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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
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Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
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Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.TenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeingbutnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneedsandyoungpeopledon’’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext. Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurveyitwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollifecomparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.InadditionfarmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed. WhileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasicsJapaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personalityabilitycourageorhumanity--arecompletelyignoredsaysToshikiKaifuchairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’’seducationcommittee.Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.LastyearJapanexperienced2125incidentsofschoolviolenceincluding929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcrymanyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyamawhowastheneducationministerraisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarⅡhadweakenedtheJapanesemoralityofrespectforparents. ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.InJapansayseducatorYokoMuroit’’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlifebutonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralizationfully76percentofJapan’’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolatedtwo-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutestravelstoandfromworkandcrowdedlivingconditionsbutastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweakenthediscomfortisbeginningtotell.InthepastdecadetheJapanesedivorceratewhilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStateshasincreasedbymorethan50percentandsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter. ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat__________.
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketingtheauthorimpliesthat____________.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritishisfirstdutytofollowhisintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparationthinksforhimselfthanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Notthatitissolelyorchieflytoformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontraryitisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalqualitywhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeennoreverwillbeinthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whileanypeoplehasmadeatemporaryapproachtosuchacharacterithasbeenbecausethedreadofheterodox非正统的thinkingwasforatimesuspended.Wherethereisanunspokenconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed;wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosedwecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhenprolongedargumentsavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtorouseenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthinkingbeings. Hewhoknowsonlyhisownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Hisreasonsmaybegoodandnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsontheoppositesideandifhedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyarehehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforhimwouldbesuspensionofjudgmentandunlesshecontentshimselfwiththatheiseitherledbyauthorityoradoptslikethegeneralityoftheworldthesidetowhichhefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatheshouldheartheargumentsofopponentsfromhisownteacherspresentedastheystatethemandaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetotheargumentsorbringthemintorealcontactwithhisownmind.Hemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem;whodefendtheminearnestanddotheirveryutmostforthem.Hemustknowthemintheirseeminglyreasonableandpersuasiveform:hemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;otherwisehewillneverreallypossesshimselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedmenareinthisconditionandevenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetruebutitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow.Theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____________.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinatingButtobefascinatedisalsosometimestobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood. Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’’thelpthatbuildingabigpowerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam. Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDamforexamplestoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft―allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity. Andyetthemythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.ThisweekintheheartofcivilizedEuropeSlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechsandnowneedsadamtoproveitself. MeanwhileinIndiatheWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerfulbuttheyarefarfromguaranteed. Properscientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostsandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmythsitishardtobeeitherproperorscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’’tneedadamtobesaved. Inparagraph5thepowerlessprobablyrefersto____________.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinatingButtobefascinatedisalsosometimestobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood. Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’’thelpthatbuildingabigpowerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam. Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDamforexamplestoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft―allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity. Andyetthemythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.ThisweekintheheartofcivilizedEuropeSlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechsandnowneedsadamtoproveitself. MeanwhileinIndiatheWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerfulbuttheyarefarfromguaranteed. Properscientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostsandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmythsitishardtobeeitherproperorscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’’tneedadamtobesaved. Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas____________.
Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritishisfirstdutytofollowhisintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparationthinksforhimselfthanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Notthatitissolelyorchieflytoformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontraryitisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalqualitywhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeennoreverwillbeinthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whileanypeoplehasmadeatemporaryapproachtosuchacharacterithasbeenbecausethedreadofheterodox非正统的thinkingwasforatimesuspended.Wherethereisanunspokenconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed;wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosedwecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhenprolongedargumentsavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtorouseenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthinkingbeings. Hewhoknowsonlyhisownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Hisreasonsmaybegoodandnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsontheoppositesideandifhedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyarehehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforhimwouldbesuspensionofjudgmentandunlesshecontentshimselfwiththatheiseitherledbyauthorityoradoptslikethegeneralityoftheworldthesidetowhichhefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatheshouldheartheargumentsofopponentsfromhisownteacherspresentedastheystatethemandaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetotheargumentsorbringthemintorealcontactwithhisownmind.Hemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem;whodefendtheminearnestanddotheirveryutmostforthem.Hemustknowthemintheirseeminglyreasonableandpersuasiveform:hemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;otherwisehewillneverreallypossesshimselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedmenareinthisconditionandevenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetruebutitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow.Theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay. Thefundamentalcriterionforagreatthinkerconsistsinhis
Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritishisfirstdutytofollowhisintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparationthinksforhimselfthanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Notthatitissolelyorchieflytoformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontraryitisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalqualitywhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeennoreverwillbeinthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whileanypeoplehasmadeatemporaryapproachtosuchacharacterithasbeenbecausethedreadofheterodox非正统的thinkingwasforatimesuspended.Wherethereisanunspokenconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed;wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosedwecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhenprolongedargumentsavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtorouseenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthinkingbeings. Hewhoknowsonlyhisownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Hisreasonsmaybegoodandnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsontheoppositesideandifhedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyarehehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforhimwouldbesuspensionofjudgmentandunlesshecontentshimselfwiththatheiseitherledbyauthorityoradoptslikethegeneralityoftheworldthesidetowhichhefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatheshouldheartheargumentsofopponentsfromhisownteacherspresentedastheystatethemandaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetotheargumentsorbringthemintorealcontactwithhisownmind.Hemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem;whodefendtheminearnestanddotheirveryutmostforthem.Hemustknowthemintheirseeminglyreasonableandpersuasiveform:hemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;otherwisehewillneverreallypossesshimselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedmenareinthisconditionandevenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetruebutitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow.Theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay. Thethinkingofanationcanbeexcitedonlywhen
AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.TenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeingbutnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneedsandyoungpeopledon’’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext. Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurveyitwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollifecomparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.InadditionfarmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed. WhileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasicsJapaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personalityabilitycourageorhumanity--arecompletelyignoredsaysToshikiKaifuchairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’’seducationcommittee.Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.LastyearJapanexperienced2125incidentsofschoolviolenceincluding929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcrymanyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyamawhowastheneducationministerraisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarⅡhadweakenedtheJapanesemoralityofrespectforparents. ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.InJapansayseducatorYokoMuroit’’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlifebutonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralizationfully76percentofJapan’’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolatedtwo-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutestravelstoandfromworkandcrowdedlivingconditionsbutastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweakenthediscomfortisbeginningtotell.InthepastdecadetheJapanesedivorceratewhilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStateshasincreasedbymorethan50percentandsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter. AccordingtotheauthorwhatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety
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