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Directions: Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "On the Essential Respons...
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Text2 Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature. Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich. Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying. Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany. Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun. Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Womenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecause
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 6
Text3 PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus. Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome. Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown. Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot. TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts. EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman. Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex. Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. ThephrasethelatencyperiodParagraph3probablymeans
Text1 Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife. HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency. AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthat
Text2 Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature. Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich. Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying. Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany. Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun. Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Femaleathleteskeepplayinginorderto
Text3 PotentialAIDSvictimswhorefusetobetestedforthediseaseandthendefendtheirrighttoremainignorantaboutwhethertheycarrythevirusareentitledtothatright.Butignorancecannotbeusedtorationalizeirresponsibility.Nowhereintheirargumentistheirconcernabouthowsuchignorancemightendangerpublichealthbyexposingotherstothevirus. Whenadiseaseselectivelyattacksthesociallydisadvantagedsuchashomosexualsanddrugabusersitseemsaninjusticebeyondrationalization.Suchisthecasewithacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome. Somecrucialfacts:AIDSisacommunicabledisease.ThepercentageofthoseinfectedwiththeAIDSviruswhowilleventuallycontractthediseaseisunknownbutthatpercentageriseswitheachnewestimate.Thediseasesofarhasbeen100potential.Thelatencyperiodbetweenthetimethevirusisacquiredandthediseasedevelopsisalsounknown. Wenowhavetestsforthepresenceofthevirusthatisasefficientandreliableasalmostanydiagnostictestinmedicine.Anindividualwhotestspositivecanbepresumedwithnear-certaintytocarrytheviruswhetherhehasthediseaseornot. TostatethatthetestforAIDSis"ambiguous"asaclergymanrecentlyinpublicisamisstatementandanimmoralact.Thetestcorrelatessoconsistentlywiththepresenceofthevirusinbacteriaculturesastobeconsidered100percentcertainbyexperts. EveryonewhotestspositivemustunderstandthatheisapotentialpersonfortheAIDSvirusandhasamoraldutyandresponsibilitytopreventothersfrominfection.Wearenotjustdealingwiththeprotectionoftheinnocentbutwithanessentialsteplocontainthespreadofanepidemicashorribleasanythathasbefallenmodernman. Itmayseemunfairtoburdenthetragicvictimswithconcernforthewelfareofothers.Butmoralresponsibilityisnotaluxuryofthefortunateandevilactionscommittedindespaircannotbecondemnedoutofpity.ItismorallywrongforahealthyindividualwhotestspositiveforAIDStobeinvolvedwithanyoneexceptunderthestrictprecautionsnowdefinedassafesex. Itismorallywrongforsomeoneinahighriskpopulationwhorefusestotesthimselftodootherthantoassumethathetestspositive.Itismorallywrongforthosewhooutofsympathyfortheheartbreakingvictimsofthisepidemicasthoughwell-wishingandplatitudesabouttheambiguitiesofthediseasearenecessaryinordertocomfortthevictimswhiletheycontributetoenlargingthenumberofthosevictims.Moralresponsibilityistheburdenofthesickaswellasthehealthy. Thelastthreesentencesinthepassageserveto
Text2 Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritory.Menafteralllieandcheatandrobandpollutetheenvironmentanddisproportionatelypopulatetheprisonswhilewomendotheirbesttoappreciatetheirgoodqualities.Somewomenatleast.Butwiththeriseoffeminismtheassaultsonmen’smoralintegrityhavebecomemorefrequentandthebeliefintheirarroganceandlackofconcernforanythingbuttheirownselfishendshasbecomeatruism.It’sthemenwhoaregreedy.It’sthemenwhoaredisloyal.It’sthemenwhowilldoanythingformoney.It’sthemenwhoareimmature. Intheworldofsportmaleathletesarewhippingboysoftalkradio.TheyhavegracedthecoverofSportsIllustrateandontheinsidehavebeenspokenevilofforsinsamongthemgreeddisdainforthefanswhopaytheirunreasonablyhighsalariesandalackofrespectforthegamethatthefansloveandthathasmadethemrich. Femaleathletesontheotherhandhavebeenplacedonapedestal--butithasbeenaprettyeasyonetoclimb.Foronethingtherehasn’tbeenenoughmoneytogetgreedyabout.Foranothertherehaven’tbeenanyfans.Andforthirdthosewhodidn’tlovethegamehadabsolutelynoreasontokeepplaying. Butthankstotheriseofwomen’sbasketballfemalebasketballplayeraregoingtofindthem-selvestemptedbythesamevanitiesthathaveseducedsomanymen--andthoughweknowsomewillgiveinwedon’tknowhowmany. Forwomen’sbasketballtobecomeamajorsportinAmericaasopposedtoaprofitableonelikearenafootballsomethingisgoingtobeofferedotherthanjustpureskill.Thatsomethingshouldbeandinfactwillhavetobeadifferentattitudeapurersenseofsportthanthemendeliver.Itmaybeaskingtoomuchofwomentowithstandthetemptationsthathavesuckedmaleathletesintoprimadonnaposesbutthenagainitmaybetruethatwomenhaveoccupiedthehighmoralgroundforsolongbecausetheyactuallyaremoresensitivetowhat’simportantinthelongrun. Ihonestlydon’tknowhowthisdramawillplayoutbuttheprocesswilltellusaboutmorethanjustthefateofwomen’sbasketball.Ifwomenwhoaresteadilygainingmoreandmorecontrolinthisworldcantrulyrespondinamorereasonedwaytothepullofpowerthenthereishopeforthe21stcentury.Butifwomenasagendercandonobetterthanmenwhengiventhechancetheninbasketballasinlifewecanonlylookaheadtomoreofthesame. Themoralhighgroundhasalwaysbeenfemaleterritorybecause
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 10
Text4 AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics". InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth. TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices. Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention." The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction. Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. InSmith'sviewmonopolies
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20/ 2
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 16
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 20
Text4 AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics". InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth. TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices. Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention." The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction. Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Childrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight. 46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat. HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow. Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese. Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments. Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore. Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." 50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41____. Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42_____.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43_____.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44_____. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45_____.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 42
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 18
Text4 AdamSmiththeScottishprofessorofmoralphilosophywasthrilledbyhisrecognitionoforderintheeconomicsystem.HisbooktheWealthofNations1776isthegerminalbookinthefieldofeconomicswhichearnedhimthetitle"thefatherofeconomics". InSmith’sviewanation’swealthwasdependentuponproductionnotagriculturealone.Howmuchitproducedhebelieveddependeduponhowwellitcombinedlaborandtheotherfactorsofproduction.Themoreefficientthecombinationthegreatertheoutputandthegreaterthenation’swealth. TheessenceofSmith’seconomicphilosophywashisbeliefthataneconomywouldworkbestiflefttofunctiononitsownwithoutgovernmentregulation.Inthosecircumstancesself-interestwouldleadbusinessfirmstoproduceonlythoseproductsthatconsumerswantedandtoproducethematthelowestpossiblecost.Theywoulddothisnotasameansofbenefitingsocietybutinanefforttooutperformtheircompetitorsandgainthegreatestprofit.Butallthisself-interestwouldbenefitsocietyasawholebyprovidingitwithmoreandbettergoodsandserviceatthelowestprices. Smithsaidinhisbook:"Everyindividualendeavorstoemployhiscapitalsothatitsproducemaybeofgreatestvalue.Hegenerallydoesn’tintendtopromotethepublicinterest.Heintendsonlyhisownsecurityonlyhisgain.Andheisinthisledbyaninvisiblehandtopromotethatwhichwasnopartofhisintention." The"invisiblehand"wasSmiths’namefortheeconomicforcesthatwetodaywouldcallsupplyanddemand.Smithagreedwiththephysiocratsandtheirpolicyof"laissezfaire"lettingindividualsandbusinessesfunctionwithoutinterferencefromgovernmentregulation.Inthatwaythe"in-visiblehand"wouldbefreetoguidetheeconomyandmaximizeproduction. Smithwasverycriticalofmonopolieswhichrestrictedthecompetitionthathesawasvitalforeconomicprosperity.Herecognizedthatthevirtuesofthemarketmechanismarefullyrealizedonlywhenthechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionarepresent.Perfectcompetitionreferstoamarketinwhichnofirmorconsumerislargeenoughtoaffectthemarketprice.Theinvisiblehandtheoryisabouteconomiesinwhichallthemarketsareperfectlycompetitive.Insuchcircumstancesmarketswillproduceanefficientallocationofresourcessothataneconomyisonitsproduction-possibilityfrontier.Whenallindustriesaresubjecttothechecksandbalancesofperfectcompetitionmarketscanproduceanefficientbundleofproductswiththemostefficienttechniquesandusingtheminimumamountofinputs.Butwhenmonopoliesbecomepervasivetheremarkableefficiencypropertiesoftheinvisibleeconomicphilosophydisappear. Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethewaytheauthorwritesthepassage
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.InyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonitYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Childrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight. 46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat. HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow. Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese. Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments. Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore. Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." 48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments.
About150yearsagoavillagechurchvicarinYorkshireEnglandhadthreelovelyintelligentdaughtersbuthishopeshingedentirelyonthesolemaleheirBranwellayouthwithremarkabletalentinbothartandliterature. 46Branwell’sfatherandsistershoardedtheirpenniesto.RackhimofftoLondon’sRoyalAcademyofArtsbutifartwashiscallinghedialedawrongnumber.Withinweekshehightailedithomeapennilessfailure. HopesstillhighthefamilylandedBranwellajobasaprivatetutorhopingthiswouldfreehimtodevelophisliteraryskillsandachievethesuccessandfamethathedeserved.Failureagain. 47Foryearstheselflesssisterssquelchedtheirowngoalsfarmingthemselvesoutasteachersandgovernessesinsupportoftheirincreasinglyindebtedbrotherconvincedtheworldmusteventuallyrecognizehisgenius.AsfailuremultipliedBranwellturnedtoalcoholthenopiumandeventuallydiedashehadlived:afailure.Sodiedhopeintheonemale-butwhatofthethreeanonymoussisters. DuringBranwell’slastyearsthegirlspublishedabookofpoetryattheirownexpenseunderapseudonymforfearofreviewers’biasagainstfemales.EvenBranwellmighthavesnickered:theysoldonlytwocopies. 48Undauntedtheycontinuedintheirsparetimelateatnightbycandlelighttopourouttheirpent-upemotionwritingofwhattheyknewbestofwomeninconflictwiththeirnaturaldesiresandsocialcondition-inrealitylessfictionthanautobiography!And19thcenturyliteraturewastransformedbyAnne’sAgnesGreyEmily’sWutheringHeightsandCharlotte’sJaneEyre. ButyearsofsacrificeforBrauwellhadtakentheirtoll.49Emilytookillatherbrother’sfuneralanddiedwithin3monthsaged30;Annedied5monthslateraged29;Charlottelivedonlytoage39.Ifonlythey.hadbeennurturedinsteadofhavingbeensacrificed. NooneremembersBranwell’snamemuchlesshisartorliteraturebuttheBrontesisters’tragicallyshortlivesteachusevenmoreoflifethanliterature.50Theirsacrificedgeniuscriesouttousthatinmodernsocietywemustvaluechildrennotbytheirphysicalstrengthorsexualgenderaswewouldvalueanyboastofburdenbutbytheirintegritystrengthacommitmentcourage-spiritualqualitiesabundantinbothboysandgirls.ChinaanationblessedbymoreboysandgirlsthananynationignoresatherownperilthelessonoftheBrontes’tragedy. Undauntedtheycontinuedintheirsparetimelateatnightbycandlelighttopourouttheirpent-upemotionwritingofwhattheyknewbestofwomeninconflictwiththeirnaturaldesiresandsocialcondition-inrealitylessfictionthanautobiography!
Childrenaregettingsofatthattheymaybethefirstgenerationtodiebeforetheirparents.To-day’syoungstersarealreadyfallingpreytopotentialkillerssuchasdiabetesbecauseoftheirweight. 46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.Atthesametimetheshapeofthehumanbodyisgoingthroughahugeevolutionaryshiftbecauseadultsaregettingsofat. HereinBritainlatestresearchshowsthattheaveragewaistsizeforamanis36-38inandmaybe42-44inby2032.Thiscompareswithonly32.6inin1972.Women’swaistshavegrownfromanaverageof22inin1920to24inintheFiftiesand30innow. Oneofthemajorreasonswhychildrennowareatgreaterriskisthatwearegettingfatteryounger.IntheUKalonemorethanonemillionunder-16sareclassedasoverweightorobese--doublethenumberinthemid-Eighties.Oneintenfour-year-oldsarealsomedicallyclassifiedasobese. Theobesitypandemic--anextensiveepidemic--whichstartedintheUShasnowspreadtoEuropeAustralasiaCentralAmericaandtheMiddleEast.47Manynationsnowrecordmorethan20percentoftheirpopulationasclinicallyfatandwelloverhalfthepopulationasoverweight.48Prof.Prenticesaidthechangeinourshapehasbeencausedbyanoversupplyofeasilyavailablehigh-energyfoodscombinedwithadramaticdropintheenergyweuseasaresultoftechnologydevelopments. Heisnotaloneinhisconcern.Onlylastweekonemedicaljournalrevealedhowobesitywasfuellingariseincancercases.Obesityalsoincreasestheriskfactorforstrokesandheartdiseaseaswellasdiabetes.49Anaveragelyoverweightperson’slifespanisshortenedbyaroundnineyearswhileaseverelyoverweightpersonbymanymore. Prof.Prenticesaid:"SowillparentsoutlivetheirchildrenasclaimedrecentlybyanAmericanobesityspecialistYeswhentheoffspringbecomegrosslyobese.ThisisnowbecominganalarminglycommonoccurrenceintheUS.50Suchchildrenandadolescentshaveagreatlyreducedqualityoflifeintermsofboththeirphysicalandpsychosocialhealth.SosayNotothatdoughnutandburger." 46Fattyfast-fooddietscombinedwithsittinglifestylesdominatedbytelevisionsandcomputerscouldmeankidswilldietragicallyyoungsaysProfessorAndrewPrenticefromtheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 14
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 8
Text1 Nationalcharacteristicsarenoteasytopindownandwhenpinneddowntheyoftenturnouttobetrivialitiesorseemtohavenoconnectionwithoneanother.Spaniardsarecrueltoanimals;Italiancandonothingwithoutmakingadeafeningnoise;theChineseareaddictedtogambling.Obviouslysuchthingsdon’tmatterinthemselves.NeverthelessnothingiscauselessantieventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife. HereareacoupleofgeneralizationsaboutEnglandthatwouldbeacceptedbyalmostallobservers.OneisthattheEnglisharenotgiftedartistically.TheyarenotasmusicalastheGermansorItalians;paintingandsculpturehaveneverflourishedinEnglandastheyhaveinFrance.AnotheristhatasEuropeansgotheEnglisharenotintellectual.Theyhaveahorrorofabstractthought;theyfeelnoneedforanyphilosophyorsystematic‘world-view’.Noristhisbecausetheyare’practical’astheyaresofondofclaimingforthemselves.Onehasonlytolookattheirmethodsoftownplanningandwatersupplytheirobstinateclingingtoeverythingthatisoutofdateandanuisanceaspellingsystemthatdefiesanalysisandasystemofweightsandmeasuresthatisintelligibleonlytothecompilersofarithmeticbookstoseehowlittletheycareaboutmereefficiency. AnotherEnglishcharacteristicwhichissomuchapartofusthatwebarelynoticeitistheaddictiontohobbiesandspare-timeoccupationstheprivatenessofEnglishlife.Weareanationofflower-loversbutalsoanationofstamp-collectorspigeon-fanciersamateurcarpenterscoupon-snipersdarts-playerscrossword-puzzlefans.Alltheculturethatismosttrulynativecentersroundthingswhichevenwhentheyarecommunalarenotofficial--thepubthefootballmatchthebackgardenthefiresideandthe‘nicecupoftea’.Thelibertytheindividualisstillbelievedinalmostasinthenineteenthcentury.Butthishasnothingtodowitheconomiclibertytherighttoexploitothersforprofit.Itisthelibertytohaveahomeofyourowntodowhatyoulikeinyoursparetimetochooseyourownamusementsinsteadofhavingthemchosenforyoufromabove. WhatdoesthesentencenothingiscauselessandeventhefactthatEnglishmenhavebadteethcantellonesomethingabouttherealitiesofEnglishlife.Paragraph1imply
About150yearsagoavillagechurchvicarinYorkshireEnglandhadthreelovelyintelligentdaughtersbuthishopeshingedentirelyonthesolemaleheirBranwellayouthwithremarkabletalentinbothartandliterature. 46Branwell’sfatherandsistershoardedtheirpenniesto.RackhimofftoLondon’sRoyalAcademyofArtsbutifartwashiscallinghedialedawrongnumber.Withinweekshehightailedithomeapennilessfailure. HopesstillhighthefamilylandedBranwellajobasaprivatetutorhopingthiswouldfreehimtodevelophisliteraryskillsandachievethesuccessandfamethathedeserved.Failureagain. 47Foryearstheselflesssisterssquelchedtheirowngoalsfarmingthemselvesoutasteachersandgovernessesinsupportoftheirincreasinglyindebtedbrotherconvincedtheworldmusteventuallyrecognizehisgenius.AsfailuremultipliedBranwellturnedtoalcoholthenopiumandeventuallydiedashehadlived:afailure.Sodiedhopeintheonemale-butwhatofthethreeanonymoussisters. DuringBranwell’slastyearsthegirlspublishedabookofpoetryattheirownexpenseunderapseudonymforfearofreviewers’biasagainstfemales.EvenBranwellmighthavesnickered:theysoldonlytwocopies. 48Undauntedtheycontinuedintheirsparetimelateatnightbycandlelighttopourouttheirpent-upemotionwritingofwhattheyknewbestofwomeninconflictwiththeirnaturaldesiresandsocialcondition-inrealitylessfictionthanautobiography!And19thcenturyliteraturewastransformedbyAnne’sAgnesGreyEmily’sWutheringHeightsandCharlotte’sJaneEyre. ButyearsofsacrificeforBrauwellhadtakentheirtoll.49Emilytookillatherbrother’sfuneralanddiedwithin3monthsaged30;Annedied5monthslateraged29;Charlottelivedonlytoage39.Ifonlythey.hadbeennurturedinsteadofhavingbeensacrificed. NooneremembersBranwell’snamemuchlesshisartorliteraturebuttheBrontesisters’tragicallyshortlivesteachusevenmoreoflifethanliterature.50Theirsacrificedgeniuscriesouttousthatinmodernsocietywemustvaluechildrennotbytheirphysicalstrengthorsexualgenderaswewouldvalueanyboastofburdenbutbytheirintegritystrengthacommitmentcourage-spiritualqualitiesabundantinbothboysandgirls.ChinaanationblessedbymoreboysandgirlsthananynationignoresatherownperilthelessonoftheBrontes’tragedy. Theirsacrificedgeniuscriesouttousthatinmodernsocietywemustvaluechildrennotbytheirphysicalstrengthorsexualgenderaswewouldvalueanyboastofburdenbutbytheirintegritystrengthacommitmentcourage-spiritualqualitiesabundantinbothboysandgirls
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 2
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 4
Healthcareisanextraordinarilyobsoletesystem.Aprofessorofemergencymedicineatmajoruniversitysentmeareallyheartbreaking1liesaidthatphysicianshavetostartfromthe2beginningwitheverypatient.Thereisnohistorynotimeto3--theyknownothingaboutthe4 Wehaveinferiormedicalservice5thecomputertechnologythatcouldchangeitisnotbeingused.Thedifficultiesofjust6patientrecords--apartfromanalyzingthem7--areunnecessaryandhinderusfromproviding8service. Wehavetheopportunitytodosomewholesalerethinkingof9weprovidehealthcareandturnitintonotonlymedicalservicebutpreventivemaintenancethat10thepatientindecision-making.Wecanbeginthroughpilotanddemonstrationprojectsinhospitalsbydoctorsand11byprivatedoctorparticipation.Physicianscanshowpatientsthe12oftheiractionsandwhatthealternativesare.Technologies13multimediaandinteractivecomputerscan14patientsintheprivacyoftheirownhomestoaskquestionsaboutthese15.Othercountriesaremovingmuchmore16thantheUnitedStatesinmedicalinformation.ThecomputerizationandredesignofSweden’shealthdeliverysystemhasreducedthatnation’s17onthehealthcarefrom12%ofGNPtoalittleover7%.Morethanone-thirdofthepopulationoftheNether-landshastheirmedicalrecordscomputerized.18somehospitalsintheUnitedStateskeepcomputerizedpatient19theserecordsonlycoverthetimethepatientisinthehospitalanddonotincludetheir20medicalhistory. 12
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldfirstdescribethedrawingtheninterpretitsmeaningandgiveyourcommentonit. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
OnemorningafewyearsagoHarvardPresidentNellRudenstineoverslept.41____. Onlyafterathree-monthsabbatical--duringwhichhereadessayistLewisThomaslistenedtoRavelandwalkedwithhiswifeonaCaribbeanbeach--washeabletoreturntohispost.ThatweekhispicturewasonthecoverofNewsweekmagazinebesidethebannerheadline"Exhausted!" Intherelentlessbusynessofmodemlifewehavelosttherhythmbetweenactionandrest.Ispeakwithpeopleinbusinessandeducationdoctorsandday-careworkersshopkeepersandsocialworkersparentsandteachersnursesandlawyersstudentsandtherapistscommunityactivistandcooks.Remarkablythereisauniversalrefrain"Iamsobusy".Themoreourlifespeedsupthemorewefeelwearyoverwhelmedandlost. 42_____.Insteadthewholeexperienceofbeingalivebeginstomeltintooneenormousobligation.Itbecomesthestandardgreetingeverywhere"Iamsobusy." Wesaythistooneanotherwithnosmalldegreeofpride.Thebusierwearethemoreimportantweseemtoourselvesandweimaginetoothers.Tobeunavailabletoourfriendsandfamilytobeunabletofindtimeforthesunsetoreventoknowthatthesunhassetatalltowhizthroughourobligationswithouttimeforasinglemindfulbreath--thishasbecomethemodelofasuccessfullife. Becausewedonotrestweloseourway.Welosethenourishmentthatgivesussuccor.Wemissthequietthatgivesuswisdom.Poisonedbythehypnoticbeliefthatgoodthingscomeonlythroughtirelesseffortwenevertrulyrest. Thisisnottheworldwedreamedofwhenwewereyoung.Howdidwegetsoterriblyrushedinaworldsaturatedwithworkandresponsibilityyetsomehowbereftofjoyanddelight WehaveforgottentheSabbath. 43_____.Itistimetobenourishedandrefreshedasweletourworkourchoresandourimportantprojectsliefallowtrustingthattherearelargerforcesatworktakingcareoftheworldwhenweareatrest. Ifcertainplantspeciesdonotliedormantduringwintertheplantbeginstodieoff.44_____. So"RemembertheSabbath"ismorethansimplyalifestylesuggestion.Itisacommandmentanethicalpreceptasseriousasprohibitionsagainstkillingstealingandlying. Sabbathismorethantheabsenceofwork.Manyofusinourdesperatedrivetobesuccessfulandcareforourmanyresponsibilitiesfeelterribleguiltwhenwetaketimetorest.ButtheSabbathhasprovenitswisdomovertheages.ManyofusstillrecallwhennotlongagoshopsandofficeswhereclosedonSundays.ThosequietSundayafternoonsareembeddedinourculturalmemory. Muchofmodemlifeisspecificallydesignedtoseduceourattentionawayfromrest.WhenweareintheworldwithoureyeswideopentheSeductionsareinsatiable.45_____.Forthoseofuswithchildrenthereareendlesssoccerpracticesbaseballgameshomeworklaundryhousecleaningerrands.EveryresponsibilityeverystimuluscompetesforOurattention:Buyme.Dome.Watchme.Tryme.Drinkme.Itisasifwehaveinadvertentlystumbledintosomehorrificwonderland. A.Restisnotjustapsychologicalconvenience;itisabiologicalnecessity. B.After’yearsofnon-stoptoilinanatmospherethatrewardedfranticoverworkRudenstinecollapsed. C.Hundredsofchannelsofcableandsatellitetelevision;phoneswithmultiplelinesandcall-waitingbeggingustotalktomorethanonepersonatatime;maile-mailandovernightmailfaxmachines;billboards;magazines;newspapers;radio. D.SometimesyoucanhavearestonSundays.Butyourheartandsoulisnolongerquiet. E.Sabbathisthetimethatconsecratedtoenjoyandcelebratewhatisbeautifulandgood-timetolightcandlessingsongsworshiptellstoriesblessourchildrenandlovedonesgivethankssharemealsnapwalkandevenmakelove. F.Onceuponatime.Sabbathisourheaven.Weoftenwalkinthegreenparkswithfriendsorhaveapicniclunchwiththefamily.Listeningto.thebirdsonthetreemakesmefeelpeaceful.Butwhateverhappenedtosundaynow G.Todayourlifeandworkrarelyfeellightpleasantorhealing. 44
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