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A. Periodicals in initial stage B. The function of periodicals C. Newspapers and other period...
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41____________.Thesynthetic合成的polymer聚合的deviceisthefirstflexiblehydrophilie吸水的artificialcorneatobeproducedandinsertedintoahuman.Itistheproductof8yearsworkbyresearchersattheLionsEyeInstituteoftheUniversityofWA’SDepartmentofOphthalmicBiomaterials. 42____________."Firsttheplasticmaterialusedtoconstructtheartificialcorneaabsorbswaterandbecomeselasticandsoftlikehumantissue."Prof.ChirialtoldAustralianScience."Asecondnovelcharacteristicisthattheperiphery外围isaspongewithporesallowinghosttissuetogrowintoit.Thirdthedeviceusesinterpenetrating渗透polymernetworkstolinkthecentraltransparentareawiththenon-transparentperiphery." 43____________. Thefirstrecipient接纳者ofthedevicea79-year-oldWAmanwhowasblindinoneeyecannowreadlargeprint.Afurthereightpatientsareawaitingthetechnicallychallengingtwo-stepprocedurewiththefirstduetobeoperatedonthismonth. 44____________.Manypatientsadmittedtothetrialhaveexperiencedrejectionofprevioushumancornealgraftsduetoanimmunereactionormedicalsyndrome.Inotherswhohavehadachemicalburntoaneyetheartificialgraftofferstheironlyhopeofrestoredvision. AsenioropthalmologistwiththeteamDr.GeoffreyCrawfordsaidtheartificialcorneawasapromisingdevelopmentforpeopleinunderdevelopedcountrieswhereanabsenceofeyebanksmeantthatlessthan1%ofthoseneedingahumancornealgraftevergetone.45____________. [A]ItisnovelinthreewaysaccordingtoitsdesignerRomanian-trainedpolymerchemistProfessorTrainanChirialwhosetupthedepartmentin1986. [B]Thedeviceisdesignedtoreplaceadiseasedordamagedcorneaorafailedhumangraftandcangivebacksighttosomepatients. [C]Theartificialcorneawasmadefromatransparentmatrixofcollagenandasyntheticpolymer. [D]Beforethedevicecanbemarketedaninternationaltrialofatleast50patientsinfivecentersworldwideneedstobecompletedsuccessfully. [E]Howeverheconcededthatthecostofthedevicewouldneedtofalldramaticallyforittobeusedinanywidespreadway. [F]Heexplainedthatmaterialinthecenterandperipheryhaveanidenticalchemicalcompositionbutareproducedbydifferentchemicalprocesseshencetheirdifferentlight-transmittingqualities. [G]WesternAustralianresearchershavepatentedanartificialcorneawiththepotentialtobenefitblindorpartiallysightedindividualsworldwide. 44
Asia’srealboat-rockerisagrowingChinanotJapanaseniorAmericaneconomistobserved.Thereissomuchnoisesurroundingandemanatingfromthe’world’smiracleeconomythatitisbecomingcacophonous.InWashingtonDCthelatestideaisthatChinaisbecomingtoosuccessfulperhapsevendangerouslyso:whileCapitolHillresoundswithcomplaintsoftradesurplusesandcurrencymanipulationthePentagonandsundrythink-tanksechotoanewdrumbeatofanalystsworryingaboutChina’s12.6%annumriseinmilitaryspendingandaboutwhetheritmightsoonhavetheabilitytotakepre-emptivemilitaryactiontoforceTaiwantorejoinit.SoitmaybenocoincidencethatforthreeconsecutiveweekendsthestreetsofbigChinesecitieshavebeenfilledwiththesoundsofdemonstratorsmarchingandrocksbeingthrownallseekingtosendadifferentmessage:thatJapanistheprobleminAsianotChinabecauseofitswantonfailuretofaceuptoitshistory;andthatbycosyinguptoJapaninsecuritymattersAmericaisallyingwithAsia’spariah.Deafnessisnottheonlyriskfromallthisnoise.ThepressuretowardsprotectionisminWashingtonisstrongandcouldputinfurtherdangernotonlytradewithChinabutalsothewiderclimatefortradeliberalizationintheD0haroundoftheWorldTradeOrganisationWTO.SofarwordshavebeenthemainweaponsusedbetweenChinaandJapanbutthereisachancethatnationalismineitherorbothcountriescouldleadthegovernmentstostrikeconfrontationalposesovertheirterritorialdisputesintheseasthatdividethemeveninvolvingtheirnavies.AndthemorethatnationalistpositionsbecomeentrenchedinbothcountriesbutespeciallyChinathemorethatstreetprotestscouldbecomestirredupperhapstowardsmoreviolence.ArevaluationoftheyuanasdemandedinCongresswouldnotre-balancetradebetweenAmericaandChinathoughitmighthelpalittleinduecourse.AsincereapologybyJapanforitswartimeatrocitiesmightalsohelpalittlebutitwouldnotsuddenlyturnAsia’snaturalgreat-powerrivalsintobosom’buddies.Alltheseissuesarecomplexonesandasisoftenthecaseintradeandin.historicaldisputesfindingsolutionsislikelytobefarfromsimple.HowwilltheterritorialdisputesbetweenChinaandJapanbesettledaccordingtotheauthor
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’s.celebritybosses.AIG’sMauriceGreenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackedforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CarlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorldComcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges. Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewooisasisofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance. AttheveryleastthebeardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingbeardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment-andinparticularofcriminalprosecutorsinholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmaynotbeknownforyears. EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergetic"lawenforcement"approach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifsomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:"ThehourcedeamongCEOsdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Ser-regulationwasacompletefailure."AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscriticsletalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm. AsfortheissuesinvolvedintheeconomyEliotSpitzerwouldbeinfavorof
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Pricesaresky-highwithprofitstomatch.Butlookingfurtheraheadtheindustryfaceswrenchingchangesaysanexpertofenergy.Thetimewhenwecouldcountoncheapoilandevencheapernaturalgasisclearlyending.ThatwasthegloomyforecastdeliveredinFebruarybyDaveO’ReillythechairmanofChevronTexacotohundredsofoilmengatheredforaconferenceinHouston.ThefollowingmonthVenezuela’sPresidentHugoChavezgleefullyechoedthesentiment:Theworldshouldforgetaboutcheapoil.Thesurgeinoilpricesfrom＄10abarrelin1998toabove＄50inearly2005haspromptedtalkofaneweraofsustainedhigherprices.Butwheneveranewerainoilishailedscepticismisinorder.Afterallthisisessentiallyacyclicalbusinessinwhichpriceshabituallyyo-yo.EvensoanunusuallyloudchorusisnowjoiningMessrsO’ReillyandChavezpointingtointriguingevidenceofanewpricefloorof＄30orperhapseven＄40.Confusinglythoughtherearealsosignsthathighoilpricesmaybecausedbyaspeculativebubblethatcouldburstquitesuddenly.Toseewhichcampisrighttwoquestionsneedanswering:whydidtheoilpricesoarAndwhatcouldkeepithighTomakemattersmorecomplicatedthereisinfactnosuchthingasasingleoilprice:rathertherearedozensofvarietiesofcrudetradingatdifferentprices.Whennewspaperswriteaboutoilpricestheyusuallymeanoneoftworeferencecrudes:BrentfromtheNorthSeaorWestTexasIntermediateWTI.ButwhenministersfromtheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECdiscusspricestheyusuallyrefertoabasketofheaviercartelcrudeswhichtradeatadiscounttoWTIandBrent.AlloilpricesmentionedinthissurveyareperbarrelofWTITherecentvolatilityinpricesisonlyoneofseveralchallengesfacingtheoilindustry.AlthoughatfirstsightBigOilseemstobeinrudehealthpostingrecordprofitsthissurveywillarguethatthewesternoilmajorswillhavetheirworkcutouttocopewiththeriseofresourcenationalismwhichthreatenstochokeoffaccesstonewoilreserves.Thisisessentialtoreplacetheirexistingreserveswhicharerapidlydeclining.Theywillalsohavetorespondtoeffortsbygovernmentstodealwithoil’sseriousenvironmentalandgeopoliticalside-effects.Togetherthesechallengescouldyetwipeouttheoilmajors.JudgingfromParagraph3wemayinferthatoilpriceswill______.
Directions:Title:TheTeacher-StudentRelationshipOutline:1.Agoodteacher-studentrelationshipbenefitsbothteachingandlearning.2.Ateacher’sbehaviourisimportantfortheestablishmentofagoodteacher-studentrelationship.3.Whatshouldastudentdofortheestablishmentofagoodteacher-studentrelationshipYoushouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’s.celebritybosses.AIG’sMauriceGreenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackedforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CarlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorldComcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges.Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewooisasisofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance.AttheveryleastthebeardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingbeardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment-andinparticularofcriminalprosecutorsinholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmaynotbeknownforyears.EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergeticlawenforcementapproach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifsomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:ThehourcedeamongCEOsdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Ser-regulationwasacompletefailure.AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscriticsletalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm.Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby______.
Everynowandthenastudycomesalongwhosechiefinterestliesinhowpeculiarlyaskewitsfindingsseemtobefromthecommonperceptionofthings.Sometimesofcoursethe"surprisingnewstudy"itselfturnsouttobeoffinsomeway.Butifthedataarefundamentallysoundthenwhatyoureallywanttoknowiswhysensiblepeopleholdsuchacontraryview. 41___________________.Researcherstookacloserlookatanearlierstudythathadbeenwidelyinterpretedwhenitwasfirstpublishedin2000asproofthatthehomeworkmonsterwasgrowingandinsatiable.ATimemagazinecoverarticlespawnedaminigenreoftrendstoriesallpeopledbypaleexhaustedkidsandbewilderedboomerparentswhoseownhomeworkmemoriesseemedtoencompassonlyfeltpuppetsandshoe-boxdioramas.Butthenewreportpointsoutthatwhiletheamountoftimeschoolchildren12andunderdevotedtostudyathomedidindeedgrowbetween1981and1997theincreasewassmall:anaverageof23minutesperweek.42___________________. SowhydosomanyparentsseemtothinkotherwiseOneansweristhattherealincreaseinhomeworkthathasbeendocumentedisamongyoungerchildren.In1981forinstanceone-thirdof6-to8-year-oldshadsomehomework;one-halfdidinthelate90’s.43___________________. Sincechildren6to8aretheonesweparticularlyliketothinkofasengagedinunstructuredplay--weimaginethemridingbikesinthehoneyedlightofwaningafternoonsevenwhenwhattheymightwellbedoingintheabsenceofhomeworkiswatchingTV-homeworkforthemseemslikeoneofthoseheavy-handedincursionsonthefreedomofchildhood. 44___________________.Thesechildrengotoeliteprivateschoolsortodemandingpubliconeswherethecompetitivepressuresaresuchthattheyeitherreallydohavehoursofhomeworkeachnightortakehoursfinishingitbecausetheyortheirparentsaresoanxiousthatitbedonewell.Theycomefromthedemographicthatmakesaculturalalmosta.moralidealofenrollingchildreninsoccerandoboelessonsandkarateandballetandsotheirtimereallyisatapremium.45___________________. A.Moreover20percentfewerchildrenbetweentheagesof9and12weredoinghomeworkatallin1997thanin1981.Andhigh-schoolstudentsspentnomoretimeonhomeworkthantheydidinpreviousdecades. B.ThatiscertainlythequestionraisedbyaBrookingsInstitutionreportreleasedlastmonthshowingthattheamountoftimekidsdevotetohomeworkhasnotinfactsignificantlyincreasedoverthelasttwodecades. C.Behindtheseemingcontradictionsofsteadyhomeworklevelsandtheanti-homeworkbacklashinotherwordsistherealityofsocialclass. D.Theyarelikelytohavebusyprofessionalparentsoversubscribedthemselvesbutwithaninvestmentinseeingtheirchildrenproducebookreportsofakindthatteacherscounselorsandintimecollegeadmissionsboardswillfindimpressive. E.Anti-homeworkcrusadesarenotnew-in1901forexampleCaliforniapassedalawabolishinghomeworkforgradesonethrougheight-buttheyhaveusuallybeenledbythesamekindsofpeoplewhichistosayelites. F.Sinceparentsaremorelikelytohavetosuperviseafirstorsecondgraderdoinghomeworkthananolderchildtheearlierlaunchingofahomeworkregimenmightfeellikeadisproportionateincreaseintheparentalworkload. G.ButthebiggeranswerIsuspectisthattheparentswetendtohearfrominthepressatschool-boardmeetingsandinInternetchatgroupstheparentswithelaborateddevelopmentallysavvycritiquesofstandardsandcurriculumsareparentswhosechildrenreallyareexperiencingatimecrunc 44
IthasbeenawretchedfewweeksforAmerica’s.celebritybosses.AIG’sMauriceGreenberghasbeendramaticallyoustedfromthefirmthroughwhichhedominatedglobalinsurancefordecades.AtMorganStanleyamutinyisforcingPhilipPurcellabossusedtogettinghisownwayintoanincreasinglydesperatecampaigntosavehisskin.AtBoeingHarryStonecipherwascalledoutofretirementtoleadthescandal-hitfirmandraiseethicalstandardsonlytocommitalapseofhisownbeingsackedforsendinge-mailstoaloverwhowasalsoanemployee.CarlyFiorinawasthemostpowerfulwomanincorporateAmericauntilafewweeksagowhenHewlett-PackardHPsackedherforpoorperformance.ThefateofBernieEbbersismuchgrimmer.Theoncehigh-profilebossofWorldComcouldwellspendtherestofhislifebehindbarsfollowinghisconvictionlastmonthonfraudcharges.Indifferentwayseachoftheseexamplesappearstopointtothesamewelcomeconclusion:thattheimbalanceincorporatepowerofthelate1990swhenmanybosseswereallowedtobehavelikeabsolutemonarchshasbeencorrected.Alasappearancescanbedeceptive.Whileeachoftheserecenttalesofchief-executivewooisasisofprogressnoneprovidesmuchevidencethatthecrisisinAmericancorporategovernanceisyetover.Infacteachofthesecasesisanexampleoffailednotsuccessfulgovernance.AttheveryleastthebeardsofbothMorganStanleyandHPwerefartooslowtoaddresstheirbosses’inadequacies.TherecordoftheBoeingbeardinpickingchiefspronetoethicallapsesistoolongtobedismissedasmerebadluck.ThefallofMessrsGreenbergandEbbersmeanwhilehighlightsthegrowingroleofgovernment-andinparticularofcriminalprosecutorsinholdingbossestoaccount:adevelopmentthatisatbestamixedblessing.TheSarbanes-OxleyactpassedinhastefollowingtheEnronandWorldComscandalsisimposingheavycostsonAmericancompanies;whethertheseareexceededbyanybenefitsisthesubjectoffiercedebateandmaynotbeknownforyears.EliotSpitzerNewYork’sattorney-generalistheleadingadvocateandpractitionerofanenergeticlawenforcementapproach.Hemayberightthattherecentburstofpunitiveactionshasbeengoodfortheeconomyevenifsomeofhisowndecisionshavebeenopentoquestion.WhereheisundoubtedlyrightisinarguingthatcorporateAmericahasdonealamentablejobofgoverningitself.AshesaysinanarticleintheWallStreetJournalthisweek:ThehourcedeamongCEOsdidn’twork.Boardoversightdidn’twork.Ser-regulationwasacompletefailure.AIG’sboardforexampledidnothingaboutMrGreenberg’suseofmurkyaccountingortheconflictsposedbyhisuseofoffshorevehiclesorhisconstantbullyingofhiscriticsletalonethefirm’sallegedparticipationinbid-rigging--untilMrSpitzerthreatenedacriminalprosecutionthatmighthavedestroyedthefirm.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheoustingoftheAmerica’scelebritybossesis______.
Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy’s-orevenawholenation’s--abilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepointhoweverwherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.46Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure. Theneutronbombisoneofthemosthorridweaponseverdevised:Itdoesn’tdamageproperty;itonlykillshigherlife-forms.47Wouldn’ttheoppositebewonderfuladeviceliketherobot’srayinTheDaytheEarthStoodStillswhichmeltsdownweaponsbutnotsoldiersElectronicor"cyber"warfare--hackingintoanenemy’scomputersjammingradiotransmissionsandtilelike. TheUnitedStateshasverygoodelectronicwarfarecapabilitiesbuthasusedthemonlytosupportconventionalmilitaryoperations.48Beforeweimaginewhatsucha"cyberwar"scenariomightbelikelet’sbrieflylookathowelectronicwarfaredeveloped. DuringtheCivilWaroperationsconductedbytheUnionarmyagainsttheConfederatetelegraphsystemforetoldmoderntwentieth-centuryelectronicwarfare.UnionoperativespenetratedConfederatelinestotapintoandreadmilitarytrafficontheConfederatetelegraphsystem.49NotonlydidtheseoperationsyieldvaluableintelligenceinformationbutsomeoperatorsevenbegansendingbogusmessagestosowconfusionintheConfederateranks. JustbeforeWorldWarIradiocommunicationseemedlikearealboontonavaloperationsbecauseitallowedship-to-shipandship-to-shorecommunicationsespeciallyinbadweather.Beforethistimeflagsorlightblinkerswithlimitedrangeprovidedtheonlymeansofcommunicationbetweenships. Navalshipcaptainshoweverwereawarethatasophisticatedsetofshore-basedequipmentcouldlocateshipsbytheirradiotransmission.Bylisteningtothetransmissionstheenemycouldascertainthenumberandtypeofshipseveniftheycouldnotdecodeactualmessages.ForthisreasontheU.S.Navywasparticularlyresistanttousingradio.HoweverU.S.militaryobserversaboardBritishwarshipssoonsawthatthetacticaladvantagesofradiooutweighedtheintelligencelosses. ElectronicwarfaregrewrapidlyinWorldWarIIwiththeadventofradar.50Monitoringradarfrequenciesallowedspoofingorjammingofenemyradarandledtomajorunitsandequipmentdevotedsolelytocountermeasuresandcounter-countermeasures.Gatheringintelligencefromradiotransmissionsalsoincreasedgreatly. Todayeverymodemnationhasthecapabilitytomonitorjamorotherwiseinterferewithanadversary’sradiocommunications.Mostnationshavealsodevelopedjam-resistantcommunicationsandintelligence-gatheringequipment. Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperationscommunicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure.
UntilrecentlymostAmericanentrepreneurs企业家weremen.Discriminationagainstwomeninbusinessthedemandsofcaringforfamiliesandlackofbusinesstraininghadkeptthenumberofwomenentrepreneurssmall.Nowhoweverbusinessesownedbywomenaccountformorethan＄40billioninannualrevenuesandthisfigureislikelytocontinuerisingthroughoutthe1980s.AsCarolynDoppeltGrayanofficialoftheSmallBusinessAdministrationhasnotedThe1970swasthedecadeofwomenenteringmanagementandthe1980shasturnedouttobethedecadeofthewomanentrepreneur.WhataresomeofthefactorsbehindthistrendForonethingasmorewomenearnadvanceddegreesinbusinessandenterthecorporateworldtheyarefindingobstacles.Womenarestillexcludedfrommostexecutivesuites.CharlotteTayloramanagementconsultanthadnotedInthe1970swomenbelievediftheygotanMBAandworkedhardtheycouldbecomechairmanoftheboard.Nowthey’vefoundoutthatisn’tgoingtohappensotheygooutontheirown.Inthepastmostwomenentrepreneursworkedinwomen’sfields—cosmeticsandclothingforexample.Butthisischanging.ConsiderASKComputerSystemsa＄22-million-a-yearcomputersoftwarebusiness.Itwasfoundedin1973bySandraKurtzigwhowasthenahousewifewithdegreesinmathandengineering.WhenKurtzigfoundedthebusinessherfirstproductwassoftwarethatletweeklynewspaperskeeptabsontheirnewspapercarriers—andherofficewasabedroomathomewithashoeboxunderthebedtoholdthecompany’scash.Aftershesucceededwiththenewspapersoftwaresystemshehiredseveralbrightcomputer-sciencegraduatestodevelopadditionalprograms.Whentheseweremarketedandsold.ASKbegantogrow.Itnowhas200employeesandSandraKurtzigowns＄66.9millionofstock.Ofcoursemanywomenwhostarttheirownbusinessesfailjustasmenoftendo.Theystillfacehurdlesinthebusinessworldespeciallyproblemsinraisingmoney;theBankingandfinanceworldisstilldominatedbymenandoldattitudesdiehard.Mostbusinessesownedbywomenarestillquitesmall.Butthesituationischanging;therearelikelytobemanymoreSandraKurtzigsintheyearsahead.ThelastsentenceinParagraph2sotheygooutontheirown.meansthat______.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Everynowandthenastudycomesalongwhosechiefinterestliesinhowpeculiarlyaskewitsfindingsseemtobefromthecommonperceptionofthings.Sometimesofcoursethe"surprisingnewstudy"itselfturnsouttobeoffinsomeway.Butifthedataarefundamentallysoundthenwhatyoureallywanttoknowiswhysensiblepeopleholdsuchacontraryview. 41___________________.Researcherstookacloserlookatanearlierstudythathadbeenwidelyinterpretedwhenitwasfirstpublishedin2000asproofthatthehomeworkmonsterwasgrowingandinsatiable.ATimemagazinecoverarticlespawnedaminigenreoftrendstoriesallpeopledbypaleexhaustedkidsandbewilderedboomerparentswhoseownhomeworkmemoriesseemedtoencompassonlyfeltpuppetsandshoe-boxdioramas.Butthenewreportpointsoutthatwhiletheamountoftimeschoolchildren12andunderdevotedtostudyathomedidindeedgrowbetween1981and1997theincreasewassmall:anaverageof23minutesperweek.42___________________. SowhydosomanyparentsseemtothinkotherwiseOneansweristhattherealincreaseinhomeworkthathasbeendocumentedisamongyoungerchildren.In1981forinstanceone-thirdof6-to8-year-oldshadsomehomework;one-halfdidinthelate90’s.43___________________. Sincechildren6to8aretheonesweparticularlyliketothinkofasengagedinunstructuredplay--weimaginethemridingbikesinthehoneyedlightofwaningafternoonsevenwhenwhattheymightwellbedoingintheabsenceofhomeworkiswatchingTV-homeworkforthemseemslikeoneofthoseheavy-handedincursionsonthefreedomofchildhood. 44___________________.Thesechildrengotoeliteprivateschoolsortodemandingpubliconeswherethecompetitivepressuresaresuchthattheyeitherreallydohavehoursofhomeworkeachnightortakehoursfinishingitbecausetheyortheirparentsaresoanxiousthatitbedonewell.Theycomefromthedemographicthatmakesaculturalalmosta.moralidealofenrollingchildreninsoccerandoboelessonsandkarateandballetandsotheirtimereallyisatapremium.45___________________. A.Moreover20percentfewerchildrenbetweentheagesof9and12weredoinghomeworkatallin1997thanin1981.Andhigh-schoolstudentsspentnomoretimeonhomeworkthantheydidinpreviousdecades. B.ThatiscertainlythequestionraisedbyaBrookingsInstitutionreportreleasedlastmonthshowingthattheamountoftimekidsdevotetohomeworkhasnotinfactsignificantlyincreasedoverthelasttwodecades. C.Behindtheseemingcontradictionsofsteadyhomeworklevelsandtheanti-homeworkbacklashinotherwordsistherealityofsocialclass. D.Theyarelikelytohavebusyprofessionalparentsoversubscribedthemselvesbutwithaninvestmentinseeingtheirchildrenproducebookreportsofakindthatteacherscounselorsandintimecollegeadmissionsboardswillfindimpressive. E.Anti-homeworkcrusadesarenotnew-in1901forexampleCaliforniapassedalawabolishinghomeworkforgradesonethrougheight-buttheyhaveusuallybeenledbythesamekindsofpeoplewhichistosayelites. F.Sinceparentsaremorelikelytohavetosuperviseafirstorsecondgraderdoinghomeworkthananolderchildtheearlierlaunchingofahomeworkregimenmightfeellikeadisproportionateincreaseintheparentalworkload. G.ButthebiggeranswerIsuspectisthattheparentswetendtohearfrominthepressatschool-boardmeetingsandinInternetchatgroupstheparentswithelaborateddevelopmentallysavvycritiquesofstandardsandcurriculumsareparentswhosechildrenreallyareexperiencingatimecrunc 42
Pricesaresky-highwithprofitstomatch.Butlookingfurtheraheadtheindustryfaceswrenchingchangesaysanexpertofenergy.Thetimewhenwecouldcountoncheapoilandevencheapernaturalgasisclearlyending.ThatwasthegloomyforecastdeliveredinFebruarybyDaveO’ReillythechairmanofChevronTexacotohundredsofoilmengatheredforaconferenceinHouston.ThefollowingmonthVenezuela’sPresidentHugoChavezgleefullyechoedthesentiment:Theworldshouldforgetaboutcheapoil.Thesurgeinoilpricesfrom＄10abarrelin1998toabove＄50inearly2005haspromptedtalkofaneweraofsustainedhigherprices.Butwheneveranewerainoilishailedscepticismisinorder.Afterallthisisessentiallyacyclicalbusinessinwhichpriceshabituallyyo-yo.EvensoanunusuallyloudchorusisnowjoiningMessrsO’ReillyandChavezpointingtointriguingevidenceofanewpricefloorof＄30orperhapseven＄40.Confusinglythoughtherearealsosignsthathighoilpricesmaybecausedbyaspeculativebubblethatcouldburstquitesuddenly.Toseewhichcampisrighttwoquestionsneedanswering:whydidtheoilpricesoarAndwhatcouldkeepithighTomakemattersmorecomplicatedthereisinfactnosuchthingasasingleoilprice:rathertherearedozensofvarietiesofcrudetradingatdifferentprices.Whennewspaperswriteaboutoilpricestheyusuallymeanoneoftworeferencecrudes:BrentfromtheNorthSeaorWestTexasIntermediateWTI.ButwhenministersfromtheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECdiscusspricestheyusuallyrefertoabasketofheaviercartelcrudeswhichtradeatadiscounttoWTIandBrent.AlloilpricesmentionedinthissurveyareperbarrelofWTITherecentvolatilityinpricesisonlyoneofseveralchallengesfacingtheoilindustry.AlthoughatfirstsightBigOilseemstobeinrudehealthpostingrecordprofitsthissurveywillarguethatthewesternoilmajorswillhavetheirworkcutouttocopewiththeriseofresourcenationalismwhichthreatenstochokeoffaccesstonewoilreserves.Thisisessentialtoreplacetheirexistingreserveswhicharerapidlydeclining.Theywillalsohavetorespondtoeffortsbygovernmentstodealwithoil’sseriousenvironmentalandgeopoliticalside-effects.Togetherthesechallengescouldyetwipeouttheoilmajors.Intheauthor’sopinionthekeytooilpriceis______.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Todayhardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenationeitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.46Theopinionswhichwerecurrentahundredyearsagothatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorancelackofresponsibilityareoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountriesasystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistence生活维持费incaseofunemploymentsicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethateveniftheseconditionsarenotpresenteveryonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist维持生活inotherwordshecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany"reason".47Iwouldsuggesthoweverthatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftimelet’ssaytwoyearssoastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesankindofsocialobligation. ThismaysoundlikeafantasticproposalbutsoIthinkourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupportpeoplewouldnotwork.48Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actuallyasidefromabnormallylazypeopletherewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimumandwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork. 49Howeverthesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarveworkwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase. 50Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife. Theopinionswhichwerecurrentahundredyearsagothatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorancelackofresponsibilityareoutdated
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
EveryspringmigratingsalmonreturntoBritishColumbia’sriverstospawn.Andeveryspringnewreportsdetailfreshdisastersthatbefallthem.Thisyearisnodifferent;ThefisheriescommitteeofCanada’sHouseofCommonsandaformerchiefjusticeofBritishColumbiaBryanWilliamshavejust.examinedseparatelywhy1.3msockeyesalmonmysteriouslydisappearedfromthefamedFraserriverfisheryin2004.TheirconclusionspointtoapoliticallyexplosiveconflictbetweenthesurvivalofsalmonandtherightsofFirstNationsasCanadianscallIndians.In2004onlyabout524000salmonarethoughttohavereturnedtothespawninggroundsbarelymorethanaquarterthenumberwhomadeitfouryearsearlier.Highwatertemperaturesmayhavekilledmany.TheHouseofCommonsalsolambastedthefederalDepartmentofFisheriesandOceansDFOforpoorscientificdataandforfailingtoenforcecatchlevels.Foursimilarreportssince1992havecalledforthedepartment’sreform.Invain:itsseniorofficialsareindenialaboutitsfailingssaidthecommittee.MrWilliams’reportaddedamoreshockingtwist.HeconcludedthatillegalfishingontheFraserriverisrampantandoutofcontrolwithno-gozoneswherefisheriesofficersare’toldnottoconfrontIndianpoachersforfearofviolence.ThejudgecomplainedthattheDFOwithheldareportbyoneofitsinvestigatorswhichdetailedextensivepoachingandsaleofsalmonbymembersoftheCheamFirstNationsomeofwhomwerearmed.SomeFirstNationsclaimanunrestrictedrighttofishandselltheircatch.Canada’sconstitutionacknowledgestheaboriginalrighttofishforfoodandforsocialandceremonialneedsbutnotageneralcommercialright.OntheFraserhowevertheDFOhasgrantedIndiansaspecialcommercialfishery.Tosome.Indianseventhatisnotenough.BothreportscalledformorefundsfortheDFOtoimprovedatacollectionandenforcement.TheyalsorecommendedreturningtoasinglelegalregimeforcommercialfishingapplyingtoallCanadians.OnApril14thGeoffReganthefederalfisheriesministerrespondedtotwopreviousreportsfromayearago.OnefromaFirstNationsgroupsuggestedgivingnativesarisingshareofthecatch.Theotherproposedanewquotasystemforfishinglicencesandtheconclusionoflong-standingtalksontreatiesincludingfishingrightswithFirstNations.MrRegansaidhisdepartmentwouldspendthisyearconsultingstakeholdersnativescommercialandsportfishermen.ItwillalsolaunchpilotprojectsaimedatimprovingconservationenforcementandFirstNations’accesstofisheries.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Todayhardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenationeitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.46Theopinionswhichwerecurrentahundredyearsagothatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorancelackofresponsibilityareoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountriesasystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistence生活维持费incaseofunemploymentsicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethateveniftheseconditionsarenotpresenteveryonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist维持生活inotherwordshecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany"reason".47Iwouldsuggesthoweverthatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftimelet’ssaytwoyearssoastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesankindofsocialobligation. ThismaysoundlikeafantasticproposalbutsoIthinkourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupportpeoplewouldnotwork.48Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actuallyasidefromabnormallylazypeopletherewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimumandwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork. 49Howeverthesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarveworkwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase. 50Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife. Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actuallyasidefromabnormallylazypeopletherewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimumandwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.
EveryspringmigratingsalmonreturntoBritishColumbia’sriverstospawn.Andeveryspringnewreportsdetailfreshdisastersthatbefallthem.Thisyearisnodifferent;ThefisheriescommitteeofCanada’sHouseofCommonsandaformerchiefjusticeofBritishColumbiaBryanWilliamshavejust.examinedseparatelywhy1.3msockeyesalmonmysteriouslydisappearedfromthefamedFraserriverfisheryin2004.TheirconclusionspointtoapoliticallyexplosiveconflictbetweenthesurvivalofsalmonandtherightsofFirstNationsasCanadianscallIndians.In2004onlyabout524000salmonarethoughttohavereturnedtothespawninggroundsbarelymorethanaquarterthenumberwhomadeitfouryearsearlier.Highwatertemperaturesmayhavekilledmany.TheHouseofCommonsalsolambastedthefederalDepartmentofFisheriesandOceansDFOforpoorscientificdataandforfailingtoenforcecatchlevels.Foursimilarreportssince1992havecalledforthedepartment’sreform.Invain:itsseniorofficialsareindenialaboutitsfailingssaidthecommittee.MrWilliams’reportaddedamoreshockingtwist.HeconcludedthatillegalfishingontheFraserriverisrampantandoutofcontrolwithno-gozoneswherefisheriesofficersare’toldnottoconfrontIndianpoachersforfearofviolence.ThejudgecomplainedthattheDFOwithheldareportbyoneofitsinvestigatorswhichdetailedextensivepoachingandsaleofsalmonbymembersoftheCheamFirstNationsomeofwhomwerearmed.SomeFirstNationsclaimanunrestrictedrighttofishandselltheircatch.Canada’sconstitutionacknowledgestheaboriginalrighttofishforfoodandforsocialandceremonialneedsbutnotageneralcommercialright.OntheFraserhowevertheDFOhasgrantedIndiansaspecialcommercialfishery.Tosome.Indianseventhatisnotenough.BothreportscalledformorefundsfortheDFOtoimprovedatacollectionandenforcement.TheyalsorecommendedreturningtoasinglelegalregimeforcommercialfishingapplyingtoallCanadians.OnApril14thGeoffReganthefederalfisheriesministerrespondedtotwopreviousreportsfromayearago.OnefromaFirstNationsgroupsuggestedgivingnativesarisingshareofthecatch.Theotherproposedanewquotasystemforfishinglicencesandtheconclusionoflong-standingtalksontreatiesincludingfishingrightswithFirstNations.MrRegansaidhisdepartmentwouldspendthisyearconsultingstakeholdersnativescommercialandsportfishermen.ItwillalsolaunchpilotprojectsaimedatimprovingconservationenforcementandFirstNations’accesstofisheries.TheexplosiveconflictinParagraph1refersto______.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
41____________.Thesynthetic合成的polymer聚合的deviceisthefirstflexiblehydrophilie吸水的artificialcorneatobeproducedandinsertedintoahuman.Itistheproductof8yearsworkbyresearchersattheLionsEyeInstituteoftheUniversityofWA’SDepartmentofOphthalmicBiomaterials. 42____________."Firsttheplasticmaterialusedtoconstructtheartificialcorneaabsorbswaterandbecomeselasticandsoftlikehumantissue."Prof.ChirialtoldAustralianScience."Asecondnovelcharacteristicisthattheperiphery外围isaspongewithporesallowinghosttissuetogrowintoit.Thirdthedeviceusesinterpenetrating渗透polymernetworkstolinkthecentraltransparentareawiththenon-transparentperiphery." 43____________. Thefirstrecipient接纳者ofthedevicea79-year-oldWAmanwhowasblindinoneeyecannowreadlargeprint.Afurthereightpatientsareawaitingthetechnicallychallengingtwo-stepprocedurewiththefirstduetobeoperatedonthismonth. 44____________.Manypatientsadmittedtothetrialhaveexperiencedrejectionofprevioushumancornealgraftsduetoanimmunereactionormedicalsyndrome.Inotherswhohavehadachemicalburntoaneyetheartificialgraftofferstheironlyhopeofrestoredvision. AsenioropthalmologistwiththeteamDr.GeoffreyCrawfordsaidtheartificialcorneawasapromisingdevelopmentforpeopleinunderdevelopedcountrieswhereanabsenceofeyebanksmeantthatlessthan1%ofthoseneedingahumancornealgraftevergetone.45____________. [A]ItisnovelinthreewaysaccordingtoitsdesignerRomanian-trainedpolymerchemistProfessorTrainanChirialwhosetupthedepartmentin1986. [B]Thedeviceisdesignedtoreplaceadiseasedordamagedcorneaorafailedhumangraftandcangivebacksighttosomepatients. [C]Theartificialcorneawasmadefromatransparentmatrixofcollagenandasyntheticpolymer. [D]Beforethedevicecanbemarketedaninternationaltrialofatleast50patientsinfivecentersworldwideneedstobecompletedsuccessfully. [E]Howeverheconcededthatthecostofthedevicewouldneedtofalldramaticallyforittobeusedinanywidespreadway. [F]Heexplainedthatmaterialinthecenterandperipheryhaveanidenticalchemicalcompositionbutareproducedbydifferentchemicalprocesseshencetheirdifferentlight-transmittingqualities. [G]WesternAustralianresearchershavepatentedanartificialcorneawiththepotentialtobenefitblindorpartiallysightedindividualsworldwide. 42
EveryspringmigratingsalmonreturntoBritishColumbia’sriverstospawn.Andeveryspringnewreportsdetailfreshdisastersthatbefallthem.Thisyearisnodifferent;ThefisheriescommitteeofCanada’sHouseofCommonsandaformerchiefjusticeofBritishColumbiaBryanWilliamshavejust.examinedseparatelywhy1.3msockeyesalmonmysteriouslydisappearedfromthefamedFraserriverfisheryin2004.TheirconclusionspointtoapoliticallyexplosiveconflictbetweenthesurvivalofsalmonandtherightsofFirstNationsasCanadianscallIndians.In2004onlyabout524000salmonarethoughttohavereturnedtothespawninggroundsbarelymorethanaquarterthenumberwhomadeitfouryearsearlier.Highwatertemperaturesmayhavekilledmany.TheHouseofCommonsalsolambastedthefederalDepartmentofFisheriesandOceansDFOforpoorscientificdataandforfailingtoenforcecatchlevels.Foursimilarreportssince1992havecalledforthedepartment’sreform.Invain:itsseniorofficialsareindenialaboutitsfailingssaidthecommittee.MrWilliams’reportaddedamoreshockingtwist.HeconcludedthatillegalfishingontheFraserriverisrampantandoutofcontrolwithno-gozoneswherefisheriesofficersare’toldnottoconfrontIndianpoachersforfearofviolence.ThejudgecomplainedthattheDFOwithheldareportbyoneofitsinvestigatorswhichdetailedextensivepoachingandsaleofsalmonbymembersoftheCheamFirstNationsomeofwhomwerearmed.SomeFirstNationsclaimanunrestrictedrighttofishandselltheircatch.Canada’sconstitutionacknowledgestheaboriginalrighttofishforfoodandforsocialandceremonialneedsbutnotageneralcommercialright.OntheFraserhowevertheDFOhasgrantedIndiansaspecialcommercialfishery.Tosome.Indianseventhatisnotenough.BothreportscalledformorefundsfortheDFOtoimprovedatacollectionandenforcement.TheyalsorecommendedreturningtoasinglelegalregimeforcommercialfishingapplyingtoallCanadians.OnApril14thGeoffReganthefederalfisheriesministerrespondedtotwopreviousreportsfromayearago.OnefromaFirstNationsgroupsuggestedgivingnativesarisingshareofthecatch.Theotherproposedanewquotasystemforfishinglicencesandtheconclusionoflong-standingtalksontreatiesincludingfishingrightswithFirstNations.MrRegansaidhisdepartmentwouldspendthisyearconsultingstakeholdersnativescommercialandsportfishermen.ItwillalsolaunchpilotprojectsaimedatimprovingconservationenforcementandFirstNations’accesstofisheries.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonforthedecreaseofsalmonaccordingtoMrWilliams
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically"proved"byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Todayhardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenationeitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.46Theopinionswhichwerecurrentahundredyearsagothatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorancelackofresponsibilityareoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountriesasystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistence生活维持费incaseofunemploymentsicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethateveniftheseconditionsarenotpresenteveryonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist维持生活inotherwordshecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany"reason".47Iwouldsuggesthoweverthatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftimelet’ssaytwoyearssoastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesankindofsocialobligation. ThismaysoundlikeafantasticproposalbutsoIthinkourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupportpeoplewouldnotwork.48Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature;actuallyasidefromabnormallylazypeopletherewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimumandwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork. 49Howeverthesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarveworkwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase. 50Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife. Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Asia’srealboat-rockerisagrowingChinanotJapanaseniorAmericaneconomistobserved.Thereissomuchnoisesurroundingandemanatingfromthe’world’smiracleeconomythatitisbecomingcacophonous.InWashingtonDCthelatestideaisthatChinaisbecomingtoosuccessfulperhapsevendangerouslyso:whileCapitolHillresoundswithcomplaintsoftradesurplusesandcurrencymanipulationthePentagonandsundrythink-tanksechotoanewdrumbeatofanalystsworryingaboutChina’s12.6%annumriseinmilitaryspendingandaboutwhetheritmightsoonhavetheabilitytotakepre-emptivemilitaryactiontoforceTaiwantorejoinit.SoitmaybenocoincidencethatforthreeconsecutiveweekendsthestreetsofbigChinesecitieshavebeenfilledwiththesoundsofdemonstratorsmarchingandrocksbeingthrownallseekingtosendadifferentmessage:thatJapanistheprobleminAsianotChinabecauseofitswantonfailuretofaceuptoitshistory;andthatbycosyinguptoJapaninsecuritymattersAmericaisallyingwithAsia’spariah.Deafnessisnottheonlyriskfromallthisnoise.ThepressuretowardsprotectionisminWashingtonisstrongandcouldputinfurtherdangernotonlytradewithChinabutalsothewiderclimatefortradeliberalizationintheD0haroundoftheWorldTradeOrganisationWTO.SofarwordshavebeenthemainweaponsusedbetweenChinaandJapanbutthereisachancethatnationalismineitherorbothcountriescouldleadthegovernmentstostrikeconfrontationalposesovertheirterritorialdisputesintheseasthatdividethemeveninvolvingtheirnavies.AndthemorethatnationalistpositionsbecomeentrenchedinbothcountriesbutespeciallyChinathemorethatstreetprotestscouldbecomestirredupperhapstowardsmoreviolence.ArevaluationoftheyuanasdemandedinCongresswouldnotre-balancetradebetweenAmericaandChinathoughitmighthelpalittleinduecourse.AsincereapologybyJapanforitswartimeatrocitiesmightalsohelpalittlebutitwouldnotsuddenlyturnAsia’snaturalgreat-powerrivalsintobosom’buddies.Alltheseissuesarecomplexonesandasisoftenthecaseintradeandin.historicaldisputesfindingsolutionsislikelytobefarfromsimple.Judgingfromthecontextthewordthink-tanksLine5Par
Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology’sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that"98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic"7"86percentsaythey’never’or’rarely’speak8wirelessphones"whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior. Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGotfmanobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingaboutpeoplewhoare"14contact"insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17.adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdon’talwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
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