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Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text4 IslanguagelikefoodabasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamagedJudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcenturyitmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertonguehetoldthenursestokeepsilent. Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmotheringinthefirstyearoflifeespeciallythecapacitytosurviveisseri9uslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Neverthelesssomechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfantwhosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglectedtheidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyattherighttimebuttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed. ExpertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantagebuttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQAttwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofivewords.Atthreeheknowsabout1000wordswhichhecanputintosentencesandatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar. Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbraincomparedwiththatofthemonkeyisthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelofsayatoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toybear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhimtoanalysetocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways. Butspeechhastobeinducedandthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechildwherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling咿呀声graspingandsmilingandrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage. Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthepassage
Text1 AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. WhatdoyousupposewastheattitudeofDr.SamuelJohnsontowardsladiespreaching
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3 AfterdecadesofexilefromUScourtsthescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.ButthefederalgovernmentwantstoputastoptoitandtheUSSupremeCourthasnowagreedtoconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrommilitarycourts. Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceofliedetectionwhichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991PresidentGeorgeBushbannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.ButthatbanhassincebeenoverturnedbytheUSCourtofMilitaryAppealswhichruledthatitrestrictsdefendants’rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence. Inthepasttwoyearssomefederalcourtshavealsoruled’thatpolygraphevidencecanbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgavefederaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityofevidence. Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulseratesweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecordingincreasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions. Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheirphysiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthetechniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.ApsychologistnamedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdahopointstolaboratorystudiessomeofthembeinghisowninwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcashtoswaythetestresults. ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonardSaxeapsychologistataBostonuniversity."Thereisahugedifferencebetweenstudentsinalabandadefendant"hesays.Guiltydefendantshavetimeinwhichtorehearsetheirliesandcanevencometobelievethemtobetrue. Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisofliedetectionisinvalid."Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantellingthetruth."Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivialwhilecertaintruthscanbehardtoswallow. DavidFaigmanoftheUniversityofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourtsdecisiontoallowpolygraphevidencepolygraphbanswouldbeoverturnedinfederalcourtsacrossUS."Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstandthescienceandleadtoalotmoreexperttestimonyinthecourts"hepredicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecostoftrials. WhyhasPresidentBush'sbanonliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourtsin1991beenoverturned
AmericanandJapaneseresearchersaredevelopingasmartcarthatwillhelpdriversavoidaccidentsbypredictingwhentheyareabouttomakeadangerousmove. Thesmartcarofthefuturewillbeabletotellifdriversaregoingtoturnchangelanesspeedupslowdownorpassanothercar. Ifthedriver’sintendedactioncouldleadtoanaccidentthecarwillactivateawarningsystemoroverridethemove. 46"Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds"NewScientistmagazinesaid.AlexPentlandoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologycollaboratedontheprojectwithAndrewLiuwhoworksfortheJapanesecarmakerNissan. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves. Itmonitorsthedriver’sbehaviorpatternstopredictthenextmove. "TomakeitspredictionsNissan’ssmartcarusesacomputerandsensorsonthesteeringwheelacceleratorandbraketomonitoraperson’sdrivingpatterns.49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegments"themagazinesaid. Liuhasalsodoneworkontrackingeyemovementtopredictdrivingbehavior.50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove. Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove.
Text1 AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text1 AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemethodsusedbypsychohistoriansprobablypreventthemfrom
Text1 AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionasacharacteristicofthepracticeofpsychohistorians
AmericanandJapaneseresearchersaredevelopingasmartcarthatwillhelpdriversavoidaccidentsbypredictingwhentheyareabouttomakeadangerousmove. Thesmartcarofthefuturewillbeabletotellifdriversaregoingtoturnchangelanesspeedupslowdownorpassanothercar. Ifthedriver’sintendedactioncouldleadtoanaccidentthecarwillactivateawarningsystemoroverridethemove. 46"Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds"NewScientistmagazinesaid.AlexPentlandoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologycollaboratedontheprojectwithAndrewLiuwhoworksfortheJapanesecarmakerNissan. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves. Itmonitorsthedriver’sbehaviorpatternstopredictthenextmove. "TomakeitspredictionsNissan’ssmartcarusesacomputerandsensorsonthesteeringwheelacceleratorandbraketomonitoraperson’sdrivingpatterns.49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegments"themagazinesaid. Liuhasalsodoneworkontrackingeyemovementtopredictdrivingbehavior.50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove. Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves.
DoanimalshaverightsThisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeausefulground-clearingwaytostart.46Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave. Ononeviewofrightstobesureitnecessarilyfollowswhatanimalshavedone.47Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontractaspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Thereforeanimalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishin’gatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurdforexactlythesamereason’soistheideathattigershaverights.Howeverthisisonlyoneaccountandbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfantsthementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inadditionitisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit.Howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon’tlikethiscontract" Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeoplearguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.48Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwithconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanothermorefundamentalquestion:isthisthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall Manydenyit.49Arguingfromthepointofviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespectextremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans. Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwoodmayseembravely"logical".Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawlistoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenoughformosttoengagesympathy.50Whenthathappensitisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginactionaninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat. Actuallyitisn’tbecauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrightswhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.
Directions: Therehasrecentlybeenadiscussioninanewspaperontheissueofcommunication.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2themeaning/yourunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytocommunicate. Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
FortyyearsagoahistoricdocumentwassignedinRomethatwastochangetheeconomicoutlookandthefutureofmanycountriesinEurope.ThatdocumentwastheTreatyofRomeandthisyearonMarch251997theEuropeanUnioncelebratedthe40thanniversaryofitssigning.AreviseddraftTreatyonEuropeanUniontheMaastrichtTreatywaspresentedinRomeonthatdate.41______ 42______TheTreatysetoutthethreepillarsoftheEuropeanUnion--Pillar1:thethreeEuropeancommunitieswhichformitsbasis;Pillar2:thedevelopmentofacommonforeignandsecuritypolicy;andPillar3;cooperationintheareasofjusticeandhomeaffairsincludingimmigrationandasylum收容所drugtrafficking交易andinternationalcrime. 43______EMUmeansasinglemonetarypolicyoperatingwithinasingleeconomicmarketandisthereforethelogicalcomplementtotheSingleMarketinEuropetoday. TheEMUwillberunbyaEuropeanCentralBankindependentofbothnationalgovernmentsand EuropeanUnioninstitutions. 44______TheeurowillenterintocirculationinJanuary1999inthoseMemberStateswhichmeetthecriteriaforentrytotheEMUandbymid2002thechangeoverfromnationalcurrenciestotheeurointhosecountrieswillbecomplete.TheintroductionoftheeurowillbethemostvisiblemeasureofintegrationtodateinthedailylivesofcitizensoftheEuropeanUnion. TherightsofEuropeancitizenswerefurtherextendedbytheMaastrichtTreatysothattodaycitizensoftheMemberStatesmaytravelresideworkandcarryouttransactionsinanycountryoftheEUwithouthindrance障碍andwithfullprotectionofthelaw.TheEuropeanUnion’sfieldsofresponsibilityWireextendedtoincludeareassuchasconsumerprotectionpublichealthpolicyenvironmentalprotectioneducationandcultureandthecreationofmajortransportcommunicationsandenergy. 45______ThefirstunionofsixMemberStateshasbeenenlargedtoitspresentnumberoffifteen.AddedtotheoriginalsixareDenmarkIrelandtheUnitedKingdomGreeceSpainPortugalAustriaSwedenandFinlandthelastthreecountriesbeingadmittedtotheEuropeanUnionin1995.ThenextcenturywillseetheinclusionintheUnionofanumberofcountriesmostlyfromCentralandEasternEurope.TodaytheEuropeanUnionisoneoftheworld’sgreatestsingletradingpowers.Itspresentpopulationof370millionhasmanyfreedomsandchoicesbothascitizensandasconsumers.Itscompanieshaveenterednewmarketsandformednewpartnershipstoexploiteconomicopportunitiesathomeandabroad.AsthecenturydrawstoaclosethevisionofaunitedEuropemademanifestbytheTreatyofRomeisclosertorealizationthaneverbefore. A.InNovember1993theTreatyonEuropeanUnionalsoknownastheMaastrichtTreatyaltertheDutchtownwhereEUleadersmetcameintoforcecreatingtheEuropeanUnionandpavingthewayforgreaterintegrationbetweenMemberStates. B.AmajoraspectofEMUisthesinglecurrencyknownastheeuro. C.SincethesigningoftheTreatyofRomein1957Europehaswitnessedaremarkablegrowthinitsvitalityhomogeneityandstrengthasademocracy. D.AsthecenturycomestoanendaunitedandenlargedEuropeundertheguideofTreatyofRomeissuretoberealizedverysoon. E.TherevisedTreatyisacontinuationoftheprocesstowardsintegrationofthecountriesofEuropethatbeganin1957. F.Therevisedtreatyisaformalagreementbetweentwoormorestatesasregardspeace.andtrade. G.TheTreatyalsosetouttheeconomiccriteriaMemberStatesmustmeettocompleteEurope’seconomicandmonetaryunionEMUtheultimategoalofeconomicpartnershipenvisagedbythearchitectsoftheTreatyofRome. 44
AmericanandJapaneseresearchersaredevelopingasmartcarthatwillhelpdriversavoidaccidentsbypredictingwhentheyareabouttomakeadangerousmove. Thesmartcarofthefuturewillbeabletotellifdriversaregoingtoturnchangelanesspeedupslowdownorpassanothercar. Ifthedriver’sintendedactioncouldleadtoanaccidentthecarwillactivateawarningsystemoroverridethemove. 46"Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds"NewScientistmagazinesaid.AlexPentlandoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologycollaboratedontheprojectwithAndrewLiuwhoworksfortheJapanesecarmakerNissan. 47Testsoftheirsmartcarusingadrivingsimulatorhaveshownthatitis95percentaccurateinpredictingadriver’smove12secondsinadvance. 48Thesystemisbasedondrivingbehaviorwhichtheresearcherssaycanbedividedintochainsofsub-actionswhichincludepreparatorymoves. Itmonitorsthedriver’sbehaviorpatternstopredictthenextmove. "TomakeitspredictionsNissan’ssmartcarusesacomputerandsensorsonthesteeringwheelacceleratorandbraketomonitoraperson’sdrivingpatterns.49Abrieftrainingsessioninwhichthedriverisaskedtoperformcertainmaneuversallowsthesystemtocalculatetheprobabilityofparticularactionsoccurringintwo-secondtimesegments"themagazinesaid. Liuhasalsodoneworkontrackingeyemovementtopredictdrivingbehavior.50Hesaidthesmartcarcouldbeadaptedtomonitoreyemovementwhichcouldgiveevenearlierpredictionsofwhenadriverisabouttomakeawrongmove. Byshiftingtheemphasisofcarsafetyawayfromdesignofthevehicleitselfandlookingmoretowardthedriver’sbehaviorthedevelopersbelievethattheycanstarttobuildcarsthatadapttosuitpeople’sneeds
Istronglyagreewiththecontentionthatabsenceofchoiceisararecircumstanceprimarilybecausethiscontentionaccordswithcommonsenseandoureverydayexperienceashumanbeings.Besidesthereverseclaim-thatwedonothavefreechoice-servestounderminethenotionsofmoralaccountabilityandhumanequalitywhicharecriticaltothesurvivalofanydemocraticsociety. 41.Theroleoffreewillofhumansinchoice Commonsensedictatesthathumanshavefreewillandthereforethetrueabsenceofchoiceisveryrare.Theonlypossibleexceptionswouldinvolveextremeandrarecircumstancessuchassolitaryimprisonmentoraseverementalorphysicaldeficiency—anyofwhichmightpotentiallystripapersonofhisorherabilitytomakeconsciouschoices.Yetevenunderthesecircumstancesapersonstillretainschoicesaboutvoluntarybodilyfunctionsandmovement.Thusthecompleteabsenceofchoicewouldseemtobepossibleonlyinacomatosestateorindeath. 42.Thenatureofabsenceofchoice Peopleoftenclaimthatlife’scircumstancesleavethemwith"nochoice."Onemightfeeltrappedinajoboramarriage.Underfinancialduressapersonmightclaimthatheorshehas"nochoice"buttodeclarebankruptcytakeademeaningjoborevenlieorstealtoobtainmoney.Thefundamentalproblemwiththesesortsofclaimsisthattheclaimantsareonlyconsideringthosechoicesthatarenotviableorattractive.Thatispeopleinsituationssuchasthesehaveaninfinitenumberofchoices;it’sjustthatmanyofthechoicesareunappealingevenself-defeating. 43.Choiceisbeyondourcontrol Besidesthecontentionthatwearealmostinvariablyfreetochooseisfarmoreappealingfromasociopoliticalstandpointthantheoppositeclaim.Acompletetackofchoiceimpliesthateveryperson’sfateisdeterminedandthatwealllackfreewill.Accordingtothephilosophicalschoolof"strictdeterminism"everyeventincludinghumanactionsandChoicesthatoccursisphysicallynecessarygiventhelawsofnatureandeventsthatprecededthateventorchoice.Inotherwordsthe"choices"thatseempartoftheessenceofourbeingareactuallybeyondourcontrol. 44.Thelogicalresultofstrictdeterminismandofthenew"scientificdeterminism" Howeverthelogicalresultofstrictdeterminismandofthenew"scientificdeterminism"isthatwearenotmorallyaccountableforouractionsandchoiceseventhosethatharmotherindividualsorsociety.Moreoverthroughouthistorymonarchsanddictatorshaveembraceddeterminismatleastostensiblytobolstertheirclaimthatcertainindividualsarepreordainedtoassumepositionsofauthorityortorisetothetoplevelsofthesocioeconomicinfrastructure.Finallythenotionofscientificdeterminismopensthedoorforgeneticengineeringwhichposesapotentialthreattoequalityinsocioeconomicopportunityandcouldleadtothedevelopmentofaso-called"masterrace."Admittedlythesedisturbingimplicationsneitherprovenordisprovethedeterminists’claims. 45.Insistenceoftreewill Iwouldconcedethatsciencemighteventuallydisprovetheverynotionoffreewill.HoweveruntilthattimeI’lltrustmystrongintuitionthatfreewillisanessentialpartofourbeingashumansandaccordinglythathumansareresponsiblefortheirownchoicesandactions. [A]Forexamplealmosteverypersonwhoclaimstobetrappedinajobissimplychoosingtoretainacertainmeasureoffinancialsecurity.Thechoicetoforegothissecurityisalwaysavailablealthoughitmightcarryunpleasantconsequences. [B]Ourcollectivelifeexperienceisthatwemakechoicesanddecisionseverydayonacontinualbasis. [C]HoweverthedilemmaseamstobeunavoidablewhichgivespeoplealotofPainfullyexperiencewithit. [D]Insumdespitethefactthatweallexperienceoccasionalfeelingsofbeingtrappedandhavingnochoicethestatementisfundamentallycorrect. [E]Recentadvancesinmolecularbiologyandgeneticslendsomecredencetothedeterminists’positionthatasphysicalbeingsouractionsaredeterminedbyphysicalforcesbeyondourcontrol.Newresearchsuggeststhatthesephysicalforcesincludeourownindividualgeneticmakeup. [F]Assumingthatneitherfreewillnordeterminismhasbeenproventobethecorrectpositiontheformeristobepreferredbyanyhumanistandinanydemocraticsociety. 42
Istronglyagreewiththecontentionthatabsenceofchoiceisararecircumstanceprimarilybecausethiscontentionaccordswithcommonsenseandoureverydayexperienceashumanbeings.Besidesthereverseclaim-thatwedonothavefreechoice-servestounderminethenotionsofmoralaccountabilityandhumanequalitywhicharecriticaltothesurvivalofanydemocraticsociety. 41.Theroleoffreewillofhumansinchoice Commonsensedictatesthathumanshavefreewillandthereforethetrueabsenceofchoiceisveryrare.Theonlypossibleexceptionswouldinvolveextremeandrarecircumstancessuchassolitaryimprisonmentoraseverementalorphysicaldeficiency—anyofwhichmightpotentiallystripapersonofhisorherabilitytomakeconsciouschoices.Yetevenunderthesecircumstancesapersonstillretainschoicesaboutvoluntarybodilyfunctionsandmovement.Thusthecompleteabsenceofchoicewouldseemtobepossibleonlyinacomatosestateorindeath. 42.Thenatureofabsenceofchoice Peopleoftenclaimthatlife’scircumstancesleavethemwith"nochoice."Onemightfeeltrappedinajoboramarriage.Underfinancialduressapersonmightclaimthatheorshehas"nochoice"buttodeclarebankruptcytakeademeaningjoborevenlieorstealtoobtainmoney.Thefundamentalproblemwiththesesortsofclaimsisthattheclaimantsareonlyconsideringthosechoicesthatarenotviableorattractive.Thatispeopleinsituationssuchasthesehaveaninfinitenumberofchoices;it’sjustthatmanyofthechoicesareunappealingevenself-defeating. 43.Choiceisbeyondourcontrol Besidesthecontentionthatwearealmostinvariablyfreetochooseisfarmoreappealingfromasociopoliticalstandpointthantheoppositeclaim.Acompletetackofchoiceimpliesthateveryperson’sfateisdeterminedandthatwealllackfreewill.Accordingtothephilosophicalschoolof"strictdeterminism"everyeventincludinghumanactionsandChoicesthatoccursisphysicallynecessarygiventhelawsofnatureandeventsthatprecededthateventorchoice.Inotherwordsthe"choices"thatseempartoftheessenceofourbeingareactuallybeyondourcontrol. 44.Thelogicalresultofstrictdeterminismandofthenew"scientificdeterminism" Howeverthelogicalresultofstrictdeterminismandofthenew"scientificdeterminism"isthatwearenotmorallyaccountableforouractionsandchoiceseventhosethatharmotherindividualsorsociety.Moreoverthroughouthistorymonarchsanddictatorshaveembraceddeterminismatleastostensiblytobolstertheirclaimthatcertainindividualsarepreordainedtoassumepositionsofauthorityortorisetothetoplevelsofthesocioeconomicinfrastructure.Finallythenotionofscientificdeterminismopensthedoorforgeneticengineeringwhichposesapotentialthreattoequalityinsocioeconomicopportunityandcouldleadtothedevelopmentofaso-called"masterrace."Admittedlythesedisturbingimplicationsneitherprovenordisprovethedeterminists’claims. 45.Insistenceoftreewill Iwouldconcedethatsciencemighteventuallydisprovetheverynotionoffreewill.HoweveruntilthattimeI’lltrustmystrongintuitionthatfreewillisanessentialpartofourbeingashumansandaccordinglythathumansareresponsiblefortheirownchoicesandactions. [A]Forexamplealmosteverypersonwhoclaimstobetrappedinajobissimplychoosingtoretainacertainmeasureoffinancialsecurity.Thechoicetoforegothissecurityisalwaysavailablealthoughitmightcarryunpleasantconsequences. [B]Ourcollectivelifeexperienceisthatwemakechoicesanddecisionseverydayonacontinualbasis. [C]HoweverthedilemmaseamstobeunavoidablewhichgivespeoplealotofPainfullyexperiencewithit. [D]Insumdespitethefactthatweallexperienceoccasionalfeelingsofbeingtrappedandhavingnochoicethestatementisfundamentallycorrect. [E]Recentadvancesinmolecularbiologyandgeneticslendsomecredencetothedeterminists’positionthatasphysicalbeingsouractionsaredeterminedbyphysicalforcesbeyondourcontrol.Newresearchsuggeststhatthesephysicalforcesincludeourownindividualgeneticmakeup. [F]Assumingthatneitherfreewillnordeterminismhasbeenproventobethecorrectpositiontheformeristobepreferredbyanyhumanistandinanydemocraticsociety. 44
Text1 AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreachingthesurprisingthingaboutcomputersisnotthattheythinklesswellthanamanbutthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperiencefollowanargumentaskproperquestionsandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations. Computersimitatelife.Ascomputersgetmorecomplextheimitationgetsbetter.Finallythelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorsowewillseethecomputerasanewformoflife. Theopinionseemsridiculousbecauseforonethingcomputerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasanewformoflife. Computersmatchpeopleinsomerolesandwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisistheyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslowerthehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainatonetimeanditfreezesup. Wearestillincontrolbutthecapabilitiesofcomputersareincreasingatafantasticratewhilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowlyifatall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1846.Inthe1990swhenthesixthgenerationappearsthereasoningpowerofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain. Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythepastwecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofmansurpassinghisachievementsashehassurpassedthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.Thenewkindofintelligentlifeismorelikelytobemadeofsilicon. Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainpointofthepassage
Onhisfifty-fifthbirthdaythepresidentdecidedto1someprisonersofthe2ageasagestureofgoodwillNottoomanybutonesayfromeachofthetwentyofthirty3prisonsinthesmallstate.Theywouldhavetobecarefullyselected4nottogivetroubleoncetheywereout.Menperhapshadbeenso5inprisonthattheyhadceasedtohaveandrealcontactwiththeoutsideworld.Noneofthemwastobetolda6ofhis7liberty.Marlowastherefore8whenhewascalledtotheGovernor’sofficeonemorningandtoldhewastobeset9nextday.Hehadspentalmostthreequartersof.hislifein10workingoutalifesentence11stabbingapolicemantodeath.Hewasadull-wittedmanwithnorelations12andnofriendsexcepthisprisonmates. Thefollowingmorningwasclearandbright.Marlo13noopportunitytosaygoodbyeto14butaguard15himtotheprisongatesandwishedhimg6dspeed.Alonehesetoffupthelongwhiteroadleadingtothetown.Thetraffictheincessantnoisetheabsence16thesecureprisonwallsterrifiedhim.Presentlyhe’satdownbythesideoftheroadtothink17.Afterhehadthoughtforalongtimeforhisbrainworkedslowlyhe18adecision.Heremainedhewaswaitingpatientlyuntilatlasthesawapolicecar19Whenitwasnearenoughhedartedoutintotheroadobligingittostopwithasquealofbrakes.Hehadwithhimalittleknife.Whentheyoungpoliceofficergotoutofthecardemanding20whatwaswrongMarlostabbedhimveryneatlyjustbehindtherightear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text4 IslanguagelikefoodabasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamagedJudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcenturyitmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertonguehetoldthenursestokeepsilent. Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmotheringinthefirstyearoflifeespeciallythecapacitytosurviveisseri9uslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Neverthelesssomechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfantwhosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglectedtheidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyattherighttimebuttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed. ExpertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantagebuttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQAttwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofivewords.Atthreeheknowsabout1000wordswhichhecanputintosentencesandatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar. Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbraincomparedwiththatofthemonkeyisthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelofsayatoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toybear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhimtoanalysetocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways. Butspeechhastobeinducedandthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechildwherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling咿呀声graspingandsmilingandrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage. FrederickII’sexperimentwas
Text3 AfterdecadesofexilefromUScourtsthescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.ButthefederalgovernmentwantstoputastoptoitandtheUSSupremeCourthasnowagreedtoconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrommilitarycourts. Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceofliedetectionwhichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991PresidentGeorgeBushbannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.ButthatbanhassincebeenoverturnedbytheUSCourtofMilitaryAppealswhichruledthatitrestrictsdefendants’rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence. Inthepasttwoyearssomefederalcourtshavealsoruled’thatpolygraphevidencecanbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgavefederaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityofevidence. Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulseratesweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecordingincreasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions. Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheirphysiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthetechniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.ApsychologistnamedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdahopointstolaboratorystudiessomeofthembeinghisowninwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcashtoswaythetestresults. ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonardSaxeapsychologistataBostonuniversity."Thereisahugedifferencebetweenstudentsinalabandadefendant"hesays.Guiltydefendantshavetimeinwhichtorehearsetheirliesandcanevencometobelievethemtobetrue. Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisofliedetectionisinvalid."Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantellingthetruth."Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivialwhilecertaintruthscanbehardtoswallow. DavidFaigmanoftheUniversityofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourtsdecisiontoallowpolygraphevidencepolygraphbanswouldbeoverturnedinfederalcourtsacrossUS."Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstandthescienceandleadtoalotmoreexperttestimonyinthecourts"hepredicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecostoftrials. WhatdoCharlesHonts'laboratorystudiessuggest
FortyyearsagoahistoricdocumentwassignedinRomethatwastochangetheeconomicoutlookandthefutureofmanycountriesinEurope.ThatdocumentwastheTreatyofRomeandthisyearonMarch251997theEuropeanUnioncelebratedthe40thanniversaryofitssigning.AreviseddraftTreatyonEuropeanUniontheMaastrichtTreatywaspresentedinRomeonthatdate.41______ 42______TheTreatysetoutthethreepillarsoftheEuropeanUnion--Pillar1:thethreeEuropeancommunitieswhichformitsbasis;Pillar2:thedevelopmentofacommonforeignandsecuritypolicy;andPillar3;cooperationintheareasofjusticeandhomeaffairsincludingimmigrationandasylum收容所drugtrafficking交易andinternationalcrime. 43______EMUmeansasinglemonetarypolicyoperatingwithinasingleeconomicmarketandisthereforethelogicalcomplementtotheSingleMarketinEuropetoday. TheEMUwillberunbyaEuropeanCentralBankindependentofbothnationalgovernmentsand EuropeanUnioninstitutions. 44______TheeurowillenterintocirculationinJanuary1999inthoseMemberStateswhichmeetthecriteriaforentrytotheEMUandbymid2002thechangeoverfromnationalcurrenciestotheeurointhosecountrieswillbecomplete.TheintroductionoftheeurowillbethemostvisiblemeasureofintegrationtodateinthedailylivesofcitizensoftheEuropeanUnion. TherightsofEuropeancitizenswerefurtherextendedbytheMaastrichtTreatysothattodaycitizensoftheMemberStatesmaytravelresideworkandcarryouttransactionsinanycountryoftheEUwithouthindrance障碍andwithfullprotectionofthelaw.TheEuropeanUnion’sfieldsofresponsibilityWireextendedtoincludeareassuchasconsumerprotectionpublichealthpolicyenvironmentalprotectioneducationandcultureandthecreationofmajortransportcommunicationsandenergy. 45______ThefirstunionofsixMemberStateshasbeenenlargedtoitspresentnumberoffifteen.AddedtotheoriginalsixareDenmarkIrelandtheUnitedKingdomGreeceSpainPortugalAustriaSwedenandFinlandthelastthreecountriesbeingadmittedtotheEuropeanUnionin1995.ThenextcenturywillseetheinclusionintheUnionofanumberofcountriesmostlyfromCentralandEasternEurope.TodaytheEuropeanUnionisoneoftheworld’sgreatestsingletradingpowers.Itspresentpopulationof370millionhasmanyfreedomsandchoicesbothascitizensandasconsumers.Itscompanieshaveenterednewmarketsandformednewpartnershipstoexploiteconomicopportunitiesathomeandabroad.AsthecenturydrawstoaclosethevisionofaunitedEuropemademanifestbytheTreatyofRomeisclosertorealizationthaneverbefore. A.InNovember1993theTreatyonEuropeanUnionalsoknownastheMaastrichtTreatyaltertheDutchtownwhereEUleadersmetcameintoforcecreatingtheEuropeanUnionandpavingthewayforgreaterintegrationbetweenMemberStates. B.AmajoraspectofEMUisthesinglecurrencyknownastheeuro. C.SincethesigningoftheTreatyofRomein1957Europehaswitnessedaremarkablegrowthinitsvitalityhomogeneityandstrengthasademocracy. D.AsthecenturycomestoanendaunitedandenlargedEuropeundertheguideofTreatyofRomeissuretoberealizedverysoon. E.TherevisedTreatyisacontinuationoftheprocesstowardsintegrationofthecountriesofEuropethatbeganin1957. F.Therevisedtreatyisaformalagreementbetweentwoormorestatesasregardspeace.andtrade. G.TheTreatyalsosetouttheeconomiccriteriaMemberStatesmustmeettocompleteEurope’seconomicandmonetaryunionEMUtheultimategoalofeconomicpartnershipenvisagedbythearchitectsoftheTreatyofRome. 42
Text4 IslanguagelikefoodabasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamagedJudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcenturyitmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertonguehetoldthenursestokeepsilent. Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmotheringinthefirstyearoflifeespeciallythecapacitytosurviveisseri9uslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Neverthelesssomechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfantwhosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglectedtheidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyattherighttimebuttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed. ExpertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantagebuttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQAttwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofivewords.Atthreeheknowsabout1000wordswhichhecanputintosentencesandatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar. Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbraincomparedwiththatofthemonkeyisthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelofsayatoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toybear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhimtoanalysetocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways. Butspeechhastobeinducedandthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechildwherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling咿呀声graspingandsmilingandrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage. Whatisincredibleaboutachildisthat
Themid-sixtiessawthestartofaprojectthatalongwithothersimilarresearchwastoteachusagreatdealaboutthechimpanzeemind.ThiswasProjectWashoeconceivedbyTrixieandAllenGardner.TheypurchasedaninfantchimpanzeeandbegantoteachherthesignsofASLtheAmericanSignLanguageusedbythedeaf.TwentyyearsearlieranotherhusbandandwifeteamRichardandCathyHayeshadtriedwithanalmosttotallackofsuccesstoteachayoungchimpVikkitotalk.TheHayes*sundertakingtaughtusalotaboutthechimpanzeemindbutVikkialthoughshedidwellinIQtestsandwasclearlyanintelligentyoungstercouldnotlearnhumanspeech.TheGardnershoweverachievedspectacularsuccesswiththeirpupilWashoe.Notonlydidshelearnsignseasilybutshequicklybegantostringthemtogetherinmeaningfulways.Itwasclearthateachsignevokedinhermindamentalimageoftheobjectitrepresented.Ifforexampleshewasaskedinsignlanguagetofetchanappleshewouldgoandlocateanapplethatwasoutofsightinanotherroom.OtherchimpsenteredtheprojectsomestartingtheirlivesindeafsigningfamiliesbeforejoiningWashoe.AndfinallyWashoeadoptedaninfantLoulis.Hecamefromalabwherenothoughtofteachingsignshadeverpenetrated.WhenhewaswithWashoehewasgivennolessonsinlanguageacquisition—notbyhumansanyway.Yetbythetimehewaseightyearsoldhehadmadefifty-eightsignsintheircorrectcontexts.HowdidhelearnthemMostlyitseemsbyimitatingthebehaviorofWashoeandtheotherthreesigningchimpsDarMojaandTam.SometimesthoughhereceivedtuitionfromWashoeherself.Onedayforexampleshebegantoswaggeraboutbipedallyhairbristlingsigningfood!food!food!ingreatexcitement.Shehadseenahumanapproachingwithabarofchocolate.Loulisonlyeighteenmonthsoldwatchedpassively.SuddenlyWashoestoppedherswaggeringwentovertohimtookhishandandmouldedthesignforfoodfingerspointingtowardsmouth.Anothertimeinasimilarcontextshemadethesignforchewinggum—butwithherhandonhisbody.OnathirdoccasionWashoepickedupasmallchairtookitovertoLoulissetitdowninfrontofhimandverydistinctlymadethechairsignthreetimeswatchinghimcloselyasshedidso.ThetwofoodsignsbecameincorporatedintoLoulis’svocabularybutthesignforchairdidnot.Obviouslytheprioritiesofayoungchimparesimilartothoseofahumanchild!Chimpanzeeswhohavebeentaughtalanguagecancombinesignscreativelyinordertodescribeobjectsforwhichtheyhavenosymbol.Washoeforexamplepuzzledhercaretakersbyaskingrepeatedlyforarockberry.Eventuallyittranspiredthatshewasreferringtobrazilnutswhichshehadencounteredforthefirsttimeawhilebefore.Anotherlanguage-trainedchimpdescribedacucumberasagreenbanana.Theycaneveninventsigns.Lucyasshegotolderhadtobeputonaleashforheroutings.Onedayeagertosetoffbuthavingnosignforleashshesignaledherwishesbyholdingacrookedindexfingertotheringonhercollar.Thissignbecamepartofhervocabulary.Thebesttitleofthispassagecanbe______.
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