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A. Undeniable Mir’s achievementsB. Rewards following the U. S. financial injectionC. Mir’s problem y...
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阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求．从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个
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ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Whenanordinarycomputermousegetsdirtyithastobereplacedwithanewone.
46.IfthereisonewhichItakeleavetodoubtthenitisolderpeoplewhocreateitnottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeingspeoplejustliketheirelders.47:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenagerIfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertainthatIwasanewboyinahugeschool48.Foronethingbeingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentityandthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.49.Theyhaveanairoffreedomandtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbersandtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlifeandtheoriginsofthings.It’sasiftheywereinsomesensecosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceitedill-manneredpresumptuousorfatuousbut!donotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectforeldersasifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals50.A.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone.B.Peoplearealwaystalkingabouttheproblemofyouth.C.andIwillarguewithhimasanequalifIthinkheiswrongD.andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.E.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.F.Itisveryenjoyabletoteachyoungchildren.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
46.IfthereisonewhichItakeleavetodoubtthenitisolderpeoplewhocreateitnottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeingspeoplejustliketheirelders.47:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenagerIfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertainthatIwasanewboyinahugeschool48.Foronethingbeingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentityandthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.49.Theyhaveanairoffreedomandtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbersandtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlifeandtheoriginsofthings.It’sasiftheywereinsomesensecosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceitedill-manneredpresumptuousorfatuousbut!donotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectforeldersasifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals50.A.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone.B.Peoplearealwaystalkingabouttheproblemofyouth.C.andIwillarguewithhimasanequalifIthinkheiswrongD.andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.E.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.F.Itisveryenjoyabletoteachyoungchildren.
A.diseasesofthecardiovascularB.haveabodyshapethatallpeopleWilladmireC.longerlife-timeD.digestivesystemdiseaseE.ashorterlifespanF.pneumoniaandinfluenzaThethinnestgroupofmenarelesslikelytosufferfrom______.
ListeningDeviceProvidesLandslideEarlyWarningAdevicethatprovidesearlywarningofalandslidebymonitoringvibrationsinsoilisbeingtestedbyUKresearchers.Tiledevicecouldsavethousandsofliveseachyearbywarningwhenanareashouldbeevacuatedthescientistssaysuchnaturaldisastersarecommonincountriesthatexperiencesuddenheavyrainfallandcanalsobetriggeredbyearthquakesandevenwatererosion.Landslidesstartwhenafewparticlesofsoilorrockwithinaslopestarttomovebuttheearlystagescanbehardtospot.FollowingthisinitialmovementslopescanbecomeunstableinamatterofhoursorminutessaysNellDixonatLoughboroughUniversityUK.Hesaysawarningsystemthatmonitorsthismovementmightbeenoughtoevacuateablockoffiatsorcleararoadandsavelives.Themostcommonwaytomonitoraslopeforsignsofanimminentlandslideistowatchforchangesinitsshape.Surveyorscandothisbymeasuringasitedirectlyorsensorssunkintoboreholesorfixedabovegroundcanbeusedtomonitortheshapeofaslope.Slopescanhoweverchangeshapewithouttriggeringalandslidesoeithermethodispronetocausingfalsealarms.NowDixon’steamhasdevelopedadevicethatlistensforthevibrationscausedwhenparticlesbeginmovingwithinaslope.Thedevicetakestheformofasteelpipedroppedintoaboreholeinaslope.Theboreholeisfilledinwithgravelaroundthepipetohelptransmithigh-frequencyvibrationsgeneratedbyparticleswithintheslope.Thesevibrationspassupthetubeandarepickedupbyasensoronthesurface.Softwareanalysesthevibrationsignaltodeterminewhetheralandslidemaybeimminent.Thedeviceiscurrentlybeingtestedina6-metre-tallartificialclayembankmentinNewcastleUK.Earlyresultssuggestitshouldprovidefewerfalsepositivesthanexistingsystems.Onceithasbeencarefullyandthoroughlytestedthedevicecouldbeusedtocreateacompleteearly-warningsystemfordangerousslopes.LocationswithasignificantriskoflandslidescoulddefinitelybenefitfromamachinelikethissaysAdamPoulteranexpertattheBritishRedCross.Aslongasitdoesn’tcosttoomuch.ButPoulteraddsthatanearly-warningsystemmaynotbeenoughonitsown.Youneedtohavethehumancommunicationhesays.Makingsystemsthatgetwarningstothosewhoneedthemcanbedifficult./Accordingtothecontextwhatdoesthewordpositivesinthefifthparagraphmean
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
In1861itseemedinevitablethattheSouthernstateswouldbreakawayfromtheUnion.
PlantGasScientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment.Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantamountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming.InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves.Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degrees.At30degreestheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled.Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight.Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes.ThenewfindingisaninterestingobservationsaysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes.Totestwhetherplantsareasourceofmethanethescientistscreated______.
ExcessiveDemandsonYoungPeopleBeingabletomultitaskishailedbymostpeopleasawelcomeskillbutnotaccordingtoarecentstudywhichclaimsthatyoungpeoplebetweentheagesofeightandeighteenoftheso-calledGenerationMarespendingaconsiderableamountoftheirtimeinfruitlesseffortsastheymultitask.Itarguesthatinfacttheseyoungpeoplearefritteringawayasmuchashalfoftheirtimeagainastheywouldiftheyperformedtheverysametasksoneaftertheother.Someyoungpeoplearejugglinganeverlargernumberofelectronicdevicesastheystudy.AtthesametimethattheyareworkingyoungadultsarealsosurfingontheInternetorsendingoutemailstotheirfriendsand/oransweringthetelephoneandlisteningtomusicontheiriPodsoronanothercomputer.Assomenewdevicecomesalongittooisaddedtothelistratherthanreplacingoneoftheexistingdevices.Otherresearchhasindicatedthatthismultitaskingisevenaffectingthewayfamiliesthemselvesfunctionasyoungpeoplearetoowrappedupintheirownisolatedworldstointeractwiththeotherpeoplearoundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehousenorcantheyeatatthefamilytable.Allthiselectronicwizardryissupposedlyalsoseriouslyaffectingyoungpeople’sperformanceatuniversityandintheworkplace.Whenaskedabouttheirperceptionoftheimpactofmoderngadgetsontheirperformanceoftaskstheoverwhelmingmajorityofyoungpeoplegaveafavorableresponse.Theresponsefromtheacademicandbusinessworldswasnotquiteaspositive.Theformerfeelthatmultitaskingwithelectronicgadgetsbychildrenaffectslaterdevelopmentofstudyskillsresultinginadeclineinthequalityofwritingforexamplebecauseofthelackofconcentrationontaskcompletion.Theyfeelthatmanyundergraduatesnowurgentlyneedremedialhelpwithstudyskills.Similarlyemployersfeelthatyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforceneedtobetaughtalloveragainastheyhavebecomedeskilled.Whileallthismaybetrueitmustbeborneinmindthatmoreandmoreisexpectedofyoungpeoplenowadays;infacttoomuch.Praiseratherthancriticismisdueinrespectofthewaytoday’syouthareabletocopedespitewhattheoldergenerationthrowatthem.Whatisthebiggestproblemformultitaskingundergraduatesinuniversities
46.IfthereisonewhichItakeleavetodoubtthenitisolderpeoplewhocreateitnottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeingspeoplejustliketheirelders.47:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenagerIfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertainthatIwasanewboyinahugeschool48.Foronethingbeingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentityandthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.49.Theyhaveanairoffreedomandtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbersandtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlifeandtheoriginsofthings.It’sasiftheywereinsomesensecosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceitedill-manneredpresumptuousorfatuousbut!donotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectforeldersasifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals50.A.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone.B.Peoplearealwaystalkingabouttheproblemofyouth.C.andIwillarguewithhimasanequalifIthinkheiswrongD.andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.E.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.F.Itisveryenjoyabletoteachyoungchildren.
America'semphasisontheimportanceofeducationforeveryonehasspurredscientificresearch.
ABitGoodNewsforFatPeople1Certainlytherearemillionswhoneedtoloseweight.Buttherearealsomillionswhoonlyimaginetheyneedto.Compulsiveandcontinuousdietingnottomentioneatingdisordersshowsthatsomeofuswilldoanythingtoreduceourbodiesdowntothecurrentlydesirableshape.Butisbeingunderweightreallydesirable2Scientistshavelongbeenlookingintotheeffectsofunder-nutrition.Thesestudiesratsandmicehavebeenthesubjectsnothumansindicatethatcarefullycontrolledfoodrestrictionwithadequatevitaminsandmineralsslowstheagingprocess.Inexperimentafterexperimentthinanimalsconsistentlyoutlivetheirall-you-caneatcousinssometimesdoublingtheiraveragelifespan.Theyseemtoagemoreslowlytoo.Thelevelofcholesterol胆固醇intheirbloodstayslowerlonger.Theirbodiesstayresponsivetocertainhormoneslonger.Theirimmunesystemsstayhealthierlonger.Underfedratsandmicearealsolesslikelytosufferfromage-relateddiseaseslikecancerkidneyandheartdiseases.3Butwestillknowlittleabouttheeffectofscientificallycontrolledtindernutritiononpeople.Researchershavekeptstudyinglargenumberofpeoplelinkingtheirweightwiththeirhealthoverlongperiodsoftime.Indirectcontrasttothelaboratoryexperimentsthesepopulationstudiessuggestthatbeingunderweightcanactuallybedangeroustoyourhealth.4InamajorNationalInstitutesofHealthstudythatfollowedmorethan5000menandwomenfor24yearsscientistsdiscoveredthatthethinnestpeopleranthehighestrateofdying.Thethinnestgroupofmenhadthehighestdeathratesfromcancerandallotherdiseasesexceptthoseofthecardiovascular心血管的system.Itisalsofoundthatthinnessdoesnotmeanwellness.Men15percentbelowaverageweightdiemoreoftenfrompneumonia肺炎influenzaheartdiseaseandsuicidethantheirweightiercounterparts.Women15percentlessthanaverageweightareeasytogetpneumoniainfluenzaanddigestivesystemdiseases.AnAmericanCancerSocietystudyfoundthatthose20percentunderweightdiedmoreoftenfromstrokesanddigestivediseasethantheiraverageweightcounterparts.InaCaliforniastudyof7000menandwomenthehighestdeathrateswereamongthose10percentunderweight.5Converselytheseandetherstudiesarefindingthatbeingslightlyormoderatelyoverweightevenasmuchas35percentabovestandardweightisgoodforyourhealth.A.GoodthinsshoutbeingalittleoverweightB.FashionofbeingunderweightC.Experimentsonanimalsregardingunder-nutaitionD.SomenegativeeffectsofbeingunderweightE.ContrastsbetweenexperimentsonanimalsandonpeopleF.HealthofwomenundernutritionParagraph5______.
Tmnotmeddling.Marysaidmildly.Tinjustcurious.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
Thelittlegirlgraspedhermother'sarmasshecrossedthestreet.
Johnhasmadeuphismindnottogotothemeeting.
A.diseasesofthecardiovascularB.haveabodyshapethatallpeopleWilladmireC.longerlife-timeD.digestivesystemdiseaseE.ashorterlifespanF.pneumoniaandinfluenzaThoseall-you-can-eatanimalsoftenhave______.
ListeningDeviceProvidesLandslideEarlyWarningAdevicethatprovidesearlywarningofalandslidebymonitoringvibrationsinsoilisbeingtestedbyUKresearchers.Tiledevicecouldsavethousandsofliveseachyearbywarningwhenanareashouldbeevacuatedthescientistssaysuchnaturaldisastersarecommonincountriesthatexperiencesuddenheavyrainfallandcanalsobetriggeredbyearthquakesandevenwatererosion.Landslidesstartwhenafewparticlesofsoilorrockwithinaslopestarttomovebuttheearlystagescanbehardtospot.FollowingthisinitialmovementslopescanbecomeunstableinamatterofhoursorminutessaysNellDixonatLoughboroughUniversityUK.Hesaysawarningsystemthatmonitorsthismovementmightbeenoughtoevacuateablockoffiatsorcleararoadandsavelives.Themostcommonwaytomonitoraslopeforsignsofanimminentlandslideistowatchforchangesinitsshape.Surveyorscandothisbymeasuringasitedirectlyorsensorssunkintoboreholesorfixedabovegroundcanbeusedtomonitortheshapeofaslope.Slopescanhoweverchangeshapewithouttriggeringalandslidesoeithermethodispronetocausingfalsealarms.NowDixon’steamhasdevelopedadevicethatlistensforthevibrationscausedwhenparticlesbeginmovingwithinaslope.Thedevicetakestheformofasteelpipedroppedintoaboreholeinaslope.Theboreholeisfilledinwithgravelaroundthepipetohelptransmithigh-frequencyvibrationsgeneratedbyparticleswithintheslope.Thesevibrationspassupthetubeandarepickedupbyasensoronthesurface.Softwareanalysesthevibrationsignaltodeterminewhetheralandslidemaybeimminent.Thedeviceiscurrentlybeingtestedina6-metre-tallartificialclayembankmentinNewcastleUK.Earlyresultssuggestitshouldprovidefewerfalsepositivesthanexistingsystems.Onceithasbeencarefullyandthoroughlytestedthedevicecouldbeusedtocreateacompleteearly-warningsystemfordangerousslopes.LocationswithasignificantriskoflandslidescoulddefinitelybenefitfromamachinelikethissaysAdamPoulteranexpertattheBritishRedCross.Aslongasitdoesn’tcosttoomuch.ButPoulteraddsthatanearly-warningsystemmaynotbeenoughonitsown.Youneedtohavethehumancommunicationhesays.Makingsystemsthatgetwarningstothosewhoneedthemcanbedifficult./WhatdoesSuchnaturaldisastersinthefirstparagraphreferto
ExcessiveDemandsonYoungPeopleBeingabletomultitaskishailedbymostpeopleasawelcomeskillbutnotaccordingtoarecentstudywhichclaimsthatyoungpeoplebetweentheagesofeightandeighteenoftheso-calledGenerationMarespendingaconsiderableamountoftheirtimeinfruitlesseffortsastheymultitask.Itarguesthatinfacttheseyoungpeoplearefritteringawayasmuchashalfoftheirtimeagainastheywouldiftheyperformedtheverysametasksoneaftertheother.Someyoungpeoplearejugglinganeverlargernumberofelectronicdevicesastheystudy.AtthesametimethattheyareworkingyoungadultsarealsosurfingontheInternetorsendingoutemailstotheirfriendsand/oransweringthetelephoneandlisteningtomusicontheiriPodsoronanothercomputer.Assomenewdevicecomesalongittooisaddedtothelistratherthanreplacingoneoftheexistingdevices.Otherresearchhasindicatedthatthismultitaskingisevenaffectingthewayfamiliesthemselvesfunctionasyoungpeoplearetoowrappedupintheirownisolatedworldstointeractwiththeotherpeoplearoundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehousenorcantheyeatatthefamilytable.Allthiselectronicwizardryissupposedlyalsoseriouslyaffectingyoungpeople’sperformanceatuniversityandintheworkplace.Whenaskedabouttheirperceptionoftheimpactofmoderngadgetsontheirperformanceoftaskstheoverwhelmingmajorityofyoungpeoplegaveafavorableresponse.Theresponsefromtheacademicandbusinessworldswasnotquiteaspositive.Theformerfeelthatmultitaskingwithelectronicgadgetsbychildrenaffectslaterdevelopmentofstudyskillsresultinginadeclineinthequalityofwritingforexamplebecauseofthelackofconcentrationontaskcompletion.Theyfeelthatmanyundergraduatesnowurgentlyneedremedialhelpwithstudyskills.Similarlyemployersfeelthatyoungpeopleenteringtheworkforceneedtobetaughtalloveragainastheyhavebecomedeskilled.Whileallthismaybetrueitmustbeborneinmindthatmoreandmoreisexpectedofyoungpeoplenowadays;infacttoomuch.Praiseratherthancriticismisdueinrespectofthewaytoday’syouthareabletocopedespitewhattheoldergenerationthrowatthem.WiththeadventofnewgadgetswhatwillhappentoGenerationM’spresente-devices
ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Mostcomputeruserswanttoknowhowthecomputermouseworks.
Below600feetoceanwatersrangefromdimlylittocompletelydark.
SkinCancerMelanoma黑素瘤thedeadliestkindofskincancerisnowthemostcormnoncancerin51Britishwomenthecountry’sleadingcancerorganizationsaidWednesday.Skincancerhas52cervical子宫颈的cancerasthetopcancerstrikingwomenintheir20saccordingtothelatestdatafromCancerResearchUnitedKingdom.Thetrendisparticularly53sinceyoungerpeoplearenotgenerallythosemostsusceptible易患的tomelanoma.Ratesofskincancerare54highestinpeopleoverage75.Butexpertsworrythatincreasingnumbersofyoungerpeoplebeingdiagnosedwithskincancercouldbethe55ofadangeroustrend.Womenintheir20smake56asmallpercentageofallpatientsdiagnosedwithmelanomainBritainbutnearlyathirdofallcasesoccurinpeopleyoungerthan50.BasedoncurrentnumbersCancerResearchUKpredictsthatmelanomawillbecomethefourth57commoncancerformenandwomenofallagesby2024andthatcaseswilljumpfromabout90000casesayeartomorethan15500.Cancerexperts58therisingnumberofskincancercaseslargelytothesurgeinpeopleusingtanningsalons.Spendingtimeonsunbedsisjustas59asstayingouttoolonginthesunsaidCarolineCernyofCancerResearchUK.TheorganizationisstartingaSunSmart60towarnBritonsofthedangersofbeingtoobronzed.Theintensityofultravioletraysinsomesunbedscanbemorethan1061strongerthanthemiddaysunCernysaid.IntheUnitedStatesseveralstatesrequireparentalapproval62minorscanusetanningsalons.Wisconsinbanspeople16and63fromusingtanningbedsandothersbanchildrenunder14.Atleast29stateshaveregulationsgoverningminorsuseoftanningsalons.IntheUKScottishpoliticianspassedlegislationbanningtheseunder18fromusingtanningbedsthoughithasn’tyetbeenimplemented.Therearenoplansfor64intherestoftheUK.TheworldHealthOrganizationhaspreviouslyrecommendedthattanningbedsberegulatedbecauseoftheirpotentialtodamageDNAintheskin.Expertssaidmostdeadlyskincancerscouldbe65ifpeopletooktheproperprecautionswheninthesunandavoidedtanningbeds.
ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Thecomputermousederivesitsnamefromthecablethatgoesoutitsbodywhichlookslikethetailofamouse.
ABitGoodNewsforFatPeople1Certainlytherearemillionswhoneedtoloseweight.Buttherearealsomillionswhoonlyimaginetheyneedto.Compulsiveandcontinuousdietingnottomentioneatingdisordersshowsthatsomeofuswilldoanythingtoreduceourbodiesdowntothecurrentlydesirableshape.Butisbeingunderweightreallydesirable2Scientistshavelongbeenlookingintotheeffectsofunder-nutrition.Thesestudiesratsandmicehavebeenthesubjectsnothumansindicatethatcarefullycontrolledfoodrestrictionwithadequatevitaminsandmineralsslowstheagingprocess.Inexperimentafterexperimentthinanimalsconsistentlyoutlivetheirall-you-caneatcousinssometimesdoublingtheiraveragelifespan.Theyseemtoagemoreslowlytoo.Thelevelofcholesterol胆固醇intheirbloodstayslowerlonger.Theirbodiesstayresponsivetocertainhormoneslonger.Theirimmunesystemsstayhealthierlonger.Underfedratsandmicearealsolesslikelytosufferfromage-relateddiseaseslikecancerkidneyandheartdiseases.3Butwestillknowlittleabouttheeffectofscientificallycontrolledtindernutritiononpeople.Researchershavekeptstudyinglargenumberofpeoplelinkingtheirweightwiththeirhealthoverlongperiodsoftime.Indirectcontrasttothelaboratoryexperimentsthesepopulationstudiessuggestthatbeingunderweightcanactuallybedangeroustoyourhealth.4InamajorNationalInstitutesofHealthstudythatfollowedmorethan5000menandwomenfor24yearsscientistsdiscoveredthatthethinnestpeopleranthehighestrateofdying.Thethinnestgroupofmenhadthehighestdeathratesfromcancerandallotherdiseasesexceptthoseofthecardiovascular心血管的system.Itisalsofoundthatthinnessdoesnotmeanwellness.Men15percentbelowaverageweightdiemoreoftenfrompneumonia肺炎influenzaheartdiseaseandsuicidethantheirweightiercounterparts.Women15percentlessthanaverageweightareeasytogetpneumoniainfluenzaanddigestivesystemdiseases.AnAmericanCancerSocietystudyfoundthatthose20percentunderweightdiedmoreoftenfromstrokesanddigestivediseasethantheiraverageweightcounterparts.InaCaliforniastudyof7000menandwomenthehighestdeathrateswereamongthose10percentunderweight.5Converselytheseandetherstudiesarefindingthatbeingslightlyormoderatelyoverweightevenasmuchas35percentabovestandardweightisgoodforyourhealth.A.GoodthinsshoutbeingalittleoverweightB.FashionofbeingunderweightC.Experimentsonanimalsregardingunder-nutaitionD.SomenegativeeffectsofbeingunderweightE.ContrastsbetweenexperimentsonanimalsandonpeopleF.HealthofwomenundernutritionParagraph3______.
PlantGasScientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment.Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantamountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming.InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves.Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degrees.At30degreestheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled.Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight.Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes.ThenewfindingisaninterestingobservationsaysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes.WhatofthefollowingaboutmethaneisNotmentionedinthepassage
ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Theopticalmouseissuperiortothebasiconeinthattheformerhasnomovingparts.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
ListeningDeviceProvidesLandslideEarlyWarningAdevicethatprovidesearlywarningofalandslidebymonitoringvibrationsinsoilisbeingtestedbyUKresearchers.Tiledevicecouldsavethousandsofliveseachyearbywarningwhenanareashouldbeevacuatedthescientistssaysuchnaturaldisastersarecommonincountriesthatexperiencesuddenheavyrainfallandcanalsobetriggeredbyearthquakesandevenwatererosion.Landslidesstartwhenafewparticlesofsoilorrockwithinaslopestarttomovebuttheearlystagescanbehardtospot.FollowingthisinitialmovementslopescanbecomeunstableinamatterofhoursorminutessaysNellDixonatLoughboroughUniversityUK.Hesaysawarningsystemthatmonitorsthismovementmightbeenoughtoevacuateablockoffiatsorcleararoadandsavelives.Themostcommonwaytomonitoraslopeforsignsofanimminentlandslideistowatchforchangesinitsshape.Surveyorscandothisbymeasuringasitedirectlyorsensorssunkintoboreholesorfixedabovegroundcanbeusedtomonitortheshapeofaslope.Slopescanhoweverchangeshapewithouttriggeringalandslidesoeithermethodispronetocausingfalsealarms.NowDixon’steamhasdevelopedadevicethatlistensforthevibrationscausedwhenparticlesbeginmovingwithinaslope.Thedevicetakestheformofasteelpipedroppedintoaboreholeinaslope.Theboreholeisfilledinwithgravelaroundthepipetohelptransmithigh-frequencyvibrationsgeneratedbyparticleswithintheslope.Thesevibrationspassupthetubeandarepickedupbyasensoronthesurface.Softwareanalysesthevibrationsignaltodeterminewhetheralandslidemaybeimminent.Thedeviceiscurrentlybeingtestedina6-metre-tallartificialclayembankmentinNewcastleUK.Earlyresultssuggestitshouldprovidefewerfalsepositivesthanexistingsystems.Onceithasbeencarefullyandthoroughlytestedthedevicecouldbeusedtocreateacompleteearly-warningsystemfordangerousslopes.LocationswithasignificantriskoflandslidescoulddefinitelybenefitfromamachinelikethissaysAdamPoulteranexpertattheBritishRedCross.Aslongasitdoesn’tcosttoomuch.ButPoulteraddsthatanearly-warningsystemmaynotbeenoughonitsown.Youneedtohavethehumancommunicationhesays.Makingsystemsthatgetwarningstothosewhoneedthemcanbedifficult./Whydoresearchersdevelopanewdevicetomonitorsignsoflandsides
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