretOutYourcellphoneholdssecretsaboutyou.Besidesthenamesand51thatyou’veprogrammedintoittracesofyourDNAlingeronthedeviceaccordingtoanewstudy.DNAisgeneticmaterialthat52ineverycell.LikeyourfingerprintyourDNAisuniquetoyou53youhaveanidenticaltwin.ScientiststodayroutinelyanalyzeDNAinbloodsalivaorhairleft54atthesceneofacrime.Theresultsoftenhelpdetectivesidentify55andtheirvictims.Yourcellphonecanrevealmoreaboutyou56youmightthink.MeghanJ.McFaddenascientistatMcMasterUniversityinHamiltonOntarioheardaboutacrimeinwhichthesuspectbledontoacellphoneandlaterdroppedthe57.ThismadeherwonderwhethertracesofDNAlingeredoncellphonesevenwhennobloodwasinvolved.58sheandcolleagueMargaretWallaceoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkanalyzedtheflip-openphonesof10volunteers.Theyusedswabstocollect59tracesoftheusersfromtwopartsofthephone:theoutsidewheretheuserholdsitandthe60whichisplacedattheuser’sear.Thescientistsscrubbedthephonesusingasolutionmademostly61alcohol.TheaimofwashingwastoremovealldetectabletracesofDNA.Theownersgottheirphones62foranotherweek.Thentheresearcherscollectedthephonesandrepeatedtheswabbingofeachphoneoncemore.ThescientistsdiscoveredDNAthat63tothephone’sspeakeroneachofthephones.BettersampleswerecollectedfromtheoutsideofeachphonebutthoseswabsalsopickedupDNAthatbelongedtootherpeoplewhohadapparentlyalsohandledthephone.64DNAshowedupeveninswabsthatweretakenimmediatelyafterthephoneswerescrubbed.Thatsuggeststhatwashingwon’tremovealltracesofevidencefromacriminal’sdevice.Socellphonescannowbeaddedtothe65ofcluesthatcanclinchacrime-sceneinvestigation.
CellPhoneLetsYourSecretOutYourcellphoneholdssecretsaboutyou.Besidesthenamesand51thatyou’veprogrammedintoittracesofyourDNAlingeronthedeviceaccordingtoanewstudy.DNAisgeneticmaterialthat52ineverycell.LikeyourfingerprintyourDNAisuniquetoyou53youhaveanidenticaltwin.ScientiststodayroutinelyanalyzeDNAinbloodsalivaorhairleft54atthesceneofacrime.Theresultsoftenhelpdetectivesidentify55andtheirvictims.Yourcellphonecanrevealmoreaboutyou56youmightthink.MeghanJ.McFaddenascientistatMcMasterUniversityinHamiltonOntarioheardaboutacrimeinwhichthesuspectbledontoacellphoneandlaterdroppedthe57.ThismadeherwonderwhethertracesofDNAlingeredoncellphonesevenwhennobloodwasinvolved.58sheandcolleagueMargaretWallaceoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkanalyzedtheflip-openphonesof10volunteers.Theyusedswabstocollect59tracesoftheusersfromtwopartsofthephone:theoutsidewheretheuserholdsitandthe60whichisplacedattheuser’sear.Thescientistsscrubbedthephonesusingasolutionmademostly61alcohol.TheaimofwashingwastoremovealldetectabletracesofDNA.Theownersgottheirphones62foranotherweek.Thentheresearcherscollectedthephonesandrepeatedtheswabbingofeachphoneoncemore.ThescientistsdiscoveredDNAthat63tothephone’sspeakeroneachofthephones.BettersampleswerecollectedfromtheoutsideofeachphonebutthoseswabsalsopickedupDNAthatbelongedtootherpeoplewhohadapparentlyalsohandledthephone.64DNAshowedupeveninswabsthatweretakenimmediatelyafterthephoneswerescrubbed.Thatsuggeststhatwashingwon’tremovealltracesofevidencefromacriminal’sdevice.Socellphonescannowbeaddedtothe65ofcluesthatcanclinchacrime-sceneinvestigation.
ImageMartianDustParticlesNASA’sPhoenixMarsLanderhastakenitsfirst-everpictureofasingleparticleofrustyMartiandustwithoneofitsmicroscopes.ThedustparticlesofdustwereshownatahighermagnificationthananythingoutsideofEarththathasbeenimagedbefore.Theroundedparticlemeasuredonlyaboutonemicrometeroronemillionthofameteracross.TakingthisimagerequiredthehighestresolutionmicroscopeoperatedoffEarthandaspeciallydesigneddevicetoholdtheMartiandustsaidTomPikeaPhoenixscienceteammemberfromImperialCollegeLondon.Wealwaysknewitwasgoingtobetechnicallyverychallengingtoimageparticlesthissmall.Thedevicethatimagedthedustspeckiscalledanatomicforcemicroscopewhichmapstheshapeofparticlesinthreedimensionsbyscanningthemwithasharptipattheendofaspring.Theatomicforcemicroscopecandetailtheshapesofparticlesassmallasabout100nanometers.Andthiswon’tbethelastdustparticlethatPhoenixwillimage.Afterthisfirstsuccesswe’renowworkingonbuildingupaportraitgalleryofthedustonMarsPikesaid.DustexistseverywhereonMarscoatingthesurfaceandgivingititsrustyredcolor.DustparticlesalsocolortheMartianskypinkandfeedstormsthatregularlyenvelopetheplanet.Theultra-finedustisthemediumthatactivelylinksgasesintheMartianatmospheretoprocessesinMartiansoilsoitiscriticallyimportanttounderstandingMars’environmenttheresearcherssaid.The$420-millionPhoenixmissionisanalyzingthedustandsubsurfaceicelayersofMars’arcticregionstolookforsignsofpotentialpasthabitability.TheparticleseenintheatomicforcemicroscopeimagewaspartofasamplescoopedbytheroboticarmfromtheSnowWhitetrenchanddeliveredtoPhoenix’smicroscopestationinearlyJuly.AftercollectingthelastMartiandustparticlethescientistshavestartedtobuildupaportraitgalleryofit.
Hewaskeptinappallingconditionsinprison.
TheExplodingLakesofCameroonWhatcomestomindwhenyouthinkofalakeYouprobablyimagineaprettyscenewithbluewaterbirdsandfish.ForthepeopleinthenorthwesternCameroonhowevertheimageisverydifferent.Forthemlakesmaymeanterribledisasters.In1984poisonousgasesexplodedoutofLakeMonounandcamedownintothenearbyvillageskillingthirty-sevenpeople.TwoyearslaterLakeNyoseruptedacloudofgasesrolleddownthehillsandintothevalleysandkilled1700people.LakeNyosandLakeMonounarecrater火山口lakes.Theywereformedwhenwatercollectedinthecratersofoldvolcanoes.ThevolcanoesunderLakeNyosandLakeMonounarenotactiveanymore.Howeverpoisonousgasesfromthecenteroftheearthcontinuetoflowupthroughcracksinthebottomofthelake.Thisisnormalinacraterlake.Inmostcraterlakesthesegasesarereleasedoftenbecausethewaterturnsoverregularly.Thatisthewaterfromthebottomofthelakerisesandmixeswiththewateratthetopallowingthegasestoescapeslowly.HoweverinLakesNyosandMonounthereisnoregularturningover.Nooneknowsthereasonforthisfactbutasaresulttheselakeshavemoregasestappedatthebottomthanothercraterlakes.InfactscientistswhohavestudiedLakesNyosandMonounhavefound16000timesmoregases.Whenastrongwindcoolweatherastormoralandslidecausesthewatertoturnoversuddenlythegasesescapeinaviolentexplosion.Inthepastnooneknewwhenthegasesmightexplodesotherewasnowayforthevillagerstoescapedisaster.NowscientistsfromtheUnitedStatesFranceandCameroonhavefoundawaytoreducethegaspressureatthebottomofLakeNyos.Theystooda672-footplasticpipeinthemiddleofthelakewithoneendofthepipenearthebottomandtheotherendintheair.Nearthetopofthepipetheteamputseveralholesthatcouldbeopenedorclosedbyacomputer.Nowwhenthegaspressuregetstoohightheholesareopenedandsomeofthegas-filledwatershootsupthroughthepipeintotheairlikeafountain.Withlesspressureadisastrousexplosionismuchlesslikely.Howeverthescientistsarenotsurethatonepipewillbeenoughtopreventexplosions.TheyhopetoputinotherssoonandtheyplantoinstallasimilarpipeandacomputersystematLakeMonounaswell.Toprotectpeoplenearbyuntilallofthepipesareinplacethescientistshaveinstalledearlywarningsystemsatbothlakes.Ifthegaspressurerisestoadangerouslevelcomputerswillsetoffloudsirens警报andbrightlightstowarnthepeopleinthevillages.Thatwaytheywillhavetimetoescapefromthedangerousgases.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph
Thetwobankshaveannouncedplanstomergenextyear.
ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidityNotaplanttobeseenthedesertgroundistoodry.Buttheaircontainswaterandresearchscientistshavefounda51ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidity.Thesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomous.Crackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelackofwater.Butevenherewheretherearenolakesriversorgroundwaterconsiderablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheair.IntheNegevdesertinIsraelforexample;annualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent-ineverycubicmeterofairthereaye11.5millilitersofwater.Germanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewater.Theprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysources52thermalsolarcollectorsandphotovoltaicceils53makesthismethodcompletelyenergy-autonomous.It54willfunctioninregionswherethereisnoelectricalinfrastructure.saysSiegfriedEgnerheadoftheresearchteam.Theprincipleofthe55isasfollows:hygroscopicbrine-salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisturerunsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheair.Itisthensucked56atankafewmetersoffthegroundinwhichavacuumprevails.Energyfromsolarcollector57upthebrinewhichisdilutedbythewaterithas58.Becauseofthevacuumtheboilingpointoftheliquidislowerthanitwouldbeunder59.atmosphericpressure.Thiseffectisknownfromthemountains:astheatmosphericpressurethereislowerthaninthevalleywaterboilsattemperaturesdistinctlybelow100℃.Theevaporatednon-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmanner.Thegravityofthiswatercolumn60producesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentratedbrine61downthetowersurfaceagaintoabsorbmoisturefromtheair.Theconceptissuitableforvariouswater62.Single-personunitsandplantssupplyingwatertoentirehotelsareconceivablesaysEgner.Prototypeshavebeenbuiltfor63systemcomponents-airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation-andtheresearchscientistshavealready64theirinterplayonalaboratoryscale.Inafurther65theresearchersintendtodevelopademonstrationfacility.
ObesityCausesGlobalWarmingThelistofillsattributabletoobesitykeepsgrowing:Lastweekobesepeoplewereaccusedofcausingglobalwarming.ThisconclusioncomesfromSheldonJacobsonoftheUniversityofIllinoisUSandadoctoralstudentLauraMcLay.TheirstudycalculateshowmuchextragasolineisneededtohaulfatAmericansaround.Theanswertheysayisabilliongallonsofgasperyear.46.Therehasbeencallsfortaxesonjunkfoodinrecentyears.47.WetaxcigarettespartlybecauseoftheirhealthcostSchmidtsaid.Similarlyleadingalazylifestylewillendupcostingtaxpayersmore.USpoliticalscientistEricOliversaidhisfirstinstinctwastolaughatthesegasandfastfoodarguments.Butsuchclaimsaregettingattention.AttheUSObesitySociety’sannualmeetingonepersoncorrelatedobesitywithcaraccidentdeathsandanothercorrelatedobesitywithsuicides.48.ThefunnythingwasthateveryonetookitseriouslyOliversaid.Ina1960sstudychildrenwereshowndrawingsofchildrenwithdisabilitiesandwithoutthemandadrawingofanobesechild.Theywereaskedwhichtheywouldwantforafriend49.Threeresearchersrecentlyrepeatedthestudyusingcollegestudents.Onceagainalmostnoonenotevenobesepeoplelikedtheobeseperson.Obesitywasstigmatizedtheresearcherssaid.Butresearcherssaygettingthinisnotlikequittingsmoking.Peoplestruggletostopsmokingandintheendmanysucceed.Obesityisdifferent.Butnotbecauseobesepeopledon’tcare.50.Genesalsoplayapart.A.Ameagerdietmaykeepyouthin.B.Itmeansanextra11milliontonsofcarbondioxide.C.Theobesechildwaspickedlast.D.USeconomistMartinSchmidtsuggestsataxonfastfooddeliveredtopeople’scarsE.Sciencehasshownthattheyhavelimitedpersonalcontrolovertheirweight.F.Nooneaskedwhethertherewasreallyacause-and-effectrelationship.
Hewasrathervagueaboutthereasonswhyheneverfinishedschool.
Ourarrangementswerethrownintocompleteturmoil.
TheExplodingLakesofCameroonWhatcomestomindwhenyouthinkofalakeYouprobablyimagineaprettyscenewithbluewaterbirdsandfish.ForthepeopleinthenorthwesternCameroonhowevertheimageisverydifferent.Forthemlakesmaymeanterribledisasters.In1984poisonousgasesexplodedoutofLakeMonounandcamedownintothenearbyvillageskillingthirty-sevenpeople.TwoyearslaterLakeNyoseruptedacloudofgasesrolleddownthehillsandintothevalleysandkilled1700people.LakeNyosandLakeMonounarecrater火山口lakes.Theywereformedwhenwatercollectedinthecratersofoldvolcanoes.ThevolcanoesunderLakeNyosandLakeMonounarenotactiveanymore.Howeverpoisonousgasesfromthecenteroftheearthcontinuetoflowupthroughcracksinthebottomofthelake.Thisisnormalinacraterlake.Inmostcraterlakesthesegasesarereleasedoftenbecausethewaterturnsoverregularly.Thatisthewaterfromthebottomofthelakerisesandmixeswiththewateratthetopallowingthegasestoescapeslowly.HoweverinLakesNyosandMonounthereisnoregularturningover.Nooneknowsthereasonforthisfactbutasaresulttheselakeshavemoregasestappedatthebottomthanothercraterlakes.InfactscientistswhohavestudiedLakesNyosandMonounhavefound16000timesmoregases.Whenastrongwindcoolweatherastormoralandslidecausesthewatertoturnoversuddenlythegasesescapeinaviolentexplosion.Inthepastnooneknewwhenthegasesmightexplodesotherewasnowayforthevillagerstoescapedisaster.NowscientistsfromtheUnitedStatesFranceandCameroonhavefoundawaytoreducethegaspressureatthebottomofLakeNyos.Theystooda672-footplasticpipeinthemiddleofthelakewithoneendofthepipenearthebottomandtheotherendintheair.Nearthetopofthepipetheteamputseveralholesthatcouldbeopenedorclosedbyacomputer.Nowwhenthegaspressuregetstoohightheholesareopenedandsomeofthegas-filledwatershootsupthroughthepipeintotheairlikeafountain.Withlesspressureadisastrousexplosionismuchlesslikely.Howeverthescientistsarenotsurethatonepipewillbeenoughtopreventexplosions.TheyhopetoputinotherssoonandtheyplantoinstallasimilarpipeandacomputersystematLakeMonounaswell.Toprotectpeoplenearbyuntilallofthepipesareinplacethescientistshaveinstalledearlywarningsystemsatbothlakes.Ifthegaspressurerisestoadangerouslevelcomputerswillsetoffloudsirens警报andbrightlightstowarnthepeopleinthevillages.Thatwaytheywillhavetimetoescapefromthedangerousgases.LakeNyosandLakeMonounexplodebecause______.
Theprojectrequiredtenyearsofdiligentresearch.
AhavehigherdemandsofmuseumsBareopentomorepeoplewithdifferentsocialbackgroundCtolengthentheiropeninghoursDchargetoolittleforadmissionEhavebeenbuiltandopentopublicFbyloweringtheadmissionfeesNowmuseumsarenolongerrestrictedtotheprivilegedfewbut______.
CellPhoneLetsYourSecretOutYourcellphoneholdssecretsaboutyou.Besidesthenamesand51thatyou’veprogrammedintoittracesofyourDNAlingeronthedeviceaccordingtoanewstudy.DNAisgeneticmaterialthat52ineverycell.LikeyourfingerprintyourDNAisuniquetoyou53youhaveanidenticaltwin.ScientiststodayroutinelyanalyzeDNAinbloodsalivaorhairleft54atthesceneofacrime.Theresultsoftenhelpdetectivesidentify55andtheirvictims.Yourcellphonecanrevealmoreaboutyou56youmightthink.MeghanJ.McFaddenascientistatMcMasterUniversityinHamiltonOntarioheardaboutacrimeinwhichthesuspectbledontoacellphoneandlaterdroppedthe57.ThismadeherwonderwhethertracesofDNAlingeredoncellphonesevenwhennobloodwasinvolved.58sheandcolleagueMargaretWallaceoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkanalyzedtheflip-openphonesof10volunteers.Theyusedswabstocollect59tracesoftheusersfromtwopartsofthephone:theoutsidewheretheuserholdsitandthe60whichisplacedattheuser’sear.Thescientistsscrubbedthephonesusingasolutionmademostly61alcohol.TheaimofwashingwastoremovealldetectabletracesofDNA.Theownersgottheirphones62foranotherweek.Thentheresearcherscollectedthephonesandrepeatedtheswabbingofeachphoneoncemore.ThescientistsdiscoveredDNAthat63tothephone’sspeakeroneachofthephones.BettersampleswerecollectedfromtheoutsideofeachphonebutthoseswabsalsopickedupDNAthatbelongedtootherpeoplewhohadapparentlyalsohandledthephone.64DNAshowedupeveninswabsthatweretakenimmediatelyafterthephoneswerescrubbed.Thatsuggeststhatwashingwon’tremovealltracesofevidencefromacriminal’sdevice.Socellphonescannowbeaddedtothe65ofcluesthatcanclinchacrime-sceneinvestigation.
MoreThanaRidetoSchoolTheNationalEducationAssociationclaims.Theschoolbusisamirrorofthecommunity.Theyfurtheraddthatunfortunatelywhatappearsontheexteriordoesnotalwaysreflecttherealityofachosencommunity.Theyarerightsometimesitreflectsmore!JustaskLieslDenson.RidingtheschoolbushasbeenmorethanaridetoschoolforLiesl.BruceHardyschoolbusdriverforAlthouseBUSCompanyhasbeenLiesl’sbusdriversincekindergarten.LastyearwhenLiesl’sfamilymovedtoParkesburgknowingherbuswentbyhernewresidencesherequestedtoridethesamebus.ThisyearLieslisaseniorandwillenjoyherlastyearridingthebus.ShesaysIt’sbeenagreatridesofar!Mybusdriverissocoolandhasalwaysbeenagoodfriendandagoodlistener.Sometimeswhenyou’reachildadultsdonotthinkthatwhatyouhavetosayisimportant.Mr.Hardyalwayslistenstowhatyouhavetosayandmakesyoufeelimportant.HerfriendsAshleyBatistaandAmandaWolfeagree.BruceHardyhasbeenmakingOctorarastudentsfeelspecialsince1975.Thisyearhewillcelebrate30yearsworkingforAlthouseBusCompanyLarryAlthousepresidentofthecompanyacknowledgesBruceHardy’soutstandingrecord:YoudonotcomebyemployeeslikeBrucethesedays.Hehasnevermissedadayofworkandhasaperfectdrivingrecord.Hewasrecognizedin2000bythePennsylvaniaSchoolBusAssociationfordriving350000accidentfreemiles.Hardy’sreputationismadefurtherevidentthroughtherelationshipshehasmadewiththestudentsthatridehisbus.AlthousefurtheraddsAlthouseBusCompanywasestablished70yearsagoandhasbeenprovidingqualitytransportationeversince.Mygrandfatherstartedthebusinesswithonebus.AlthouseBusCompanyisdelightedtohavetheopportunitytobringdistinctiveandsafeservicetoourlocalschoolandcommunityandlooksforwardtocontinuingtoprovidequalityserviceformanymoreyearstocome.Threegenerationsofbusinessisnotallthecompanyhasenjoyed.ThankstodriverslikeBruceHardytheyhavebeenbuildingrelationshipsthroughgenerationsLiesl’smotherCarolalsoenjoysfondmemoriesofridingBruceHardy’sbustotheOctoraraSchoolDistrict.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofBruceHardy
AcausesofchangesBincreasingnumberofmuseumsandvisitorsCmuseumsgettingclosertomorespectatorsDmoviesshowninmuseumsEnewnotionsaboutthemanagementofmuseumsFplacestovisitparagraph2______
AhavehigherdemandsofmuseumsBareopentomorepeoplewithdifferentsocialbackgroundCtolengthentheiropeninghoursDchargetoolittleforadmissionEhavebeenbuiltandopentopublicFbyloweringtheadmissionfeesTomeettheneedsofsocietymoremuseums______.
CellPhoneLetsYourSecretOutYourcellphoneholdssecretsaboutyou.Besidesthenamesand51thatyou’veprogrammedintoittracesofyourDNAlingeronthedeviceaccordingtoanewstudy.DNAisgeneticmaterialthat52ineverycell.LikeyourfingerprintyourDNAisuniquetoyou53youhaveanidenticaltwin.ScientiststodayroutinelyanalyzeDNAinbloodsalivaorhairleft54atthesceneofacrime.Theresultsoftenhelpdetectivesidentify55andtheirvictims.Yourcellphonecanrevealmoreaboutyou56youmightthink.MeghanJ.McFaddenascientistatMcMasterUniversityinHamiltonOntarioheardaboutacrimeinwhichthesuspectbledontoacellphoneandlaterdroppedthe57.ThismadeherwonderwhethertracesofDNAlingeredoncellphonesevenwhennobloodwasinvolved.58sheandcolleagueMargaretWallaceoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkanalyzedtheflip-openphonesof10volunteers.Theyusedswabstocollect59tracesoftheusersfromtwopartsofthephone:theoutsidewheretheuserholdsitandthe60whichisplacedattheuser’sear.Thescientistsscrubbedthephonesusingasolutionmademostly61alcohol.TheaimofwashingwastoremovealldetectabletracesofDNA.Theownersgottheirphones62foranotherweek.Thentheresearcherscollectedthephonesandrepeatedtheswabbingofeachphoneoncemore.ThescientistsdiscoveredDNAthat63tothephone’sspeakeroneachofthephones.BettersampleswerecollectedfromtheoutsideofeachphonebutthoseswabsalsopickedupDNAthatbelongedtootherpeoplewhohadapparentlyalsohandledthephone.64DNAshowedupeveninswabsthatweretakenimmediatelyafterthephoneswerescrubbed.Thatsuggeststhatwashingwon’tremovealltracesofevidencefromacriminal’sdevice.Socellphonescannowbeaddedtothe65ofcluesthatcanclinchacrime-sceneinvestigation.
TheExplodingLakesofCameroonWhatcomestomindwhenyouthinkofalakeYouprobablyimagineaprettyscenewithbluewaterbirdsandfish.ForthepeopleinthenorthwesternCameroonhowevertheimageisverydifferent.Forthemlakesmaymeanterribledisasters.In1984poisonousgasesexplodedoutofLakeMonounandcamedownintothenearbyvillageskillingthirty-sevenpeople.TwoyearslaterLakeNyoseruptedacloudofgasesrolleddownthehillsandintothevalleysandkilled1700people.LakeNyosandLakeMonounarecrater火山口lakes.Theywereformedwhenwatercollectedinthecratersofoldvolcanoes.ThevolcanoesunderLakeNyosandLakeMonounarenotactiveanymore.Howeverpoisonousgasesfromthecenteroftheearthcontinuetoflowupthroughcracksinthebottomofthelake.Thisisnormalinacraterlake.Inmostcraterlakesthesegasesarereleasedoftenbecausethewaterturnsoverregularly.Thatisthewaterfromthebottomofthelakerisesandmixeswiththewateratthetopallowingthegasestoescapeslowly.HoweverinLakesNyosandMonounthereisnoregularturningover.Nooneknowsthereasonforthisfactbutasaresulttheselakeshavemoregasestappedatthebottomthanothercraterlakes.InfactscientistswhohavestudiedLakesNyosandMonounhavefound16000timesmoregases.Whenastrongwindcoolweatherastormoralandslidecausesthewatertoturnoversuddenlythegasesescapeinaviolentexplosion.Inthepastnooneknewwhenthegasesmightexplodesotherewasnowayforthevillagerstoescapedisaster.NowscientistsfromtheUnitedStatesFranceandCameroonhavefoundawaytoreducethegaspressureatthebottomofLakeNyos.Theystooda672-footplasticpipeinthemiddleofthelakewithoneendofthepipenearthebottomandtheotherendintheair.Nearthetopofthepipetheteamputseveralholesthatcouldbeopenedorclosedbyacomputer.Nowwhenthegaspressuregetstoohightheholesareopenedandsomeofthegas-filledwatershootsupthroughthepipeintotheairlikeafountain.Withlesspressureadisastrousexplosionismuchlesslikely.Howeverthescientistsarenotsurethatonepipewillbeenoughtopreventexplosions.TheyhopetoputinotherssoonandtheyplantoinstallasimilarpipeandacomputersystematLakeMonounaswell.Toprotectpeoplenearbyuntilallofthepipesareinplacethescientistshaveinstalledearlywarningsystemsatbothlakes.Ifthegaspressurerisestoadangerouslevelcomputerswillsetoffloudsirens警报andbrightlightstowarnthepeopleinthevillages.Thatwaytheywillhavetimetoescapefromthedangerousgases.WhatwillhappenwhenLakeNyosandLakeMonounexplode
APhoneThatKnowsYou’reBusyIt’samodemproblem:you’retoobusytobedisturbedbyincessant连续不断的phonecallssoyouturnyourcellphoneoff.Butifyoudon’tremembertoturnitbackonwhenyou’relessbusyyoucouldmisssomeimportantcallsifonlythephoneknewwhenitwaswisetointerruptyouyouwouldn’thavetoturnitoffatall.Insteaditcouldletcallsthroughwhenyouarenottoobusy.Abunchofbehaviorsensorsandacleverpieceofsoftwarecoulddojustthatbyanalyzingyourbehaviortodetermineifit’sagoodtimetointerruptyou.Ifbuiltintoaphonethesystemmaydecideyou’retoobusyandaskthecallertoleaveamessageorringbacklater.JamesFogartyandScottHudsonatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniabasedtheirsystemoiltinymicrophonescamerasandtouchsensorsthatrevealbodylanguageandactivity.Firsttheyhadtostudydifferentbehaviorstofindoutwhichonesstronglypredictwhetheryourmindisinterrupted.Thepotentialbusynesssignalstheyfocusedonincludedwhethertheofficedoorswereleftopenorclosedthetimeofdayifotherpeoplewerewiththepersoninquestionhowclosetheyweretoeachotherandwhetherornotthecomputerwasinuse.Thesensorsmonitoredtheseandmanyotherfactorswhilefoursubjectswereatwork.Atrandomintervalsthesubjectsratedhowinterruptibletheywereonascalerangingfromhighlyinterruptibletohighlynot-interruptible.Theirratingswerethencorrelatedwiththevariousbehaviors.Itisashotgun随意的approach:weusedalltheindicatorswecouldthinkofandthenletstatisticsfindoutwhichwereimportantsaysHudson.Themodelshowedthatusingthekeyboardandtalkingonalandlineortosomeoneelseintheofficecorrelatedmoststronglywithhowinterruptiblethesubjectsjudgedthemselvestobe.Interestinglythecomputerwasactuallybetterthanpeopleatpredictingwhensomeonewastoobusytobeinterrupted.Thecomputergotitright82percentofthetimehumans77percent.Fogartyspeculatesthatthismightbebecausepeopledoingtheinterruptingareinevitablybiasedtowardsdeliveringtheirmessagewhereascomputersdon’tcare.ThefirstapplicationforHudsonandFogarty’ssystemislikelytobeinaninstantmessagingsystemfollowedbyofficephonesandcellphones.Thereisnotechnologicalroadblock障碍toitbeingdeployedinacoupleofyearssaysHudson.Duringtheexperimentthesubjectswereasked______.
APhoneThatKnowsYou’reBusyIt’samodemproblem:you’retoobusytobedisturbedbyincessant连续不断的phonecallssoyouturnyourcellphoneoff.Butifyoudon’tremembertoturnitbackonwhenyou’relessbusyyoucouldmisssomeimportantcallsifonlythephoneknewwhenitwaswisetointerruptyouyouwouldn’thavetoturnitoffatall.Insteaditcouldletcallsthroughwhenyouarenottoobusy.Abunchofbehaviorsensorsandacleverpieceofsoftwarecoulddojustthatbyanalyzingyourbehaviortodetermineifit’sagoodtimetointerruptyou.Ifbuiltintoaphonethesystemmaydecideyou’retoobusyandaskthecallertoleaveamessageorringbacklater.JamesFogartyandScottHudsonatCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniabasedtheirsystemoiltinymicrophonescamerasandtouchsensorsthatrevealbodylanguageandactivity.Firsttheyhadtostudydifferentbehaviorstofindoutwhichonesstronglypredictwhetheryourmindisinterrupted.Thepotentialbusynesssignalstheyfocusedonincludedwhethertheofficedoorswereleftopenorclosedthetimeofdayifotherpeoplewerewiththepersoninquestionhowclosetheyweretoeachotherandwhetherornotthecomputerwasinuse.Thesensorsmonitoredtheseandmanyotherfactorswhilefoursubjectswereatwork.Atrandomintervalsthesubjectsratedhowinterruptibletheywereonascalerangingfromhighlyinterruptibletohighlynot-interruptible.Theirratingswerethencorrelatedwiththevariousbehaviors.Itisashotgun随意的approach:weusedalltheindicatorswecouldthinkofandthenletstatisticsfindoutwhichwereimportantsaysHudson.Themodelshowedthatusingthekeyboardandtalkingonalandlineortosomeoneelseintheofficecorrelatedmoststronglywithhowinterruptiblethesubjectsjudgedthemselvestobe.Interestinglythecomputerwasactuallybetterthanpeopleatpredictingwhensomeonewastoobusytobeinterrupted.Thecomputergotitright82percentofthetimehumans77percent.Fogartyspeculatesthatthismightbebecausepeopledoingtheinterruptingareinevitablybiasedtowardsdeliveringtheirmessagewhereascomputersdon’tcare.ThefirstapplicationforHudsonandFogarty’ssystemislikelytobeinaninstantmessagingsystemfollowedbyofficephonesandcellphones.Thereisnotechnologicalroadblock障碍toitbeingdeployedinacoupleofyearssaysHudson.Thebehaviorsensorandsoftwaresystembuiltinaphone______.
ImageMartianDustParticlesNASA’sPhoenixMarsLanderhastakenitsfirst-everpictureofasingleparticleofrustyMartiandustwithoneofitsmicroscopes.ThedustparticlesofdustwereshownatahighermagnificationthananythingoutsideofEarththathasbeenimagedbefore.Theroundedparticlemeasuredonlyaboutonemicrometeroronemillionthofameteracross.TakingthisimagerequiredthehighestresolutionmicroscopeoperatedoffEarthandaspeciallydesigneddevicetoholdtheMartiandustsaidTomPikeaPhoenixscienceteammemberfromImperialCollegeLondon.Wealwaysknewitwasgoingtobetechnicallyverychallengingtoimageparticlesthissmall.Thedevicethatimagedthedustspeckiscalledanatomicforcemicroscopewhichmapstheshapeofparticlesinthreedimensionsbyscanningthemwithasharptipattheendofaspring.Theatomicforcemicroscopecandetailtheshapesofparticlesassmallasabout100nanometers.Andthiswon’tbethelastdustparticlethatPhoenixwillimage.Afterthisfirstsuccesswe’renowworkingonbuildingupaportraitgalleryofthedustonMarsPikesaid.DustexistseverywhereonMarscoatingthesurfaceandgivingititsrustyredcolor.DustparticlesalsocolortheMartianskypinkandfeedstormsthatregularlyenvelopetheplanet.Theultra-finedustisthemediumthatactivelylinksgasesintheMartianatmospheretoprocessesinMartiansoilsoitiscriticallyimportanttounderstandingMars’environmenttheresearcherssaid.The$420-millionPhoenixmissionisanalyzingthedustandsubsurfaceicelayersofMars’arcticregionstolookforsignsofpotentialpasthabitability.TheparticleseenintheatomicforcemicroscopeimagewaspartofasamplescoopedbytheroboticarmfromtheSnowWhitetrenchanddeliveredtoPhoenix’smicroscopestationinearlyJuly.TomPikesaidthattheyusedtothinkitwasnoeasyjobtoimagesuchsmallparticles.
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