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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to 1) describe the picture, 2)...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
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China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text4 ImaginetheU.S.economicgainsofthe1990sandwhatcomestomindPerhapsitwashowthestockmarketruled:Allthoseinitialpublicofferingsthatrakedinunprecedentedbillionsforventurecapitalists. Andwasn’titagreattimetobeatopmanagerwithproductivitygainsboostingthebottomlineandignitingexecutivepayWhileitwasgoingonventurecapitalistL.JohnDoerrcalledtheboomthe"largestsinglelegalcreationofwealthinhistory." Wellyesandno.Withtherecessionapparentlyoverit’snowpossibletomakeamorerealisticassessmentoftheentirebusinesscycleofthe1990s:ThesluggishrecoverythatstartedinMarch1991theextraordinaryboomthetechbustandthedownturnof2001.AndguesswhatAlotofthingshappenedthatdefytheconventionalbeliefsaboutthedecade. Overthis10-yearperiodproductivityroseata2.2%annualrateroughlyhalfapercentagepointfasterthaninthe1980s--asignificantgain.Buttherealstunneristhis:Thebiggestwinnersfromthefasterproductivitygrowthofthe1990swereworkersnotinvestors.Inmanywaysthemosttangiblesignofworkergainsinthe1990swasthehome-buyingboom.Thisrevelationhelpsusunderstandwhyconsumerspendingstayedsostrongintherecession——andwhybusinessesmaystillstruggleinthemonthsahead. Bycontrastthereturnonthestockmarketinthe1990sbusinesscyclewasactuallylowerthanitwasinthebusinesscycleofthe’80s.AdjustedforinflationandincludingdividendsaverageannualreturnsontheS＆P-500indexfromMarch1991totheendof2001were11.1%comparedwith12.8%inthepreviousbusinesscycle. OverallBusinessWeekcalculatesthatU.S.workersreceived99%ofthegainsfromfasterproductivitygrowthinthe1990satnonfinancialcorporations.Corporateprofitsdidrisesharplybutmuchofthatgainwasfueledbylowerinterestratesratherthanincreasedproductivity. Whydidworkersfaresowellinthe1990sTheeducationlevelofmanyAmericansmadeanimpressiveleapinthe’90sputtingtheminabetterpositiontoqualifyforthesortsofjobsthattheNewEconomycreated.Lowunemploymentratesdroveupwages.AndatorrentofforeignmoneycomingintotheU.S.creatednewjobsandfinancedproductivity-enhancingequipmentinvestment. Asitturnsouttheoriginalperceptionsofwhobenefitedmostfromtheproductivitygainsofthe1990swasflippedonitshead.Lookingaheadtheeconomicpieisgrowingbiggerallthetimebutit’sstillupforgrabswhowillgetthelargestpieceinthefuture.Andintheendthat’sthereallessonofthe1990s. JohnDoerrcalledtheboominthe1990sthelargestsinglelegalcreationofwealthbecause
1Describethetrend 2Andgiveyourcomments. "AgingofPopulationinChina"
PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.46Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.47Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits. Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturythepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcenturies.48Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobilitydownwardaswellasupward——touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudlesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulation---intheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.49AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.50Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdhostedmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasaharborofpeaceandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommonintheearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquarter-centuryaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives. 47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMrHansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity. InhiswildesttaleMrHansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48"Seldom"hewrites"doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto."49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland’spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandleadweightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles. OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscall"nightfishing";cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowemigreinatinymanhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic. 50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemen’swardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread. Seldomhewritesdoesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto.
Themassmediaisabigpartofourcultureyetitcanalsobeahelperadviserandteachertoouryounggeneration.Themassmediaaffectsthelivesofouryoungbyactingasaan1foranumberofinstitutionsandsocialcontacts.Inthiswayit2avarietyoffunctionsinhumanlife. Thetimespentinfrontofthetelevisionscreenisusuallyatthe3ofleisure:thereislesstimeforgamesamusementandrest.4bywhatishappeningonthescreenchildrennotonlyimitatewhattheyseebutdirectly5themselveswithdifferentcharacters.Americanshavebeenconcernedaboutthe6ofviolenceinthemediaandits7harmtochildrenandadolescentsforatleastfortyyears.Duringthisperiodnewmedia8suchasvideogamescabletelevisionmusicvideosandtheInternet.Astheycontinuetogainpopularitythesemedia9television10publicconcernandresearchattention. Anotherlargesocietalconcernonouryounggeneration11bythemediaisbodyimage.12forcescaninfluencebodyimagepositivelyornegatively.13onesocietalandculturalnormsandmassmediamarketing14ourconceptsofbeauty.Inthemassmediatheimagesof15beautyfillmagazinesandnewspapers16fromourtelevisionsandentertainus17themovies.Eveninadvertisingthemassmedia18onacceptedculturalvaluesofthinnessandfitnessforcommercialgain.Youngadultsarepresentedwitha19definedstandardofattractivenessan20thatcarriesunrealisticphysicalexpectations. 2
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
EricHansenwritesabouttravelasaparticipatingenthusiastratherthanamereobserver.46Itgivesthesenineessaysbasedonhisadventuresoverthepastquarter-centuryaresonanceandpsychologicaldepthnotusuallyseeninmoreroutinetravelnarratives. 47Thereaderfollowswide-eyedfromthearmchairasMrHansenjourneysfromtheFrenchRivieratotheSouthPacificIndiatheUnitedStatesandBorneo.Eachstorycombinesnuancedportraitsofmemorablecharacterswithlyricaldescriptionsofhumanfallibilityandgenerosity. InhiswildesttaleMrHansenrecountshistimeworkingatahotelonThursdayIslandintheTorresStrait.48"Seldom"hewrites"doesonehavethechancetoenjoythecompanyofpeoplewhohavesocompletelygiventhemselvesovertothecultivationofthelowlifeinsuchstyleandwithsuchgusto."49Beyondtheboozebrokenglassandfistfightstheauthorlearnsthehistoryoftheisland’spearldiverswhoincanvassuitsandleadweightedshoessnatchgold-lippearlshellsfromaseabedteemingwithseasnakesgiantgroupersandsaltwatercrocodiles. OtherstoriestellofdrinkinghallucinogenickavainVanuatu;lingeringonabeachwithabeautifulMaldiviangirlinapleasurablepursuitthatthelocalscall"nightfishing";cookingpiroshkiwithaMoscowemigreinatinymanhattanapartmentwhiledrugdealersshooteachotherinthelobbybelow;andwatchingtheIndonesiancrewofabecalmedtallshipdanceondecktocountryandwesternmusic. 50ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying.Herehebathesfeedsandcomfortstheinhabitantsofthemen’swardwherethepanicanddespairofdeatharereplacedbydignityandhumour.Thissensitiveportraitalonemakesthisheartfeltcollectionamagicalandupliftingread. ThemostmovingstorycomesfromKolkataformerlyCalcuttawheretheauthor’sfrustrationattheimpenetrablebureaucracywhentryingtoshiphisbelongingshomeisputintoperspectivebyhisvoluntaryworkatMotherTheresa’shomeforthedying
Text3 TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKoreanbornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetext
Text4 ImaginetheU.S.economicgainsofthe1990sandwhatcomestomindPerhapsitwashowthestockmarketruled:Allthoseinitialpublicofferingsthatrakedinunprecedentedbillionsforventurecapitalists. Andwasn’titagreattimetobeatopmanagerwithproductivitygainsboostingthebottomlineandignitingexecutivepayWhileitwasgoingonventurecapitalistL.JohnDoerrcalledtheboomthe"largestsinglelegalcreationofwealthinhistory." Wellyesandno.Withtherecessionapparentlyoverit’snowpossibletomakeamorerealisticassessmentoftheentirebusinesscycleofthe1990s:ThesluggishrecoverythatstartedinMarch1991theextraordinaryboomthetechbustandthedownturnof2001.AndguesswhatAlotofthingshappenedthatdefytheconventionalbeliefsaboutthedecade. Overthis10-yearperiodproductivityroseata2.2%annualrateroughlyhalfapercentagepointfasterthaninthe1980s--asignificantgain.Buttherealstunneristhis:Thebiggestwinnersfromthefasterproductivitygrowthofthe1990swereworkersnotinvestors.Inmanywaysthemosttangiblesignofworkergainsinthe1990swasthehome-buyingboom.Thisrevelationhelpsusunderstandwhyconsumerspendingstayedsostrongintherecession——andwhybusinessesmaystillstruggleinthemonthsahead. Bycontrastthereturnonthestockmarketinthe1990sbusinesscyclewasactuallylowerthanitwasinthebusinesscycleofthe’80s.AdjustedforinflationandincludingdividendsaverageannualreturnsontheS＆P-500indexfromMarch1991totheendof2001were11.1%comparedwith12.8%inthepreviousbusinesscycle. OverallBusinessWeekcalculatesthatU.S.workersreceived99%ofthegainsfromfasterproductivitygrowthinthe1990satnonfinancialcorporations.Corporateprofitsdidrisesharplybutmuchofthatgainwasfueledbylowerinterestratesratherthanincreasedproductivity. Whydidworkersfaresowellinthe1990sTheeducationlevelofmanyAmericansmadeanimpressiveleapinthe’90sputtingtheminabetterpositiontoqualifyforthesortsofjobsthattheNewEconomycreated.Lowunemploymentratesdroveupwages.AndatorrentofforeignmoneycomingintotheU.S.creatednewjobsandfinancedproductivity-enhancingequipmentinvestment. Asitturnsouttheoriginalperceptionsofwhobenefitedmostfromtheproductivitygainsofthe1990swasflippedonitshead.Lookingaheadtheeconomicpieisgrowingbiggerallthetimebutit’sstillupforgrabswhowillgetthelargestpieceinthefuture.Andintheendthat’sthereallessonofthe1990s. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthistextis
Text1 Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992-93isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis"theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya. WecanlearnfromthetextthatbothHindusandMuslimsare
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. ElouiseCobellcriticizedtheInteriorDepartment'sBIAfor
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.46Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.47Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits. Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturythepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcenturies.48Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobilitydownwardaswellasupward——touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudlesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulation---intheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.49AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.50Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdhostedmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasaharborofpeaceandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommonintheearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdhostedmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasaharborofpeaceandorder
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingthetext
Text1 Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhya-relatedexplosionof1992-93isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis"theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHPtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHP.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHPandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethephotobriefly 2interpretthesocialmeaningreflectedbyitand 3offeryourpointofview. Youshouldwrite160-200words. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoney11MaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethan11macresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfortheoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.MsNortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. Itseemsthatthewriteisverycriticalof
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41_______________________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold.42________________________________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43__________________Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________________________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45______________________________. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizeit. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlord房主canchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices 42
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid$989forayear’ssupplyoffood.In1972thefamilypaid$1311.Thatwasapriceincreaseofnearlyone-third.Everyfamilyhashadthissortofexperience.Everyoneagreesthatthecostoffeedingafamilyhasrisensharply.Butthereislessagreementwhenreasonsfortherisearebeingdiscussed.WhoisreallyresponsibleManyblamethefarmerswhoproducethevegetablesfruitmeateggsandcheesethatstoresofferforsale.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturethefarmer’sshareofthe$1311spentbythefamilyin1972was$521.Thiswas31percentmorethanthefarmerhadreceivedin1959. 41_______________________.Theyparticularlyblamethosewhoprocessthefarmproductsaftertheproductsleavethefarm.Theseincludetruckdriversmeatpackersmanufacturersofpackagesandotherfoodcontainersandtheownersofstoreswherefoodissold.42________________________________. Ofthe$1311familyfoodbillin1972middlemenreceived$790whichwas33percentmorethantheyhadreceivedin1959.Itappearsthatthemiddlemen’sprofithasincreasedmorethanfarmer’s.Butsomeeconomistsclaimthatthemiddlemen’sactualprofitwasverylow.AccordingtoeconomistsattheFirstNationalCityBanktheprofitformeatpackersandfoodstoresamountedtolessthanonepercent.Duringthesameperiodallothermanufacturersweremakingaprofitofmorethan5percent.Bycomparisonwithothermembersoftheeconomicsystembothfarmersandmiddlemenhaveprofitedsurprisinglylittlefromtheriseinfoodprices. 43__________________Vegetablesandchickencostmorewhentheyhavebeencutintopiecesbysomeoneotherthantheonewhobuysit.Afamilyshouldexpecttopaymorewhenseveral"TVdinners"aretakenhomefromthestore.Thesearefullycookedmealsconsistingofmeatvegetablesandsometimesdesertallarrangedonametaldish.Thedishisputintotheovenandheatedwhilethehousewifeisdoingsomethingelse.Suchaconveniencecostsmoney.44____________________________. Economistsremindusthatmanymodernhousewiveshavejobsoutsidethehome.Theyearnmoneythathelpstopaythefamilyfoodbills.Thehousewifenaturallyhaslesstimeandenergyforcookingafteraday’swork.Shewantstobuymanykindsoffoodthatcanbeputonherfamily’stableeasilyandquickly.Itappearsthattheanswertothequestionofrisingpricesisnotasimpleone.Producersconsumersandmiddlemenallsharetheresponsibilityforthesharpriseinfoodcosts.45______________________________. [A]Economistsdonotagreeonsomeofthepredictions.Theyalsodonotagreeonthevalueofdifferentdecisions.Someeconomistssupportaparticulardecisionwhileotherscriticizeit. [B]Howeversomeeconomistsbelievethatcontrolscanhavenegativeeffectsoveralongperiodoftime.Incitieswithrentcontrolthecitygovernmentsetsthemaximumrentthatalandlord房主canchargeforanapartment. [C]WhothenisactuallyresponsibleforthesizeofthebillahousewifemustpaybeforeshecarriesthefoodhomefromthestoreTheeconomistsatFirstNationalCityBankhaveananswertogivehousewivesbutmanypeoplewillnotlikeit.Theseeconomistsblamethehousewifeherselfforthejumpinfoodprices.Theysaythatfoodcostsmorenowbecausewomendon’twanttospendmuchtimeinthekitchen.Womenprefertobuyfoodwhichhasalreadybeenpreparedbeforeitreachesthemarket. [D]"Ifthehousewifewantsallofthese"theeconomistssay"thatisherprivilegebutshemustbepreparedtopayfortheservicesofthosewhomakeherworkeasier." [E]Theyareamongthe"middlemen"whostandbetweenthefarmerandthepeoplewhobuyandeatthefood.Aremiddlementheonestoblameforrisingfoodprices [F]Thusaseconomistspointout"Someofthebasicreasonsforwideningfoodpricespreadsareeasilytraceabletotheincreasinguseofconveniencefoodswhichtransfermuchofthetimeandworkofmealpreparationfromthekitchentothefoodprocessor’splant." [G]Butfarmersclaimthatthisincreasewasverysmallcomparedtotheincreaseintheircostofliving.Farmerstendtoblameothersforthesharpriseinfoodprices 44
Text3 TheTuscantownofVincibirthplaceofLeonardoandhometoamuseumofhismachinesshouldfittinglyputonashowofthetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.ThisKoreanbornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterarekindredspirits:LeonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhisscientificexperimentsMrPaikendeavorstoharnessmediatechnologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthelate1960shetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesandasmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures. MrPaikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideocamerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheirperformanceart.Nowtomarkvideoart’scomingofageNewYork’sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheireffortsinafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade".ItcelebratestheearlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArtsIntermixEAIoneoftheworld’sleadingdistributorsofvideoandnewmediaartfounded30yearsago. OneofEAI’smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecondgenerationofvideoartistswhoemergedinthe1970sMrViolaexperimentedwithvideo’sexpressivepotential.Hiscameraexploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashowattheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-imagefrescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewerinall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath. OnenewstarisaCalifornianDougAitkenwhotookoverLondon’sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallationcalled"NewOcean".SomesayMrAitkenistovideowhatJacksonPollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloortoceilingcreatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespacesurroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimagesofsoundandlight. AttheSerpentineMrAitkencreatedacollageofmovingimagesonthethemeofwater’sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceoflife."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthisworkaliquidimagetoshowaworldthatneverstandsstill"hesays.Theboundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesandinformationhethinksisblurring. Theinterplayofillusionandrealitysoundandimagereferencestoarthistorypoliticsfilmandtelevisioninthisartformthatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoartdifficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-imagearttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.Atitsbesttheappealofvideoartliesinitsversatilityitspowertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilitytocommunicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls. Aspointedoutinthetextthevideoarttechnologyischaracterizedbyits
PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.46Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.47Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits. Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturythepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcenturies.48Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobilitydownwardaswellasupward——touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudlesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulation---intheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.49AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.50Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdhostedmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasaharborofpeaceandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommonintheearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobilitydownwardaswellasupward——touchedalmosteveryone.
Text4 ImaginetheU.S.economicgainsofthe1990sandwhatcomestomindPerhapsitwashowthestockmarketruled:Allthoseinitialpublicofferingsthatrakedinunprecedentedbillionsforventurecapitalists. Andwasn’titagreattimetobeatopmanagerwithproductivitygainsboostingthebottomlineandignitingexecutivepayWhileitwasgoingonventurecapitalistL.JohnDoerrcalledtheboomthe"largestsinglelegalcreationofwealthinhistory." Wellyesandno.Withtherecessionapparentlyoverit’snowpossibletomakeamorerealisticassessmentoftheentirebusinesscycleofthe1990s:ThesluggishrecoverythatstartedinMarch1991theextraordinaryboomthetechbustandthedownturnof2001.AndguesswhatAlotofthingshappenedthatdefytheconventionalbeliefsaboutthedecade. Overthis10-yearperiodproductivityroseata2.2%annualrateroughlyhalfapercentagepointfasterthaninthe1980s--asignificantgain.Buttherealstunneristhis:Thebiggestwinnersfromthefasterproductivitygrowthofthe1990swereworkersnotinvestors.Inmanywaysthemosttangiblesignofworkergainsinthe1990swasthehome-buyingboom.Thisrevelationhelpsusunderstandwhyconsumerspendingstayedsostrongintherecession——andwhybusinessesmaystillstruggleinthemonthsahead. Bycontrastthereturnonthestockmarketinthe1990sbusinesscyclewasactuallylowerthanitwasinthebusinesscycleofthe’80s.AdjustedforinflationandincludingdividendsaverageannualreturnsontheS＆P-500indexfromMarch1991totheendof2001were11.1%comparedwith12.8%inthepreviousbusinesscycle. OverallBusinessWeekcalculatesthatU.S.workersreceived99%ofthegainsfromfasterproductivitygrowthinthe1990satnonfinancialcorporations.Corporateprofitsdidrisesharplybutmuchofthatgainwasfueledbylowerinterestratesratherthanincreasedproductivity. Whydidworkersfaresowellinthe1990sTheeducationlevelofmanyAmericansmadeanimpressiveleapinthe’90sputtingtheminabetterpositiontoqualifyforthesortsofjobsthattheNewEconomycreated.Lowunemploymentratesdroveupwages.AndatorrentofforeignmoneycomingintotheU.S.creatednewjobsandfinancedproductivity-enhancingequipmentinvestment. Asitturnsouttheoriginalperceptionsofwhobenefitedmostfromtheproductivitygainsofthe1990swasflippedonitshead.Lookingaheadtheeconomicpieisgrowingbiggerallthetimebutit’sstillupforgrabswhowillgetthelargestpieceinthefuture.Andintheendthat’sthereallessonofthe1990s. Accordingtothewritertheoriginalnotionontheproductivitygainsofthe1990sturnsouttobe
China’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation-ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomic1rankingseventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillhavea3impactontheworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatlylimited.ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOtorealizeits56theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwill7thegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSinoU.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina. AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficult10Chinahasfinallyrealizedits11ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates12thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryisofgreatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellas13stipulations协定inthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawillretainforasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleasttheopeningofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate. InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’s20totheWTOarecompatiblewithitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
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