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NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS&P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent
NearlyathirdofallAmericanworkersregularlyputinmorethan40hoursofworkaweekaccordingtoPennStateeconomistLonnieGolden.Andalmost1in5routinelyworkmorethan50hoursaweek. 46"ThedamagedonebyinvoluntaryovertimebecomesapparentinarecentCornellUniversitysurvey"theeconomistnotes."Workersreportinghighpressuretoworkovertimeexperienceddoubletheworkinjuriessufferedbythosewhowerenot." 47Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds. NotsurprisinglyAmericanworkersstronglysupportsuchflexiblepractices.InfactanationalpollbyWirthlinWorldwidefoundaresounding87percentofAmericansagreethat48"Businessesshouldvoluntarilydomoretohelpstrengthentheiremployees’marriagesbyofferingflex-time/jobsharing/home-basedworkoptions." Farfrombeing"giveaway"programsfamily-friendlyworkplacepoliciesactuallylowercareerburnoutreducejobturnovereaseinterpersonalconflictandenhanceworkerproductivity.Inotherwordsflexibleworkpoliciesaregoodforthebottomline. 49WilliamPollackofHarvardUniversityreportsraisingemployeesatisfactionby20percentsometimesboostscompanyfinancialperformancemorethan40percent.ArecentDePaulUniversitystudyfoundthefinancialperformanceofthe"100BestCorporateCitizensof2002"was"significantlybetter"thantheaveragecompanylistedamongtheS&P500.Thisyear’stophonoreeinFortunemagazine’s"ListofBestPlacestoWork"--Smuckers--hasdoubleditsstockvalueinthelastfiveyears. Inahealthysocietyemploymentshouldenhancefamilylifenotimpedeit.50AsthetechnologyandcommunicationsrevolutionscontinuereshapingtheAmericanworkplacethetimehascomeforanewworkplacerevolutiontobuildontheoneUptonSinclairandothershelpedusherinacenturyago.Thisnewrevolutionwillenablemorefamily-orientedworkerstomeetboththeirpersonalandtheirprofessionalresponsibilities. Apartfromnotdemandingunwarrantedovertimeworkemployerscanhelpeasesometensionsbetweenjobsandfamiliesbyadoptingflexiblepolicieslikejob-sharingflextimeandhome-basedworkthatmakeiteasierforworkerstomeetbothjobandfamilyneeds.
Text4 ThomasHuxley“Darwin’sbulldog"issaidtohavecomeupwiththemostfamousdefenseoftheatheistbeliefthatlifewascreatedbychance.InadebateatOxfordheisreportedtohavestatedthatifenoughmonkeysrandomlypressedtypewriterkeysforalongenoughtimesoonerorlaterPsalm23wouldemerge.Notallatheistsusethisargumentbutitaccuratelyrepresentstheatheistbeliefthatwithenoughtimeandenoughsolarsystemsyou’llgetyouBach’scellosuitesandme.ThisbeliefhasalwaysstruckmeasimplausibleandalthoughIfullyacknowledgethegreatchallengetotheism--therampantandseeminglyrandomunfairnessbuiltintohumanlifenointellectuallyhonestatheistshoulddenythegreatchallengetoatheism--theexistenceofdesignandintelligence. ScientistshavetakenupHuxley’spropositionandfoundfromexperimentswithmonkeysnearatypewriterthatveryfewevenendeduphittinganykey.Aftertheexperimentmathematiciansthencalculatedthateachmonkeytypedasteady120charactersaminuteitwouldtake10tothe813thpower10followedby813zerosmonkeysaboutfiveyearstoknockoutadecentversionofShakespeare’sSonnet.Thefinitenumberofyearsintheuniverse’sexistencewouldnotcomeclosetoproducingafewsentencesletaloneaShakespeareplay. ProfessorRobertJastrowoneofthegreatestlivingastronomersheadoftheMountWilsonObservatoryandanagnosticbestexplainedtheatheismofmanyscientists.JastrowtellsofhissurprisewhensomanyfellowastronomersrefusedtoaccepttheBigBanghypothesisfortheoriginsoftheuniverse.InfactJastrowwritesmanyastronomerswereactuallyunhappyaboutit.WhyBecausetheBigBangimpliedabeginningtotheuniverseandabeginningimpliesaCreatorsomethingmanyscientistspassionatelyreject.ThisledJastrowtothesoberingconclusionthatmanyscientistshavevestednonscientificinterestsinsomeoftheirbeliefsespeciallythenon-existenceofaCreator.NeithermathsnorsciencearguesthatallcameaboutrandomlywithoutaCreator.Onlyakeendesiretodenyoneexplainssuchabeliefabeliefthatshouldbelaidtorest. Thescientificexperimentaboutmonkeysindicatesthattheauthorthinks
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 15
[A]We’ll"manage"Earth. [B]We’llhaveabrainroadmap. [C]We’llknowwherewecamefrom. [D]We’llclonemanyusefulcreatures. [E]We’lllivelonger120years. [F]We’llcrackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer. Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury. 41.______. WhydoestheuniverseexistToputitanotherwaywhyistheresomethinginsteadofnothingSincethe1920sscientistshaveknowntheuniverseisexpandingwhichmeansitmusthavestartedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedevelopedtheoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionoftheuniversefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothepresent.Overthenextcoupleofdecadesthesetheorieswillberefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesattheunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearlyuniverse. 42.______. In19th-centuryoperaswhentheheroinecoughsinthefirstacttheaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.Butthanksto20th-centuryantibioticstheonce-dreadedonce-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthantakingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegeneticcodeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevelmanyseriousdiseases--cancerforon--willbecomelessthreatening.Usingmanufactured"therapeutic"virusesdoctorswillbeabletoreplacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenesprobablyadministeredbyapillorinjection. 43.______. Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafuriousinvisiblecontestinourcells--acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAandourceils’abilitytorepairthatdamage--thengist-centurystridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreversetheprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomoreconsider:DowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldandfewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomanypeopleWherewouldnewideascomefromWhatwouldwedowithallthatextratime 44.______. Inthenextmillenniumwe’llstoptalkingabouttheweatherbutwilldosomethingaboutit.We’llgraduallylearnhowtopredicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarthitsclimateanditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomeanincreasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofourplanet. 45.______. Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrainisthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100billionneuronsroughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWayeachconnectedtoasmanyas1000others.Earlyinthenextcenturywewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonanceimagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.We’llbeabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhenyoureadawordwhenyousayawordwhenyouthinkaboutawordandsoon. Maybethesethingswillcometruemaybenot.Butwecanfirmlybelievethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious. 45
Text1 Whetherornotanimalsfeelisnotaltogetheraneasyquestiontoanswer.Ahumanbeinghasdirectawarenessonlyofthepainswhichhehimselfsuffers.Ourknowledgeofthepainsevenofotherhumanbeingsisonlyaninferencefromtheirwordsandtoalesserextenttheirbehaviors.Animalscannottelluswhattheyfeel.Wecanofcoursestudytheirbodilyreactionstothekindofstimuliwhichwouldbepainfultohumanbeingsandthishasoftenbeendone.Whensuchstimuliareappliedtoanimalstheirpupilsdilatetheirpulserateandbloodpressurerisetheymaywithdrawthestimulatedlimbandtheymaymakestrugglingmovements.Neverthelessithasbeenpointedoutthatnoneofthesereactionscansafelybetakenasindicationsthattheanimalexperiencespainbecausetheycanallbeevokedwhenthepartsofthebodystimulatedhavebeenisolatedfromthehighernervouscentres.Furthermorewhendiseaseproducessuchanisolationinhumanbeingsthecorrespondingstimuliarepainless.Wemustthereforelookforotherevidenceasthecapacityofanimalstoexperiencepain. Basicallyallthenervouselementswhichunderlietheexperienceofpainbyhumanbeingsaretobefoundinallmammalianvertebratesatleast;thisishardlysurprisingaspainisaresponsetoapotentiallyharmfulstimulusandisthereforeofgreatbiologicalimportanceforsurvival.Isthereanyreasonthenforsupposingthatanimals.thoughequippedwithallthenecessaryneurologicalstructuresdonotexperiencepainSuchaviewwouldseemtopresupposeaprofoundqualitativedifferenceinthementallifeofanimalsandmen.Thedifferencebetweenthehumanandsubhumannervoussystemlieschieflyinthemuchgreaterdevelopmentofthehumanforebrain.Thiswouldbesignificantinthepresentcontextonlyiftherewerereasontobelievethatitalonewascorrelatedwiththeoccurrenceofconsciousexperiences.Butmuchofourknowledgeofthenervousregulationofconsciousnessisderivedfromexperimentsonanimals. Ineverydaylifewetakeitforgrantedthatanimalsseeandhearandthereseemsnoreasontosupposethattheydonotfeelpain.Sowhilethereactionsofthepupilspulserateandbloodpressurementionedabovecaninexceptionalcircumstancesoccurwithouttheconsciousexperienceofpainitseemslikelythatintheintactanimaltheyareindicationsthatpainisbeingexperienced. Painisvitaltothesurvivalofhumanbeingandallmammalianbecause
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 17
Text3 ApossibleconflictinIraq;deterioratingeconomiesinSouthAmericasfamineinsub-SaharanAfrica;turmoilinIndonesia;politicalinstabilityintheBalkans.Andinmanydevelopingcountriespersistentcrimelousyeducationandalackofopportunitiesforenergeticpeopletoprosperwithoutgraftandpoliticalconnections.Nowondersomanypeoplewantthechanceofabetterlifeinthestablemeritocraticeconomiesoftherichworld.Nowondertheyrisktheirlifesavingsoreventheirlivestobuythehopeofhigherearningsfairertreatmentandbetteropportunitiesfortheirfamilies. Thismovementofhumanitybringsundoubtedgainsandnotjusttotheimmigrants.Thegapbetweenearningsinthepoorandrichworldsisvastlygreaterthanthegapinthepricesoftradedgoods.Asoursurveyarguesthepotentialeconomicbenefitstotheworldofliberalizingmigrationdwarfthosefromremovingtradebarriers.Wherepopulationsareagingandeconomiesaresluggishthebenefitsareespeciallygreat.Immigrantsunlikenativesmovereadilytoareaswherelabourisinshortsupplysoeasingbottlenecks.Theybringajust-in-timesupplyofskillstoowhichiswhyhospitalswanttohireforeigndoctorsandnurses;farmerssparehandstopickfruitandvegetables;andwealthycouplesnanniesfortheirchildren.Inmanycasesimmigrantsalsopaymoreintaxesthantheycostinpublicspending. Butvotersinrichcountriesoftendon’tseethingsthisway.Likeotherforcesofglobalizationimmigrationisdisruptiveandatthemostintimatelevel.Itchangestheneighbourhood.Peopleinthestreetspeakoddlanguages;theneighbours’cookingsmellsstrange.Soimmigrationoftenmeetspassionateresistance.EvenincountriesbuiltonimmigrationliketheUnitedStatespoliticianshesitatetopressforeasierentry.AmericahasrefusedtostrikeadealwithMexicotoletinmorelegalmigrants.InEuropehostilityisdeeperandcanbemoredangerous.InthepastyearthefarrighthasgainedinelectionsinFranceDenmarkAustriaandNetherlands. Thehostilitymaywellincrease.Immigrationhasboomedinthepastdecadepartlybecauserichcountrieshavecreatedlotsofjobs.Iftheeconomicslowdownpersistsunemploymentissuretobreedgreaterresentment.AnotherterroristattackalongthelinesofSeptember11th2001wouldrightlyorwronglyincreasefearsthatimmigrantsthreatensecurity.AndasHIVspreadsinthepoorworldrichcountrieswillfretaboutthethreattotheirhealthservicesandtheriskofAIDS. HowthentosquaretheconflictingpressuresofpoliticsandeconomicsThefirstessentialistoacceptthatthevoters’righttoasayaboutwhoandhowmanycanentermusttakeprecedenceovertherightsofthoseunluckyenoughtobeborninpoorerpartsoftheworld.Thetaskofpoliticians--andofemployersistopersuadevotersthatimmigrationisnotonlyinevitablebutalsointheirlong-terminterests. Fromthetextwelearnthat
Text3 ApossibleconflictinIraq;deterioratingeconomiesinSouthAmericasfamineinsub-SaharanAfrica;turmoilinIndonesia;politicalinstabilityintheBalkans.Andinmanydevelopingcountriespersistentcrimelousyeducationandalackofopportunitiesforenergeticpeopletoprosperwithoutgraftandpoliticalconnections.Nowondersomanypeoplewantthechanceofabetterlifeinthestablemeritocraticeconomiesoftherichworld.Nowondertheyrisktheirlifesavingsoreventheirlivestobuythehopeofhigherearningsfairertreatmentandbetteropportunitiesfortheirfamilies. Thismovementofhumanitybringsundoubtedgainsandnotjusttotheimmigrants.Thegapbetweenearningsinthepoorandrichworldsisvastlygreaterthanthegapinthepricesoftradedgoods.Asoursurveyarguesthepotentialeconomicbenefitstotheworldofliberalizingmigrationdwarfthosefromremovingtradebarriers.Wherepopulationsareagingandeconomiesaresluggishthebenefitsareespeciallygreat.Immigrantsunlikenativesmovereadilytoareaswherelabourisinshortsupplysoeasingbottlenecks.Theybringajust-in-timesupplyofskillstoowhichiswhyhospitalswanttohireforeigndoctorsandnurses;farmerssparehandstopickfruitandvegetables;andwealthycouplesnanniesfortheirchildren.Inmanycasesimmigrantsalsopaymoreintaxesthantheycostinpublicspending. Butvotersinrichcountriesoftendon’tseethingsthisway.Likeotherforcesofglobalizationimmigrationisdisruptiveandatthemostintimatelevel.Itchangestheneighbourhood.Peopleinthestreetspeakoddlanguages;theneighbours’cookingsmellsstrange.Soimmigrationoftenmeetspassionateresistance.EvenincountriesbuiltonimmigrationliketheUnitedStatespoliticianshesitatetopressforeasierentry.AmericahasrefusedtostrikeadealwithMexicotoletinmorelegalmigrants.InEuropehostilityisdeeperandcanbemoredangerous.InthepastyearthefarrighthasgainedinelectionsinFranceDenmarkAustriaandNetherlands. Thehostilitymaywellincrease.Immigrationhasboomedinthepastdecadepartlybecauserichcountrieshavecreatedlotsofjobs.Iftheeconomicslowdownpersistsunemploymentissuretobreedgreaterresentment.AnotherterroristattackalongthelinesofSeptember11th2001wouldrightlyorwronglyincreasefearsthatimmigrantsthreatensecurity.AndasHIVspreadsinthepoorworldrichcountrieswillfretaboutthethreattotheirhealthservicesandtheriskofAIDS. HowthentosquaretheconflictingpressuresofpoliticsandeconomicsThefirstessentialistoacceptthatthevoters’righttoasayaboutwhoandhowmanycanentermusttakeprecedenceovertherightsofthoseunluckyenoughtobeborninpoorerpartsoftheworld.Thetaskofpoliticians--andofemployersistopersuadevotersthatimmigrationisnotonlyinevitablebutalsointheirlong-terminterests. Itcanbeinferredthatvotersinrichcountriesfailtorealize
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 43
Text1 Whetherornotanimalsfeelisnotaltogetheraneasyquestiontoanswer.Ahumanbeinghasdirectawarenessonlyofthepainswhichhehimselfsuffers.Ourknowledgeofthepainsevenofotherhumanbeingsisonlyaninferencefromtheirwordsandtoalesserextenttheirbehaviors.Animalscannottelluswhattheyfeel.Wecanofcoursestudytheirbodilyreactionstothekindofstimuliwhichwouldbepainfultohumanbeingsandthishasoftenbeendone.Whensuchstimuliareappliedtoanimalstheirpupilsdilatetheirpulserateandbloodpressurerisetheymaywithdrawthestimulatedlimbandtheymaymakestrugglingmovements.Neverthelessithasbeenpointedoutthatnoneofthesereactionscansafelybetakenasindicationsthattheanimalexperiencespainbecausetheycanallbeevokedwhenthepartsofthebodystimulatedhavebeenisolatedfromthehighernervouscentres.Furthermorewhendiseaseproducessuchanisolationinhumanbeingsthecorrespondingstimuliarepainless.Wemustthereforelookforotherevidenceasthecapacityofanimalstoexperiencepain. Basicallyallthenervouselementswhichunderlietheexperienceofpainbyhumanbeingsaretobefoundinallmammalianvertebratesatleast;thisishardlysurprisingaspainisaresponsetoapotentiallyharmfulstimulusandisthereforeofgreatbiologicalimportanceforsurvival.Isthereanyreasonthenforsupposingthatanimals.thoughequippedwithallthenecessaryneurologicalstructuresdonotexperiencepainSuchaviewwouldseemtopresupposeaprofoundqualitativedifferenceinthementallifeofanimalsandmen.Thedifferencebetweenthehumanandsubhumannervoussystemlieschieflyinthemuchgreaterdevelopmentofthehumanforebrain.Thiswouldbesignificantinthepresentcontextonlyiftherewerereasontobelievethatitalonewascorrelatedwiththeoccurrenceofconsciousexperiences.Butmuchofourknowledgeofthenervousregulationofconsciousnessisderivedfromexperimentsonanimals. Ineverydaylifewetakeitforgrantedthatanimalsseeandhearandthereseemsnoreasontosupposethattheydonotfeelpain.Sowhilethereactionsofthepupilspulserateandbloodpressurementionedabovecaninexceptionalcircumstancesoccurwithouttheconsciousexperienceofpainitseemslikelythatintheintactanimaltheyareindicationsthatpainisbeingexperienced. Ourknowledgeofthepainsanimalsfeelcanbeobtainedthrough
Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayasWallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek. WallStreetstruggledtocontinueitsbullishstreakalbeitinverylighttradingascontinuedweaknessinthedollarweighedonstocks.47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.Thedollarreachedanothernewlowagainsttheeurohowever. Thetradingdayendedat1p.m.ESTaspartoftheThanksgivingholidayweekend. Investorsalreadylookedtonextweekforfurthernewshopingthatconsumerspendingovertheholidayswouldhelprevivetheoveralleconomy.TheLaborDepartmentisexpectedtoreleasejob-creationfiguresnextFridaythatWallStreethopeswillshowsignsofstrongerjobgrowth. 48"Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebias"saidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank."Mosteveryoneelsewillbelookingaheadtonextweektoseehowtheretailersdidthisweekendandseehowjobgrowthwillprogress." Astheholidayshoppingseasongotunderwaywithearlymorningsalesacrossthecountryretailstocksweremostlyhigher.DowcomponentWal-MartStoresInc.lost18centsto$55.32tobucktheoveralltrendwhileTargetCorp.added24centsto$52.21FederatedDepartmentStoresInc.wasup34centsat$57.33andMayDepartmentStoresCo.rose55centsto$30.19. 49ChipstocksfailedtogetasubstantialboostfromtheSemiconductorIndustryAssociation’slatestsalesreportwhichshoweda22percentyear-over-yearincreaseinsalesinOctober.Salesrose1.5percentmonth-to-month.DowcomponentIntelCorp.lost40centsto$23.21onthenewswhileAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.slipped4centsto$21.53. DeltaAirLinesInc.lost6centsto$6.92afteritsaidlateWednesdaythatitreachednewagreementswithitslendersandaircraftlessorswrangling$57millioninconcessionsfrom2005through2009inexchangefor4.4millionsharesofDeltastock. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.Oracleslipped13centsto$12.66whilePeopleSoftwasup2centsat$23.54. 47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 1
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 5
Text4 ThomasHuxley“Darwin’sbulldog"issaidtohavecomeupwiththemostfamousdefenseoftheatheistbeliefthatlifewascreatedbychance.InadebateatOxfordheisreportedtohavestatedthatifenoughmonkeysrandomlypressedtypewriterkeysforalongenoughtimesoonerorlaterPsalm23wouldemerge.Notallatheistsusethisargumentbutitaccuratelyrepresentstheatheistbeliefthatwithenoughtimeandenoughsolarsystemsyou’llgetyouBach’scellosuitesandme.ThisbeliefhasalwaysstruckmeasimplausibleandalthoughIfullyacknowledgethegreatchallengetotheism--therampantandseeminglyrandomunfairnessbuiltintohumanlifenointellectuallyhonestatheistshoulddenythegreatchallengetoatheism--theexistenceofdesignandintelligence. ScientistshavetakenupHuxley’spropositionandfoundfromexperimentswithmonkeysnearatypewriterthatveryfewevenendeduphittinganykey.Aftertheexperimentmathematiciansthencalculatedthateachmonkeytypedasteady120charactersaminuteitwouldtake10tothe813thpower10followedby813zerosmonkeysaboutfiveyearstoknockoutadecentversionofShakespeare’sSonnet.Thefinitenumberofyearsintheuniverse’sexistencewouldnotcomeclosetoproducingafewsentencesletaloneaShakespeareplay. ProfessorRobertJastrowoneofthegreatestlivingastronomersheadoftheMountWilsonObservatoryandanagnosticbestexplainedtheatheismofmanyscientists.JastrowtellsofhissurprisewhensomanyfellowastronomersrefusedtoaccepttheBigBanghypothesisfortheoriginsoftheuniverse.InfactJastrowwritesmanyastronomerswereactuallyunhappyaboutit.WhyBecausetheBigBangimpliedabeginningtotheuniverseandabeginningimpliesaCreatorsomethingmanyscientistspassionatelyreject.ThisledJastrowtothesoberingconclusionthatmanyscientistshavevestednonscientificinterestsinsomeoftheirbeliefsespeciallythenon-existenceofaCreator.NeithermathsnorsciencearguesthatallcameaboutrandomlywithoutaCreator.Onlyakeendesiretodenyoneexplainssuchabeliefabeliefthatshouldbelaidtorest. Wecaninferfromthetextthattheauthorbelieves
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 41
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 11
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 7
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 45
Text2 Nowthatmanymediachieftainshavefallenintodisreputeandhaveleftthosewhoarestillinpositionsfeeltheneedtotaketheproblemseriously. "CEOswereoverturnedasweresomestocks."ThatishowAOLTimeWarnerentertainmentgroupChairmanJeffBewkessummeditup.Theeraofthe"imperial"one-manruleCEOhascometoanendMTVNetworksChairmanTomFrestonadded. Thetwoexecutivesagreedthattheindustry’scomplexandoftenill-fatedmegsmergershadproventhatbiggerisnotnecessarilybetternomatterhowbigthereputationsofthepersonalitiesbehindthem. Thecontinuingflameoutofmediaexecutiveswhoafewyearsagowerehailedasvisionarieswasactivethismonthandtheindustry’sfearsreachedintotheexecutiveranksofmusicpublishingandTV. TechnologyvisionarySteveCaseleftaschairmanofAOLTimeWarnerreplacedbyChiefExecutiveRichardParsons.TopexecutivesatSonyMusicMCARecordsandRandomHousewerebooted.AndWalterIsaacsonchairmanofCNNNetworksleftforathinktank. Thisshowsjusthowdifficultithasbecometofindtherightmanagersfortheterriblyalteredmedia."Manyexecutivesgotcaughtupinthelate90’sboominthemediaindustryandgotaheadofthemselvesinstrategicvisionfortheircompanies"saidMarkMayofUSinvestmentfirmKaufmanBros."Ittakesmorethanacoupleofyearsforthesecompaniestobereadyforanothervisionary." ThecollapseofthedotcombubbletheabilityofmusicfanstogetsongsfreeontheInternetsaggingbottomlinesandintensecompetitionamongcableTVnewsnetworksaresomedevelopmentsthathelpedtripupmediaexecutivesrecently.Buttheurgetomergewasoneoftheirweakestpoints. ItisnotthatmediacompaniesshouldavoidallmergerssaidLarryHavertymanagingdirectoratStateStreetResearchaUSinvestmentmanagementfirm.Theyneedacquisitionsforgrowth.Butmakingthemworkisarealchallenge.Theyneedtochoosewhatpiecesfittogetherandhowmuchtheyareworth.Theyneedtoadjustquicklywhentechnologyandconsumerhabittrendsshift.Andmorethanevertheymustbecarefulnottopromisetoomuch. SonyCorp.ofAmericaChairmanHowardStringersaidthatanexecutivetodayis"therarestofseniorentertainmentexecutivesequallyadeptatbusinessmanagementstrategyandvaluecreationaswellasaconsummate完美的andprovendeveloperofcontenttalentandideas". Thebiggestproblemmediaexecutivesarefacingnowadaysis
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 19
Text1 Whetherornotanimalsfeelisnotaltogetheraneasyquestiontoanswer.Ahumanbeinghasdirectawarenessonlyofthepainswhichhehimselfsuffers.Ourknowledgeofthepainsevenofotherhumanbeingsisonlyaninferencefromtheirwordsandtoalesserextenttheirbehaviors.Animalscannottelluswhattheyfeel.Wecanofcoursestudytheirbodilyreactionstothekindofstimuliwhichwouldbepainfultohumanbeingsandthishasoftenbeendone.Whensuchstimuliareappliedtoanimalstheirpupilsdilatetheirpulserateandbloodpressurerisetheymaywithdrawthestimulatedlimbandtheymaymakestrugglingmovements.Neverthelessithasbeenpointedoutthatnoneofthesereactionscansafelybetakenasindicationsthattheanimalexperiencespainbecausetheycanallbeevokedwhenthepartsofthebodystimulatedhavebeenisolatedfromthehighernervouscentres.Furthermorewhendiseaseproducessuchanisolationinhumanbeingsthecorrespondingstimuliarepainless.Wemustthereforelookforotherevidenceasthecapacityofanimalstoexperiencepain. Basicallyallthenervouselementswhichunderlietheexperienceofpainbyhumanbeingsaretobefoundinallmammalianvertebratesatleast;thisishardlysurprisingaspainisaresponsetoapotentiallyharmfulstimulusandisthereforeofgreatbiologicalimportanceforsurvival.Isthereanyreasonthenforsupposingthatanimals.thoughequippedwithallthenecessaryneurologicalstructuresdonotexperiencepainSuchaviewwouldseemtopresupposeaprofoundqualitativedifferenceinthementallifeofanimalsandmen.Thedifferencebetweenthehumanandsubhumannervoussystemlieschieflyinthemuchgreaterdevelopmentofthehumanforebrain.Thiswouldbesignificantinthepresentcontextonlyiftherewerereasontobelievethatitalonewascorrelatedwiththeoccurrenceofconsciousexperiences.Butmuchofourknowledgeofthenervousregulationofconsciousnessisderivedfromexperimentsonanimals. Ineverydaylifewetakeitforgrantedthatanimalsseeandhearandthereseemsnoreasontosupposethattheydonotfeelpain.Sowhilethereactionsofthepupilspulserateandbloodpressurementionedabovecaninexceptionalcircumstancesoccurwithouttheconsciousexperienceofpainitseemslikelythatintheintactanimaltheyareindicationsthatpainisbeingexperienced. Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat
Youshouldwrite100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowriteyouraddress.
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 9
[A]We’ll"manage"Earth. [B]We’llhaveabrainroadmap. [C]We’llknowwherewecamefrom. [D]We’llclonemanyusefulcreatures. [E]We’lllivelonger120years. [F]We’llcrackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer. Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury. 41.______. WhydoestheuniverseexistToputitanotherwaywhyistheresomethinginsteadofnothingSincethe1920sscientistshaveknowntheuniverseisexpandingwhichmeansitmusthavestartedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedevelopedtheoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionoftheuniversefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothepresent.Overthenextcoupleofdecadesthesetheorieswillberefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesattheunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearlyuniverse. 42.______. In19th-centuryoperaswhentheheroinecoughsinthefirstacttheaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.Butthanksto20th-centuryantibioticstheonce-dreadedonce-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthantakingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegeneticcodeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevelmanyseriousdiseases--cancerforon--willbecomelessthreatening.Usingmanufactured"therapeutic"virusesdoctorswillbeabletoreplacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenesprobablyadministeredbyapillorinjection. 43.______. Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafuriousinvisiblecontestinourcells--acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAandourceils’abilitytorepairthatdamage--thengist-centurystridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreversetheprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomoreconsider:DowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldandfewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomanypeopleWherewouldnewideascomefromWhatwouldwedowithallthatextratime 44.______. Inthenextmillenniumwe’llstoptalkingabouttheweatherbutwilldosomethingaboutit.We’llgraduallylearnhowtopredicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarthitsclimateanditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomeanincreasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofourplanet. 45.______. Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrainisthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100billionneuronsroughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWayeachconnectedtoasmanyas1000others.Earlyinthenextcenturywewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonanceimagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.We’llbeabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhenyoureadawordwhenyousayawordwhenyouthinkaboutawordandsoon. Maybethesethingswillcometruemaybenot.Butwecanfirmlybelievethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious. 43
Text2 Nowthatmanymediachieftainshavefallenintodisreputeandhaveleftthosewhoarestillinpositionsfeeltheneedtotaketheproblemseriously. "CEOswereoverturnedasweresomestocks."ThatishowAOLTimeWarnerentertainmentgroupChairmanJeffBewkessummeditup.Theeraofthe"imperial"one-manruleCEOhascometoanendMTVNetworksChairmanTomFrestonadded. Thetwoexecutivesagreedthattheindustry’scomplexandoftenill-fatedmegsmergershadproventhatbiggerisnotnecessarilybetternomatterhowbigthereputationsofthepersonalitiesbehindthem. Thecontinuingflameoutofmediaexecutiveswhoafewyearsagowerehailedasvisionarieswasactivethismonthandtheindustry’sfearsreachedintotheexecutiveranksofmusicpublishingandTV. TechnologyvisionarySteveCaseleftaschairmanofAOLTimeWarnerreplacedbyChiefExecutiveRichardParsons.TopexecutivesatSonyMusicMCARecordsandRandomHousewerebooted.AndWalterIsaacsonchairmanofCNNNetworksleftforathinktank. Thisshowsjusthowdifficultithasbecometofindtherightmanagersfortheterriblyalteredmedia."Manyexecutivesgotcaughtupinthelate90’sboominthemediaindustryandgotaheadofthemselvesinstrategicvisionfortheircompanies"saidMarkMayofUSinvestmentfirmKaufmanBros."Ittakesmorethanacoupleofyearsforthesecompaniestobereadyforanothervisionary." ThecollapseofthedotcombubbletheabilityofmusicfanstogetsongsfreeontheInternetsaggingbottomlinesandintensecompetitionamongcableTVnewsnetworksaresomedevelopmentsthathelpedtripupmediaexecutivesrecently.Buttheurgetomergewasoneoftheirweakestpoints. ItisnotthatmediacompaniesshouldavoidallmergerssaidLarryHavertymanagingdirectoratStateStreetResearchaUSinvestmentmanagementfirm.Theyneedacquisitionsforgrowth.Butmakingthemworkisarealchallenge.Theyneedtochoosewhatpiecesfittogetherandhowmuchtheyareworth.Theyneedtoadjustquicklywhentechnologyandconsumerhabittrendsshift.Andmorethanevertheymustbecarefulnottopromisetoomuch. SonyCorp.ofAmericaChairmanHowardStringersaidthatanexecutivetodayis"therarestofseniorentertainmentexecutivesequallyadeptatbusinessmanagementstrategyandvaluecreationaswellasaconsummate完美的andprovendeveloperofcontenttalentandideas". AccordingtothetextagoodmediaCEOneedsthefollowingcapabilitiesEXCEPT
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 3
Text3 ApossibleconflictinIraq;deterioratingeconomiesinSouthAmericasfamineinsub-SaharanAfrica;turmoilinIndonesia;politicalinstabilityintheBalkans.Andinmanydevelopingcountriespersistentcrimelousyeducationandalackofopportunitiesforenergeticpeopletoprosperwithoutgraftandpoliticalconnections.Nowondersomanypeoplewantthechanceofabetterlifeinthestablemeritocraticeconomiesoftherichworld.Nowondertheyrisktheirlifesavingsoreventheirlivestobuythehopeofhigherearningsfairertreatmentandbetteropportunitiesfortheirfamilies. Thismovementofhumanitybringsundoubtedgainsandnotjusttotheimmigrants.Thegapbetweenearningsinthepoorandrichworldsisvastlygreaterthanthegapinthepricesoftradedgoods.Asoursurveyarguesthepotentialeconomicbenefitstotheworldofliberalizingmigrationdwarfthosefromremovingtradebarriers.Wherepopulationsareagingandeconomiesaresluggishthebenefitsareespeciallygreat.Immigrantsunlikenativesmovereadilytoareaswherelabourisinshortsupplysoeasingbottlenecks.Theybringajust-in-timesupplyofskillstoowhichiswhyhospitalswanttohireforeigndoctorsandnurses;farmerssparehandstopickfruitandvegetables;andwealthycouplesnanniesfortheirchildren.Inmanycasesimmigrantsalsopaymoreintaxesthantheycostinpublicspending. Butvotersinrichcountriesoftendon’tseethingsthisway.Likeotherforcesofglobalizationimmigrationisdisruptiveandatthemostintimatelevel.Itchangestheneighbourhood.Peopleinthestreetspeakoddlanguages;theneighbours’cookingsmellsstrange.Soimmigrationoftenmeetspassionateresistance.EvenincountriesbuiltonimmigrationliketheUnitedStatespoliticianshesitatetopressforeasierentry.AmericahasrefusedtostrikeadealwithMexicotoletinmorelegalmigrants.InEuropehostilityisdeeperandcanbemoredangerous.InthepastyearthefarrighthasgainedinelectionsinFranceDenmarkAustriaandNetherlands. Thehostilitymaywellincrease.Immigrationhasboomedinthepastdecadepartlybecauserichcountrieshavecreatedlotsofjobs.Iftheeconomicslowdownpersistsunemploymentissuretobreedgreaterresentment.AnotherterroristattackalongthelinesofSeptember11th2001wouldrightlyorwronglyincreasefearsthatimmigrantsthreatensecurity.AndasHIVspreadsinthepoorworldrichcountrieswillfretaboutthethreattotheirhealthservicesandtheriskofAIDS. HowthentosquaretheconflictingpressuresofpoliticsandeconomicsThefirstessentialistoacceptthatthevoters’righttoasayaboutwhoandhowmanycanentermusttakeprecedenceovertherightsofthoseunluckyenoughtobeborninpoorerpartsoftheworld.Thetaskofpoliticians--andofemployersistopersuadevotersthatimmigrationisnotonlyinevitablebutalsointheirlong-terminterests. Votersinrichcountriesthinkthat
Humansnotonlyloveeatingicecreamtheyenjoy1ittotheirpets.Marketstudiesshowthattwothirdsofalldogownersgiveicecreamtothedogs.2saysWilliamTyznikanexpertinanimalnutritionatOhioStateUniversityicecreamisnotgoodfordogs."Ithasmilksugarinit"hesays"whichdogscannot3verywell." 4bythatknowledgebutawareofthedesireofdogownersto5theircompanionsTyznikinventedanewfrozentreatfordogsthathesaysismorenutritiousthanicecream--andasmuch6toeat.TheproductcalledFrostyPawsismadeofaliquidbyproductofcheeseandmilkwiththesugar7.FrostyPawsalsocontainsrefinedsoyflourwatervegetableoilvitaminsandminerals.It8TyznikwhohasalsoinventedahorsefeedcalledTizwhizand9dogfoodnamedTizbitsthreeyearsto10theFrostyPawsformulasandtwo11tocommercializeit.Afterlosing$25000tryingtomarkettheinventionhimselfTyzniksoldtherightstoAssociatedIceCreamofWestervilleOhiowhichmakestheproductand12itincups. TyznikclaimsthatFrostyPawshasbeentested13andthat"dogsloveit".Of1400dogsthathavebeen14theproducthesays89percenttookitonthefirst15.Threeoutoffour16ittoMilk-Boneorsausages.Theproductwhichwillbe17intheicecreamsectionofsupermarketscomesin18ofthreeorfourcupscostingabout$1.79. Whatwouldhappen19ahumanshouldmistakeFrostyPawsforrealicecreamNothingsaysTyznik.It’s20butfranklyhesaysitwon’ttasteverygood. 13
[A]We’ll"manage"Earth. [B]We’llhaveabrainroadmap. [C]We’llknowwherewecamefrom. [D]We’llclonemanyusefulcreatures. [E]We’lllivelonger120years. [F]We’llcrackthegeneticcodeandconquercancer. Itispredictedthattherewillbe5scientificbreakthroughsinthe21stcentury. 41.______. WhydoestheuniverseexistToputitanotherwaywhyistheresomethinginsteadofnothingSincethe1920sscientistshaveknowntheuniverseisexpandingwhichmeansitmusthavestartedatadefinitetimeinthepast.Theyevenhavedevelopedtheoriesthatgiveadetailedpictureoftheevolutionoftheuniversefromthetimeitwasafractionofasecondoldtothepresent.Overthenextcoupleofdecadesthesetheorieswillberefinedbydatafromextraordinarypowerfulnewtelescope.Wewillhaveabetterunderstandingofhowmatterbehavesattheunfathomablyhightemperaturesandpressuresoftheearlyuniverse. 42.______. In19th-centuryoperaswhentheheroinecoughsinthefirstacttheaudienceknowsshewilldieoftuberculosisinAct3.Butthanksto20th-centuryantibioticstheonce-dreadedonce-incurablediseasenowcanmeannothingmoreseriousthantakingsomepills.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutthegeneticcodeandthewaycellsworkatthemolecularlevelmanyseriousdiseases--cancerforon--willbecomelessthreatening.Usingmanufactured"therapeutic"virusesdoctorswillbeabletoreplacecancer-causingdamagedDNAwithhealthygenesprobablyadministeredbyapillorinjection. 43.______. Ifthenormalagingprocessisbasicallyafuriousinvisiblecontestinourcells--acontestbetweendamagetoourDNAandourceils’abilitytorepairthatdamage--thengist-centurystridesingeneticmedicinemayletuscontrolandevenreversetheprocess.Butbeforewepushscientiststodomoreconsider:DowereallywanttoliveinaworldwherenoonegrowsoldandfewchildrenarebornbecausetheplanetcanholdonlysomanypeopleWherewouldnewideascomefromWhatwouldwedowithallthatextratime 44.______. Inthenextmillenniumwe’llstoptalkingabouttheweatherbutwilldosomethingaboutit.We’llgraduallylearnhowtopredicttheeffectsofhumanactivityontheEarthitsclimateanditsecosystems.Andwiththatknowledgewillcomeanincreasingwillingnesstouseittomanagetheworkingsofourplanet. 45.______. Thisistherealfinalfrontierofthe21stcentury:Thebrainisthemostcomplexsystemweknow.Itcontainsabout100billionneuronsroughlythenumberofstarsintheMilkyWayeachconnectedtoasmanyas1000others.Earlyinthenextcenturywewilluseadvancedformsofmagneticresonanceimagingtoproducedetailedmapsoftheneuronsinoperation.We’llbeabletosaywithcertaintywhichonesareworkingwhenyoureadawordwhenyousayawordwhenyouthinkaboutawordandsoon. Maybethesethingswillcometruemaybenot.Butwecanfirmlybelievethattomorrowwillbemorebeautifulandglorious. 41
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