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A. Periodicals in initial stage B. The function of periodicals C. Newspapers and other periodica...
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[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionof
A.Periodicalsininitialstage B.Thefunctionofpe
[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionof
[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionof
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PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheading
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[A]Periodicalsininitialstage [B]Thefunctionof
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A.Periodicalsininitialstage B.Thefunctionofpe
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A.Periodicalsininitialstage B.Thefunctionofpe
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Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 14
GeorgeBernardShawoncewrote:Thereisnolovesincererthantheloveoffood.Thatlovehaslimitshowever.Inthinyearsdinersvaluetheirwalletsovertheirpalates.VisitstoposhrestaurantsinAmericadeclinedby15%betweenMay2008andMaythisyearaccordingtotheNPDGrouparesearchfirm.Fast-foodrestaurantsontheotherhandsawtrafficdeclineonly2%.Tolureeatersbackmanyfinerestaurantshavedonewhatluxurybrandshatetodo:haveacut-pricesale.SomeofferdiscountstothosewhodineatunpopulartimessuchasearlyintheeveningoronSunday.RestaurantWeekatwice-yearlytraditioninNewYorkCitywhererestaurantsofferdiscountedprix-fixedmenusatlunchanddinnerwasextendedbysixweeksthissummer.Thismayhelp.The21ClubafancyjointinManhattanusuallyseesitsbusinessincreasebyaround25%～40%duringRestaurantWeeksaysBryanMcGuireitsgeneralmanager.ManyrestaurantshavealsoturnedtotheInternet.GiltandRueLaLatwopopularonlineshoppingsitesthatofferheavydiscountsondesignerclothinghavestartedtopeddlemealsatfancyrestaurantstoo.Giltforexamplerecentlysoldafour-coursemealattheTribecaGrillarestaurantownedbyRobertDeNiroanactorfor$16036%off.Shoppingsitesliketheseattractimage-consciousrestaurantsbecauseonlythesite’smemberscanseethattherestauranthasstartedtoofferleanerprices.AnotherwebsiteGrouponhasgainedpopularityamongrestaurantsasawaytobringinnewcustomers.Thecompanyoffersadailydiscountineachofthe140AmericanandEuropeancitieswhereitoperates.Some40%ofitspromotionsareforrestaurants.Thedealscanbegenerous:someoffer$50-worthoffoodandwinefor$25.Thedealonlygoesintoeffecthoweverifenoughpeoplebuyit.SopeopleprodtheirFacebookfriendstojointhefeedingfrenzy.Thistypeofcollectivebuyinghascaughton.Sincethefirmstartedin2008ithasbrokeredthesaleofmorethan8.8mgrouponsandsavedcustomersaround$375m.LaCondesaarestaurantinAustinhassold3000groupons.ItbringsalotofpeopleintotherestaurantwhowouldneverhavecomeinsaysJesseHermananexecutive.Tastyofferingsaboundonline.OpenTableawebsiteallowspeopletobookatablewithouthavingtopleadwithasnootyhostess.Italsomakesiteasierforrestaurantstotrackcustomers.SeamlessWeballowspeopleinAmericaandBritaintosearchonlinefornearbyeateriesandordertheirfooddelivered.Evenswankyrestaurantshavestartedtotakepartbettingthatsomepeoplemightwanttoeathautecuisinewithoutdressingfortheoccasion.ButSeamlessWebtakesacutofrestaurants’salesforbringingthembusinesssorestaurantshavetodecidewhether’it’sbettertostayhungryforcustomersorsharepartoftheirmealwithsomeoneelse.WhatcanwelearnfromtheexampleofGilt
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 8
Thenotionthatwemightneednuclearenergytostaveoffglobalwarmingmakesmewanttolaughandcryatthesametime.Itisaself-fulfillingprophecythatbeganwhenRonaldReagantookofficein1981andpromptlyremovedJimmyCarter’ssolarpanelsfromtheWhiteHouseroof.46Itwasnotsimplyasymbolicact.Reaganalsoslashedalternativeenergyfundingsodeeplythatitvirtuallyputthesolarindustryoutofbusiness. 47AlternativesarehamperedtodaybecauseReaganwasdoingthenwhatBushisdoingnow:servingtheinterestsofbigoilwhichseekstosqueezeouteverylastdropofprofitfromfossilfuels.ThewarinIraqandotherforeignpolicyactionstodaycontinuewiththataim. Andnuclearisnotunlikeoilinthatitisaverycentralizedindustrycontrolledbyafewcompanies.Itwillenrichthefewandfurtherhamperprogressforrenewables.48Adecentralizedenergyfuturewillbefarbetterforaneconomythatwantstofloatallboatsnotjustyachtswhilenothavingsomanyenergyeggsinonebasket.Thatnuclearmightbelonginthemixrightnowisonlyduetotheclimatepredicamentweareinbecauseofourpastsins.Ifundertakenatallitshouldonlybeabridgea"necessaryevil"toafuturepoweredinsteadbymanyformsofsafecleanenergysources. Muchishappeningnowinthatregardspurredbyouralmostsuddenacceptancethatglobalwarmingisreal.Seattlewantstoharnessoceanpowerandprovideelectricityfor60000homes.SimilarprojectsareplannedfromAlaskatoNewYork.49Windpowerhasquadrupledsince2000andthoughwindisnowonlyonepercentoftheU.S.powergriditispoisedforaquantumleap;offshorewindprojectsareinvariousstagesofdevelopmentinMarylandTexasMassachusettsNewYorkandelsewhere.Hydrogen-andelectric-poweredcarsarealsolikelytocomeonlinemorequicklythanweimaginedevenfiveyearsago. Nuclearhasfartoomanyproblemsnottheleastofwhichisitswastewhichwillonlybecomeabiggerproblemifitsuseproliferates.Thewastestaysradioactiveforthousandsofyearsandhastobeburiedunderground.50Evenifplansfordoingthatareeverrealizeddeadlywastewillneedtobetransportedacrossthecountrythroughcommunitiessubjectingpeopletounacceptablerisks.Nuclearisalsostillalargeaccidentrisk.Industryproponentsclaimthatnuclearissafertodaythaneverbeforebutevenasmallmalfunctionorleakcouldhavedevastatingeffects.AndevenifChernobyl-stylemeltdownsarenotlikelynuclearfacilitiesstillemitlow-levelradiationapotentiallyseriouspublichealthconcern. 50Evenifplansfordoingthatareeverrealizeddeadlywastewillneedtobetransportedacrossthecountrythroughcommunitiessubjectingpeopletounacceptablerisks.Nuclearisalsostillalargeaccidentrisk.
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 20
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 10
AsyoucrestariseonMississippi’sHighway63justnorthofPascagoulaandtheGulfcoastthevistaunfolds.Acalmbrownwaterwayflowsbeneaththebridgeinterlacedwithpalm-treedfingersofland;achaosofwatertowerscranesandderricksisrevealedinthedistance.Thenearviewgivestheregionitscharm;thedistantonesustainsit.Theoilindustryandshipbuildingboththrivealongthecoast.41 SignalInternationalamarine-fabricationfirmbroughtaround500weldersandpipefittersfromIndia—mostofthemfromthesouthernstateofKeralamanyofwhomhadlabouredinvariousArabGulfstates—toworkinitsshipyardsinPascagoulaandOrangeTexas.TheworkersallegethattheypaidexorbitantsumstorecruitersinIndiaupto$20000whopromisedthemgreencards.Butoncetheyarrivedtheywereharassedintimidatedandkeptincrampedandisolatedconditions.42 43TheyliketheIndianswerebroughttoAmericaonH-2Bvisasgivenfortemporaryemploymentinnon-agriculturalfields. LikemuchofAmerica’sricketyimmigrationsystemtheH-2Bprogrammedrawsscornfromallsides.Companiesinsuchindustriesasforestryandfisheriesdependheavilyonguestworkers.Butsince1990theH-2Bhasbeencappedatapaltry66000ayear.Evenwithexemptionsforworkerswhoextendtheirvisasthatcaphasbeenhiteveryyearbutone.In2008Americancompaniesrequestednearly294000H-2Bs.UnionsfortheirpartfretthatguestworkerstakejobsfromwillingAmericansaswellasdrivingdownwagesandbenefits.Andimmigrant-rightsadvocatespointtothepotentialforabuseinherentintheprogramme.44Theirvisasaretiedtotheirjobswhichdeterscomplaint. MaryBauerthelegaldirectoroftheSouthernPovertyLawCentreacivil-rightsprogrammethathasrepresentednumerousH-2BplaintiffsincludingtheIndianworkerssuingSignalsaysthattemporaryworkersappealtoemployersbecause"theycannotworkforanybodyelse.Theyhavetoacceptanytermsimposedonthem.Theyhavetoborrowasubstantialamountofmoneytogethereandalmostanythingaskedofthemtheyfeelobligatedtotolerateanddo." Thingsmaybegettingbetter.InFebruarySuperiorForestryServicewhichprovidestheforestindustrywithimmigrantworkersagreedtoa$2.75msettlementinasuitbroughtby2200workerswhoclaimedtheywereshort-changedonwagesthecompanydeniesmalfeasance.45Itwon’tmakeeveryonehappybutatleastitshouldmakesomepeopleabitlessunhappy. A.AlthoughtemporaryagriculturalworkersareguaranteedhousingtravelexpensesfirmhoursofworkandaccesstolawyersH-2Bvisa-holdersarepromisedonlyprevailinglocalwages. B.TheyarenowsuingbothSignalandtherecruiterswhoarealsobeingsuedbySignal—whichclaimsthattheymisledthecompanyaswellastheworkers. C.FurthermoreforAmericancorporationsthemoreworkersfromoverseastheypossessthemorebenefitstheyget. D.Butthepopulationhaswaneddisplacedbyhurricanessocompaniesmustlookelsewherefortheirworkers.Theresultsarenotalwayshappyones. E.Howeverlessworkersareneededinsomecorporationssuchasforestryandfisheriesthathaveenoughstafffromimmigrants. F.AndinDecember2009BernieSandersasenatorfromVermontintroducedabillthatwouldprovideguestworkerswithtravelexpensesandaccesstolawyersregulateforeignrecruitersandpreventcompaniesthathavemassivelylaidofflocalstafffromhiringimmigrants. G.JustwestofPascagoulainGulfportagroupofBrazilianweldersandpipefittershavemadesimilarallegationsagainstanothermarine-fabricationfirm. 42
HaveyoueverconsideredwhatmakesagoodbossgoodTheanswertothatquestionisadmittedlymercurialasoneperson’sviewofatopnotchemployerwilldifferfromsomebodyelse’s.Howeverthereareanumberoftraitsattitudesandabilitiesthatarecommontoallgoodbosses.Moreovertheneedforsolidleadershipskillsisespeciallytellingwithsmallerbusinesses. "Beingagoodbossisimportantinanyorganizationbutit’sparticularlyimportantforsmallbusiness"saysRobSheehandirectorofexecutiveeducationattheJamesMacGregorBurnsAcademyofLeadershipattheUniversityofMaryland."Withsmallerbusinessesyoureallyhavetheopportunitytosetthetonefortheentirecompany." Bearinginmindtheimportanceofgoodleadershiptobusinessconsiderthefollowinglineupofskillsstrategiesandattributes: 41 Withasmalleroperationit’sessentialthateveryonefeelslikeanequalandinvolvedpartoftheteam.Agoodemployeriscertaintotreateachemployeefairlynotonlyintermsofsalaryandotherformsofcompensationbutalsoinhowthatemployeeisinvolvedinthedailyfunctionofthebusiness.Encouragefeedbackinnovationandcreativitysoemployeesfeelgenuinelyengaged. "Youneedtocreateanenvironmentofintegritytrustandrespecttomakeabsolutelycertainthateveryoneistreatedfairlyregardlessofthedifferencestheymayhave"saysSheehan. 42 Veryfewbusinessesoperateoutofsheeraltruismbutthat’snottosaythatturningaprofitistheprimaryphilosophicalandpracticalfocus.Ratheraneffectivebossestablishesagenuinebusinessmission.Howthattakesshapedependsbothonthebusinessandontheoverridingfocusthebosswantstoset. Forinstancearestaurantownermaypushspeedylunchtimeserviceasawayofservingthetime-strappedbusinesscommunity.Bycontrastamedicalsupplyoutfitmayemphasizehowitsproductsimprovecustomers’health.Notonlycanaclearmissionresponsibilityservetomotivateemployeesitcanalsoinfuseasenseofimportanceintheirjobs. 43 Manyofushavehadbosseswhowouldberightathomewithaknifenexttotheirdeskcalendars.Makeonemistakeonthejobandfeeltreetoslipyourheadrightinbeneaththeblade.Converselyaneffectivebossencourageshisorheremployeesnottobegun-shyaboutanoccasionalchaosalongtheroadtowardbetterjobperformance. "Thisrequiresamentalitythatencourageslearningratherthanbeingafraidofmakingamistake.Trysomethingnewanddifferentbutknowwe’renotgoingtokilleachotherifthingsdon’tworkout"saysSheehan."IwasaswimmerincollegeandIswamfastwhenIimaginedasharkwasafterme.IswamjustasfastwhenIimaginedIwasintheOlympics.It’saquestionofwhatyouwanttofocuson." 44 Don’tforgetthatthepeoplewhoworkforyouarelookingtoyoutohelpthemnavigateandadvancetheircareers.AsIsaidit’snotallaboutmoney.Butitisallaboutmakingyouremployeesseehowtoimproveandcreatemeaningfulcareersforthemselves. Ifanemployeehasagoalofbecomingamanagerorrunninghisorherownbusinesssomedaynurturethatgoal.Tellthemthetraitstheyneedtoworkontoachievetheirultimateplans. 45 Onefinalaspectofbeingagoodbossisrecognizingthatmuchofwhatgoesintobeinganeffectivereaderisinfactlearnedbehavior.Ofcoursetherealwayshavebeenandwillbebosseswhoseemtohaveaflawlesstouchinleadingandmotivating.Butforeverynaturaltherearejustasmanytop-flightbosseswhogotthatwaybyattendingmanagementclassesandseminarsreadingbooksoneffectiveleadershipandjustasimportantunderstandingthatagoodemployernaturallyattractsfirst-rateemployees. "Peoplecandefinitelydevelopgoodleadershipcapabilities"saysSheehan."Toacertaindegreeweallhaveinnatetraitsthatmakeusgoodbosses.Allyoureallyhavetodoisworktodevelopthosetraitstotheirutmost." A.Goodemployergoodemployees. B.Beinclusive. C.Madenotnecessarilyborn. D.Nothingtofearbutfearitself. E.Missionnotjustmoney. F.Thefocusthebosswantstoset. G.It’stheircareerstoo. 44
Menaregenerallybetterthanwomenontestsofspatialabilitysuchasmentallyrotatinganobjectthroughthreedimensionsorfindingtheirwayaroundinanewenvironment.Butanewstudysuggeststhatundersomecircumstancesawoman’swayofnavigatingisprobablymoreefficient.LuisPacheco-CobosoftheNationalAutonomousUniversityofMexicoandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthisbyfollowingmushroomgatherersfromavillageinthestateofTlaxcalafortworainyseasons.TworesearcherseachfittedwithGPSnavigationdevicesandheart-ratemonitorsfolloweddifferentgatherersondifferentdays.Theyrecordedtheweightofthemushroomseachgatherercollectedandwheretheyvisited.TheGPSdataallowedamaptobemadeoftheroutestakenandtheheart-ratemeasurementsprovidedanestimateoftheamountofenergyexpendedduringtheirtravels.TheresultstobepublishedinEvolutionandHumanBehaviorshowthatthemenandwomencollectedonaverageaboutthesameweightofmushrooms.Butthementravelledfartherclimbedhigherandusedalotmoreenergy—70%moretitanthewomen.Themendidnotmoveanyfasterbuttheysearchedforspotswithlotsofmushrooms.Thewomenmademanymorestopsapparentlysatisfiedwithorperhapsbelieratfindingpatchesoffewermushrooms.Previousworkhasshownthatmentendtonavigatebycreatingmentalmapsofaterritoryandthenimaginingtheirpositiononthemaps.Womenaremorelikelytoremembertheirmutesusinglandmarks.Thestudylendssupporttotheideathatmaleandfemalenavigationalskillswerehoneddifferentlybyevolutionfordifferenttasks.Modern-dayhunter-gatherersdividelaborsothatmentendtodomorehuntingandwomenmoregathering.Itseemslikelythatearlyhumansdidmuchthesamething.Thetheoryisthatthemalestrategyisthemostusefulforhuntingprey;chasinganantelopesaywouldmeanrunningalongwayoverawindingmute.Buthavingkilledhispreythehunterwouldwanttomakeabeelineforhomeratherthanretracehisstepsexactly.Womenbycontrastwouldbebetteroffrememberinglandmarksandretracingthepathstothemostproductivepatchesofplants.Theresearchsuggeststhatincertaincircumstanceswomenarebetteratnavigatingthanmenwhichmightlendsomecomforttoamandesperatelysearchingforaniteminasupermarketwhilehisexasperatedwifemethodicallymovesaroundtheaislesfillingtheshoppingtrolley.Heissimplynotcutoutforthejobevolutionarilyspeaking.Whataccountsforthedifferencebetweenwomenandmeninthenavigationalskill
Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyeverweretheyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlitteredwiththedebrisofdeadsatellitesbitsofoldrocketsandtheoddtoolsdroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchistheextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollisionbetweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.IthappenedinFebruary2009whenadefunctRussianCosmossmashedintoafunctioningAmericanIridiumdestroyingbothandcreatingevenmorespacejunk.TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasoftheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandhasdesignedasystemthatwillremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheirusefullives—andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasitdoesso.Dr.Lappas’ssatellite-removalsystememploysasolarsail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesailitimpartsaminusculebutcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationtokeepthesatelliteinorbit.Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresultofcollisionswiththesmallnumberofairmoleculesfoundevenataltitudesnormallyclassifiedasouterspace.Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftinthisway—severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesailsfailedtounfurlproperly—butdoingsoisnotanovelideainprinciple.ThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangetheangleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Insteadofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbititwilloverthecourseofacoupleofyearsdragitintotheatmosphereandthustoafieryend.Notonlythatbutthesailwillalsoactlikeahandkerchiefmoppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchasflecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches:Afleckofpaintmaynotsounddangerousbutiftravellingat27000kph170OOmphasitwouldbeinorbititcouldeasilypenetrateanastronaut’sspacesuit.AprototypeofDr.Lappas’sdesigncalledCubeSailwillbelaunchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kg71bandwhenfoldedupmeasures30cm12inchesby10cmby10cm.Onceunfurledhoweverthesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.IfthisprototypewhichispaidforbyEADSaEuropeanaerospacecompanyprovessuccessfulsolarsailsmightbeaddedtomanyfuturesatellites.ThatwouldenablethemtoberemovedrapidlyfromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretotheskiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 16
GeorgeBernardShawoncewrote:"Thereisnolovesincererthantheloveoffood."Thatlovehaslimitshowever.Inthinyearsdinersvaluetheirwalletsovertheirpalates.VisitstoposhrestaurantsinAmericadeclinedby15%betweenMay2008andMaythisyearaccordingtotheNPDGrouparesearchfirm.Fast-foodrestaurantsontheotherhandsawtrafficdeclineonly2%. Tolureeatersbackmanyfinerestaurantshavedonewhatluxurybrandshatetodo:haveacut-pricesale.SomeofferdiscountstothosewhodineatunpopulartimessuchasearlyintheeveningoronSunday.RestaurantWeekatwice-yearlytraditioninNewYorkCitywhererestaurantsofferdiscountedprix-fixedmenusatlunchanddinnerwasextendedbysixweeksthissummer.Thismayhelp.The21ClubafancyjointinManhattanusuallyseesitsbusinessincreasebyaround25%～40%duringRestaurantWeeksaysBryanMcGuireitsgeneralmanager. ManyrestaurantshavealsoturnedtotheInternet.GiltandRueLaLatwopopularonlineshoppingsitesthatofferheavydiscountsondesignerclothinghavestartedtopeddlemealsatfancyrestaurantstoo.Giltforexamplerecentlysoldafour-coursemealattheTribecaGrillarestaurantownedbyRobertDeNiroanactorfor$16036%off.Shoppingsitesliketheseattractimage-consciousrestaurantsbecauseonlythesite’smemberscanseethattherestauranthasstartedtoofferleanerprices. AnotherwebsiteGrouponhasgainedpopularityamongrestaurantsasawaytobringinnewcustomers.Thecompanyoffersadailydiscountineachofthe140AmericanandEuropeancitieswhereitoperates.Some40%ofitspromotionsareforrestaurants.Thedealscanbegenerous:someoffer$50-worthoffoodandwinefor$25.Thedealonlygoesintoeffecthoweverifenoughpeoplebuyit.SopeopleprodtheirFacebookfriendstojointhefeedingfrenzy.Thistypeof"collectivebuying"hascaughton.Sincethefirmstartedin2008ithasbrokeredthesaleofmorethan8.8m"groupons"andsavedcustomersaround$375m.LaCondesaarestaurantinAustinhassold3000groupons."Itbringsalotofpeopleintotherestaurantwhowouldneverhavecomein"saysJesseHermananexecutive. Tastyofferingsaboundonline.OpenTableawebsiteallowspeopletobookatablewithouthavingtopleadwithasnootyhostess.Italsomakesiteasierforrestaurantstotrackcustomers.SeamlessWeballowspeopleinAmericaandBritaintosearchonlinefornearbyeateriesandordertheirfooddelivered.Evenswankyrestaurantshavestartedtotakepartbettingthatsomepeoplemightwanttoeathautecuisinewithoutdressingfortheoccasion.ButSeamlessWebtakesacutofrestaurants’salesforbringingthembusinesssorestaurantshavetodecidewhether’it’sbettertostayhungryforcustomersorsharepartoftheirmealwithsomeoneelse. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewwaytoattractcustomersis.
Thenotionthatwemightneednuclearenergytostaveoffglobalwarmingmakesmewanttolaughandcryatthesametime.Itisaself-fulfillingprophecythatbeganwhenRonaldReagantookofficein1981andpromptlyremovedJimmyCarter’ssolarpanelsfromtheWhiteHouseroof.46Itwasnotsimplyasymbolicact.Reaganalsoslashedalternativeenergyfundingsodeeplythatitvirtuallyputthesolarindustryoutofbusiness. 47AlternativesarehamperedtodaybecauseReaganwasdoingthenwhatBushisdoingnow:servingtheinterestsofbigoilwhichseekstosqueezeouteverylastdropofprofitfromfossilfuels.ThewarinIraqandotherforeignpolicyactionstodaycontinuewiththataim. Andnuclearisnotunlikeoilinthatitisaverycentralizedindustrycontrolledbyafewcompanies.Itwillenrichthefewandfurtherhamperprogressforrenewables.48Adecentralizedenergyfuturewillbefarbetterforaneconomythatwantstofloatallboatsnotjustyachtswhilenothavingsomanyenergyeggsinonebasket.Thatnuclearmightbelonginthemixrightnowisonlyduetotheclimatepredicamentweareinbecauseofourpastsins.Ifundertakenatallitshouldonlybeabridgea"necessaryevil"toafuturepoweredinsteadbymanyformsofsafecleanenergysources. Muchishappeningnowinthatregardspurredbyouralmostsuddenacceptancethatglobalwarmingisreal.Seattlewantstoharnessoceanpowerandprovideelectricityfor60000homes.SimilarprojectsareplannedfromAlaskatoNewYork.49Windpowerhasquadrupledsince2000andthoughwindisnowonlyonepercentoftheU.S.powergriditispoisedforaquantumleap;offshorewindprojectsareinvariousstagesofdevelopmentinMarylandTexasMassachusettsNewYorkandelsewhere.Hydrogen-andelectric-poweredcarsarealsolikelytocomeonlinemorequicklythanweimaginedevenfiveyearsago. Nuclearhasfartoomanyproblemsnottheleastofwhichisitswastewhichwillonlybecomeabiggerproblemifitsuseproliferates.Thewastestaysradioactiveforthousandsofyearsandhastobeburiedunderground.50Evenifplansfordoingthatareeverrealizeddeadlywastewillneedtobetransportedacrossthecountrythroughcommunitiessubjectingpeopletounacceptablerisks.Nuclearisalsostillalargeaccidentrisk.Industryproponentsclaimthatnuclearissafertodaythaneverbeforebutevenasmallmalfunctionorleakcouldhavedevastatingeffects.AndevenifChernobyl-stylemeltdownsarenotlikelynuclearfacilitiesstillemitlow-levelradiationapotentiallyseriouspublichealthconcern. 48Adecentralizedenergyfuturewillbefarbetterforaneconomythatwantstofloatallboatsnotjustyachtswhilenothavingsomanyenergyeggsinonebasket.Thatnuclearmightbelonginthemixrightnowisonlyduetotheclimatepredicamentweareinbecauseofourpastsins.
Weusedtothinkthattheleftbraincontrolledyourthinkingandthattherightbraincontrolledyourheart.Butneuroscientistshavelearnedthatit’salotmorecomplicated.In2007aninfluentialpaperinthejournalBehavioralandBrainFunctionsfoundthatwhilemostofusprocessemotionsthroughtherighthemisphereofthebrainabout35%ofpeople—especiallyvictimsoftrauma—processtheirhurtandangerthroughtheirleftbrainwherelogicandlanguagesit.Thatmaybebecausetheyhadworkedsohardtoexplainlogicallywhytheyweresuffering.Butpushingemotionsthroughtheleftbraintaxedit:thesepeopleperformedsignificantlyworseonmemorytests.Nowanewpaper—outintheSeptemberissueofTheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease—furthercomplicatesthepicturewithasurprisingfinding:whetheryouareright-handedleft-handedorambidextrouswhichtheauthorscallratherdelightfullyinconsistentlyhandedseemstobeanimportantclueinunderstandinghowyouuseyourbraintoprocessemotions.It’sbeenknownforsometimethatleftiesandtheambidextrousaremorepronetonegativeemotions.Thenewstudyshowsthattheyalsohaveagreaterimbalanceinactivitybetweentheleftandrightbrainswhentheyprocessemotions.Ofcourseyoucan’tbesurewhichcomesfirst:maybeangrypeoplearemoreoutofbalanceormaybetheinabilitytofindequilibriummakesyouangry.Asfortheleft-handed:maybethey’remoreangrybecausetheworldisdesignedfortheright-handedmajority.Thestudyalsousedaninterestingmethodtofindthatangrypeopleareliterallyhot-headed:theauthorsofthepaper—ledbyRuthPropperapsychologyprofessoratMerrimackCollegeinMassachusetts-measuredbrain-hemisphereactivationwitharelativelyoldmethodcalledtympanicmembranetemperaturewhichisessentiallyhowhotitisinyourinnerear.Ifyougetangryalotyourheadtendstobewarmer.Oneproblemisthatthestudywassmall—just55undergraduatesparticipatedtheywerepaid$20eachforhavingtoendureear-temperaturetestsandpsychologicalquestioning.AlsoTheJournalofNervousandMentalDiseasewhilepeer-reviewedisoneofless-respectedpsychologyjournals.StillIlikethestudyjustbecauseitexplainsthatwhenyougethotunderthecollaryouareactuallyhotunderthecollar.Accordingtothetextwhichonetheauthorholdsistrue
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 4
Menaregenerallybetterthanwomenontestsofspatialabilitysuchasmentallyrotatinganobjectthroughthreedimensionsorfindingtheirwayaroundinanewenvironment.Butanewstudysuggeststhatundersomecircumstancesawoman’swayofnavigatingisprobablymoreefficient.LuisPacheco-CobosoftheNationalAutonomousUniversityofMexicoandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthisbyfollowingmushroomgatherersfromavillageinthestateofTlaxcalafortworainyseasons.TworesearcherseachfittedwithGPSnavigationdevicesandheart-ratemonitorsfolloweddifferentgatherersondifferentdays.Theyrecordedtheweightofthemushroomseachgatherercollectedandwheretheyvisited.TheGPSdataallowedamaptobemadeoftheroutestakenandtheheart-ratemeasurementsprovidedanestimateoftheamountofenergyexpendedduringtheirtravels.TheresultstobepublishedinEvolutionandHumanBehaviorshowthatthemenandwomencollectedonaverageaboutthesameweightofmushrooms.Butthementravelledfartherclimbedhigherandusedalotmoreenergy—70%moretitanthewomen.Themendidnotmoveanyfasterbuttheysearchedforspotswithlotsofmushrooms.Thewomenmademanymorestopsapparentlysatisfiedwithorperhapsbelieratfindingpatchesoffewermushrooms.Previousworkhasshownthatmentendtonavigatebycreatingmentalmapsofaterritoryandthenimaginingtheirpositiononthemaps.Womenaremorelikelytoremembertheirmutesusinglandmarks.Thestudylendssupporttotheideathatmaleandfemalenavigationalskillswerehoneddifferentlybyevolutionfordifferenttasks.Modern-dayhunter-gatherersdividelaborsothatmentendtodomorehuntingandwomenmoregathering.Itseemslikelythatearlyhumansdidmuchthesamething.Thetheoryisthatthemalestrategyisthemostusefulforhuntingprey;chasinganantelopesaywouldmeanrunningalongwayoverawindingmute.Buthavingkilledhispreythehunterwouldwanttomakeabeelineforhomeratherthanretracehisstepsexactly.Womenbycontrastwouldbebetteroffrememberinglandmarksandretracingthepathstothemostproductivepatchesofplants.Theresearchsuggeststhatincertaincircumstanceswomenarebetteratnavigatingthanmenwhichmightlendsomecomforttoamandesperatelysearchingforaniteminasupermarketwhilehisexasperatedwifemethodicallymovesaroundtheaislesfillingtheshoppingtrolley.Heissimplynotcutoutforthejobevolutionarilyspeaking.Whatisthetextmainlyabout
AsyoucrestariseonMississippi’sHighway63justnorthofPascagoulaandtheGulfcoastthevistaunfolds.Acalmbrownwaterwayflowsbeneaththebridgeinterlacedwithpalm-treedfingersofland;achaosofwatertowerscranesandderricksisrevealedinthedistance.Thenearviewgivestheregionitscharm;thedistantonesustainsit.Theoilindustryandshipbuildingboththrivealongthecoast.41 SignalInternationalamarine-fabricationfirmbroughtaround500weldersandpipefittersfromIndia—mostofthemfromthesouthernstateofKeralamanyofwhomhadlabouredinvariousArabGulfstates—toworkinitsshipyardsinPascagoulaandOrangeTexas.TheworkersallegethattheypaidexorbitantsumstorecruitersinIndiaupto$20000whopromisedthemgreencards.Butoncetheyarrivedtheywereharassedintimidatedandkeptincrampedandisolatedconditions.42 43TheyliketheIndianswerebroughttoAmericaonH-2Bvisasgivenfortemporaryemploymentinnon-agriculturalfields. LikemuchofAmerica’sricketyimmigrationsystemtheH-2Bprogrammedrawsscornfromallsides.Companiesinsuchindustriesasforestryandfisheriesdependheavilyonguestworkers.Butsince1990theH-2Bhasbeencappedatapaltry66000ayear.Evenwithexemptionsforworkerswhoextendtheirvisasthatcaphasbeenhiteveryyearbutone.In2008Americancompaniesrequestednearly294000H-2Bs.UnionsfortheirpartfretthatguestworkerstakejobsfromwillingAmericansaswellasdrivingdownwagesandbenefits.Andimmigrant-rightsadvocatespointtothepotentialforabuseinherentintheprogramme.44Theirvisasaretiedtotheirjobswhichdeterscomplaint. MaryBauerthelegaldirectoroftheSouthernPovertyLawCentreacivil-rightsprogrammethathasrepresentednumerousH-2BplaintiffsincludingtheIndianworkerssuingSignalsaysthattemporaryworkersappealtoemployersbecause"theycannotworkforanybodyelse.Theyhavetoacceptanytermsimposedonthem.Theyhavetoborrowasubstantialamountofmoneytogethereandalmostanythingaskedofthemtheyfeelobligatedtotolerateanddo." Thingsmaybegettingbetter.InFebruarySuperiorForestryServicewhichprovidestheforestindustrywithimmigrantworkersagreedtoa$2.75msettlementinasuitbroughtby2200workerswhoclaimedtheywereshort-changedonwagesthecompanydeniesmalfeasance.45Itwon’tmakeeveryonehappybutatleastitshouldmakesomepeopleabitlessunhappy. A.AlthoughtemporaryagriculturalworkersareguaranteedhousingtravelexpensesfirmhoursofworkandaccesstolawyersH-2Bvisa-holdersarepromisedonlyprevailinglocalwages. B.TheyarenowsuingbothSignalandtherecruiterswhoarealsobeingsuedbySignal—whichclaimsthattheymisledthecompanyaswellastheworkers. C.FurthermoreforAmericancorporationsthemoreworkersfromoverseastheypossessthemorebenefitstheyget. D.Butthepopulationhaswaneddisplacedbyhurricanessocompaniesmustlookelsewherefortheirworkers.Theresultsarenotalwayshappyones. E.Howeverlessworkersareneededinsomecorporationssuchasforestryandfisheriesthathaveenoughstafffromimmigrants. F.AndinDecember2009BernieSandersasenatorfromVermontintroducedabillthatwouldprovideguestworkerswithtravelexpensesandaccesstolawyersregulateforeignrecruitersandpreventcompaniesthathavemassivelylaidofflocalstafffromhiringimmigrants. G.JustwestofPascagoulainGulfportagroupofBrazilianweldersandpipefittershavemadesimilarallegationsagainstanothermarine-fabricationfirm. 44
Itmightseemoddtothinkofpre-kindergartentoddlersasstudentsinneedofteachersbutthelatestresearchsuggeststhatsomeformofinstructionmayhelpchildrentobetterprepareforschool.NinaChienapostdoctoralresearcherinpediatricsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofoundthatchildrenwhowerelefttoengageinfreeplayinpre-kindergartencentersshowedtheleastimprovementinreadingandmathskillsafteroneyearcomparedwiththechildrenwhobenefitedfromsomeformofteacherinstruction.Thefreeplaygroupswereprovidedwitheducationaltoysdesignedtostimulatetheircreativeandcognitiveprocessesbuttheystilllearneduptotwofeweralphabetlettersandthreefewernumbersthanthosewhoworkedwithteachers.Overallwhenthechildrenreachedkindergartentheirteachersratedthemupto96%loweronlanguageandliteracyskillscomparedtotheirclassmates.Chienbasedherstudyon701state-fundedpre-kindergartenprogramsin11stateswassurprisedbythefindingssincemorethan50%ofchildrenwereenrolledinfree-playbasedcentersanindicationoftheirpopularity.It’sverypopulartogivekidsricheducationalmaterialsletthemchosewhichonestheywanttoplaywithandletthemplayshesays.Itwassurprisingthatthisverypopularmodelturnedoutnottobethatbeneficial.Thechildrenwhoshowedthemostgainsovertheyearintermsoflearningthealphabetandnumbersaswellasachievingbasicreadingandmathskillswerethosewhohadmoreindividualinteractionwithteachers.Someteacher-basedprogramsemphasizedgroupinstructionwhileothersinvolvedmoreone-on-oneguidanceinwhichteacherswouldencouragestudentstothinkmorebroadlyorcreatively.Ifachilddrewasunforexampleaninstructormightaskhowhecoulddepictthebrightnessofsunandguidethechildtocomingupwithawaytodrawthesun’srays.Suchencouragementknownasscaffoldingresultedinthemostacademicgainsamongthechildren.BasedonherfindingsChienbelievesthatthereisstillaroleforfreeplayasthechildrenintheseprogramsexhibitedgreatercreativityovertheyear.Shealsonotesthatthestudyinvolvedpublicprogramsinwhichmanyofthestudentscamefromlowerincomehouseholds.Previousstudieshaveshownthatsuchchildrenbenefitmorefromindividualizedins/ructionsincetheymaynotbereceivingmuchguidanceorsupportathome.Butoverallshesaysgreaterteacherinteractioncombinedwithfreeplaymightenhancechildren’slearningabilityandbetterpreparethemforschool.Giventhedwindlingresourcesinpubliceducationhoweverthatmaybeharderandhardertoachieve.WhatChien’sstudyhavesuggestedrecentlyshowsthat______.
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 12
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 18
Menaregenerallybetterthanwomenontestsofspatialabilitysuchasmentallyrotatinganobjectthroughthreedimensionsorfindingtheirwayaroundinanewenvironment.Butanewstudysuggeststhatundersomecircumstancesawoman’swayofnavigatingisprobablymoreefficient.LuisPacheco-CobosoftheNationalAutonomousUniversityofMexicoandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredthisbyfollowingmushroomgatherersfromavillageinthestateofTlaxcalafortworainyseasons.TworesearcherseachfittedwithGPSnavigationdevicesandheart-ratemonitorsfolloweddifferentgatherersondifferentdays.Theyrecordedtheweightofthemushroomseachgatherercollectedandwheretheyvisited.TheGPSdataallowedamaptobemadeoftheroutestakenandtheheart-ratemeasurementsprovidedanestimateoftheamountofenergyexpendedduringtheirtravels.TheresultstobepublishedinEvolutionandHumanBehaviorshowthatthemenandwomencollectedonaverageaboutthesameweightofmushrooms.Butthementravelledfartherclimbedhigherandusedalotmoreenergy—70%moretitanthewomen.Themendidnotmoveanyfasterbuttheysearchedforspotswithlotsofmushrooms.Thewomenmademanymorestopsapparentlysatisfiedwithorperhapsbelieratfindingpatchesoffewermushrooms.Previousworkhasshownthatmentendtonavigatebycreatingmentalmapsofaterritoryandthenimaginingtheirpositiononthemaps.Womenaremorelikelytoremembertheirmutesusinglandmarks.Thestudylendssupporttotheideathatmaleandfemalenavigationalskillswerehoneddifferentlybyevolutionfordifferenttasks.Modern-dayhunter-gatherersdividelaborsothatmentendtodomorehuntingandwomenmoregathering.Itseemslikelythatearlyhumansdidmuchthesamething.Thetheoryisthatthemalestrategyisthemostusefulforhuntingprey;chasinganantelopesaywouldmeanrunningalongwayoverawindingmute.Buthavingkilledhispreythehunterwouldwanttomakeabeelineforhomeratherthanretracehisstepsexactly.Womenbycontrastwouldbebetteroffrememberinglandmarksandretracingthepathstothemostproductivepatchesofplants.Theresearchsuggeststhatincertaincircumstanceswomenarebetteratnavigatingthanmenwhichmightlendsomecomforttoamandesperatelysearchingforaniteminasupermarketwhilehisexasperatedwifemethodicallymovesaroundtheaislesfillingtheshoppingtrolley.Heissimplynotcutoutforthejobevolutionarilyspeaking.BeforeLuisPacheco-Cobosandhiscolleagues’discoveryitisbelievedthat______.
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 6
Itmightseemoddtothinkofpre-kindergartentoddlersasstudentsinneedofteachersbutthelatestresearchsuggeststhatsomeformofinstructionmayhelpchildrentobetterprepareforschool. NinaChienapostdoctoralresearcherinpediatricsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofoundthatchildrenwhowerelefttoengageinfreeplayinpre-kindergartencentersshowedtheleastimprovementinreadingandmathskillsafteroneyearcomparedwiththechildrenwhobenefitedfromsomeformofteacherinstruction.Thefreeplaygroupswereprovidedwitheducationaltoysdesignedtostimulatetheircreativeandcognitiveprocessesbuttheystilllearneduptotwofeweralphabetlettersandthreefewernumbersthanthosewhoworkedwithteachers.Overallwhenthechildrenreachedkindergartentheirteachersratedthemupto96%loweronlanguageandliteracyskillscomparedtotheirclassmates. Chienbasedherstudyon701state-fundedpre-kindergartenprogramsin11stateswassurprisedbythefindingssincemorethan50%ofchildrenwereenrolledinfree-playbasedcentersanindicationoftheirpopularity."It’sverypopulartogivekidsricheducationalmaterialsletthemchosewhichonestheywanttoplaywithandletthemplay"shesays."Itwassurprisingthatthisverypopularmodelturnedoutnottobethatbeneficial." Thechildrenwhoshowedthemostgainsovertheyearintermsoflearningthealphabetandnumbersaswellasachievingbasicreadingandmathskillswerethosewhohadmoreindividualinteractionwithteachers.Someteacher-basedprogramsemphasizedgroupinstructionwhileothersinvolvedmoreone-on-oneguidanceinwhichteacherswouldencouragestudentstothinkmorebroadlyorcreatively.Ifachilddrewasunforexampleaninstructormightaskhowhecoulddepictthebrightnessofsunandguidethechildtocomingupwithawaytodrawthesun’srays.Suchencouragementknownasscaffoldingresultedinthemostacademicgainsamongthechildren. BasedonherfindingsChienbelievesthatthereisstillaroleforfreeplayasthechildrenintheseprogramsexhibitedgreatercreativityovertheyear.Shealsonotesthatthestudyinvolvedpublicprogramsinwhichmanyofthestudentscamefromlowerincomehouseholds.Previousstudieshaveshownthatsuchchildrenbenefitmorefromindividualizedins/ructionsincetheymaynotbereceivingmuchguidanceorsupportathome.Butoverallshesaysgreaterteacherinteractioncombinedwithfreeplaymightenhancechildren’slearningabilityandbetterpreparethemforschool.Giventhedwindlingresourcesinpubliceducationhoweverthatmaybeharderandhardertoachieve. Intheauthor’sopinionfreeplayis
Weusedtothinkthattheleftbraincontrolledyourthinkingandthattherightbraincontrolledyourheart.Butneuroscientistshavelearnedthatit’salotmorecomplicated. In2007aninfluentialpaperinthejournalBehavioralandBrainFunctionsfoundthatwhilemostofusprocessemotionsthroughtherighthemisphereofthebrainabout35%ofpeople—especiallyvictimsoftrauma—processtheirhurtandangerthroughtheirleftbrainwherelogicandlanguagesit.Thatmaybebecausetheyhadworkedsohardtoexplainlogicallywhytheyweresuffering.Butpushingemotionsthroughtheleftbraintaxedit:thesepeopleperformedsignificantlyworseonmemorytests. Nowanewpaper—outintheSeptemberissueofTheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease—furthercomplicatesthepicturewithasurprisingfinding:whetheryouareright-handedleft-handedorambidextrouswhichtheauthorscallratherdelightfully"inconsistentlyhanded"seemstobeanimportantclueinunderstandinghowyouuseyourbraintoprocessemotions. It’sbeenknownforsometimethatleftiesandtheambidextrousaremorepronetonegativeemotions.Thenewstudyshowsthattheyalsohaveagreaterimbalanceinactivitybetweentheleftandrightbrainswhentheyprocessemotions.Ofcourseyoucan’tbesurewhichcomesfirst:maybeangrypeoplearemoreoutofbalanceormaybetheinabilitytofindequilibriummakesyouangry.Asfortheleft-handed:maybethey’remoreangrybecausetheworldisdesignedfortheright-handedmajority. Thestudyalsousedaninterestingmethodtofindthatangrypeopleareliterallyhot-headed:theauthorsofthepaper—ledbyRuthPropperapsychologyprofessoratMerrimackCollegeinMassachusetts-measuredbrain-hemisphereactivationwitharelativelyoldmethodcalledtympanicmembranetemperaturewhichisessentiallyhowhotitisinyourinnerear.Ifyougetangryalotyourheadtendstobewarmer. Oneproblemisthatthestudywassmall—just55undergraduatesparticipatedtheywerepaid$20eachforhavingtoendureear-temperaturetestsandpsychologicalquestioning.AlsoTheJournalofNervousandMentalDiseasewhilepeer-reviewedisoneofless-respectedpsychologyjournals.StillIlikethestudyjustbecauseitexplainsthatwhenyougethotunderthecollaryouareactuallyhotunderthecollar. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthestudy
Aristotlebelievedthattheheavenswereperfect.Iftheyeverweretheyarenolonger.TheskiesaboveEartharenowlitteredwiththedebrisofdeadsatellitesbitsofoldrocketsandtheoddtoolsdroppedbyaspacewalkingastronaut.Suchistheextentofthedetritusthatthefirstaccidentalcollisionbetweentwosatelliteshasalreadytakenplace.IthappenedinFebruary2009whenadefunctRussianCosmossmashedintoafunctioningAmericanIridiumdestroyingbothandcreatingevenmorespacejunk.TostopthissortofthinghappeningagainVaiosLappasoftheUniversityofSurreyinEnglandhasdesignedasystemthatwillremovesatellitesfromorbitattheendoftheirusefullives—andasabonuswillscourpartoftheskycleanasitdoesso.Dr.Lappas’ssatellite-removalsystememploysasolarsail.Aslightfromthesunhitsthesailitimpartsaminusculebutcontinuousacceleration.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesailisangledinawaythatcausesthisaccelerationtokeepthesatelliteinorbit.Orbitsgraduallydecayasaresultofcollisionswiththesmallnumberofairmoleculesfoundevenataltitudesnormallyclassifiedasouterspace.Solarsailshaveyettobeusedwidelytopropelspacecraftinthisway—severalearlierversionscameunstuckwhenthesailsfailedtounfurlproperly—butdoingsoisnotanovelideainprinciple.ThenoveltyDr.Lappasenvisagesistochangetheangleofthesailwhenthesatellitehasbecomedefunct.Insteadofkeepingthederelictcraftinorbititwilloverthecourseofacoupleofyearsdragitintotheatmosphereandthustoafieryend.Notonlythatbutthesailwillalsoactlikeahandkerchiefmoppingupmicroscopicorbitaldetritussuchasflecksofpaintfrompreviouslaunches:Afleckofpaintmaynotsounddangerousbutiftravellingat27000kph170OOmphasitwouldbeinorbititcouldeasilypenetrateanastronaut’sspacesuit.AprototypeofDr.Lappas’sdesigncalledCubeSailwillbelaunchedlatenextyear.Itweighsjust3kg71bandwhenfoldedupmeasures30cm12inchesby10cmby10cm.Onceunfurledhoweverthesailwillhaveanareaof25squaremetres.IfthisprototypewhichispaidforbyEADSaEuropeanaerospacecompanyprovessuccessfulsolarsailsmightbeaddedtomanyfuturesatellites.ThatwouldenablethemtoberemovedrapidlyfromorbitwhentheybecameuselessandwouldrestoretotheskiessomemeasureofAristotelianperfection.Whenasatelliteisfirstlaunchedthesail______.
Directions: Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretitsmeaningand 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Currentgymdogmaholdsthattobuildmusclesizeyouneedtoliftheavyweights.1anewstudy2atMcMasterUniversityhasshownthatasimilardegreeofmusclebuildingcanbeachievedbyusinglighterweights.Thesecretistopumpair3youreachmusclefatigue. The4arepublishedinPLoSONE. "5gruntingandstrainingtoliftheavyweightsyoucan6somethingmuchlighterbutyouhavetoliftituntilyoucan’tliftit7"saysStuartPhillipsassociateprofessorofkinesiologyatMcMasterUniversity."We’reconvincedthat8musclemeans9yourmuscletomakenewmuscleproteinsaprocessinthebodythatovertime10intobiggermuscles." PhillipspraisedleadauthorandseniorPh.D.studentNicholasBurdformastermindingtheprojectthatshowedit’sreallynottheweightthatyouliftbutthefactthatyougetmuscularfatiguethat’sthe11pointinbuildingmuscle.Thestudyusedlightweightsthat12apercentageofwhatthe13couldlift.Theheavierweightswereset1490%ofaperson’sbestliftandthelightweightsatamere30%oofwhatpeoplecouldlift."It’saverylightweight"saysPhillipsnotingthatthe80%90%15isusuallysomethingpeoplecanliftfrom5～10timesbeforefatiguesetsin.At30%Burdreportedthatsubjectscouldliftthatweightatleast24times16theyfeltfatigue. "We’re17toseewherethisnewparadigmwilllead"saysPhillipsaddingthatthesenewdatahave18significanceforgymenthusiastsbutmoreimportantlyforpeoplewithcompromisedskeletalmusclemass19theelderlypatientswithcancerorthosewhoare20fromtraumasurgeryorevenstroke. 2
HaveyoueverconsideredwhatmakesagoodbossgoodTheanswertothatquestionisadmittedlymercurialasoneperson’sviewofatopnotchemployerwilldifferfromsomebodyelse’s.Howeverthereareanumberoftraitsattitudesandabilitiesthatarecommontoallgoodbosses.Moreovertheneedforsolidleadershipskillsisespeciallytellingwithsmallerbusinesses. "Beingagoodbossisimportantinanyorganizationbutit’sparticularlyimportantforsmallbusiness"saysRobSheehandirectorofexecutiveeducationattheJamesMacGregorBurnsAcademyofLeadershipattheUniversityofMaryland."Withsmallerbusinessesyoureallyhavetheopportunitytosetthetonefortheentirecompany." Bearinginmindtheimportanceofgoodleadershiptobusinessconsiderthefollowinglineupofskillsstrategiesandattributes: 41 Withasmalleroperationit’sessentialthateveryonefeelslikeanequalandinvolvedpartoftheteam.Agoodemployeriscertaintotreateachemployeefairlynotonlyintermsofsalaryandotherformsofcompensationbutalsoinhowthatemployeeisinvolvedinthedailyfunctionofthebusiness.Encouragefeedbackinnovationandcreativitysoemployeesfeelgenuinelyengaged. "Youneedtocreateanenvironmentofintegritytrustandrespecttomakeabsolutelycertainthateveryoneistreatedfairlyregardlessofthedifferencestheymayhave"saysSheehan. 42 Veryfewbusinessesoperateoutofsheeraltruismbutthat’snottosaythatturningaprofitistheprimaryphilosophicalandpracticalfocus.Ratheraneffectivebossestablishesagenuinebusinessmission.Howthattakesshapedependsbothonthebusinessandontheoverridingfocusthebosswantstoset. Forinstancearestaurantownermaypushspeedylunchtimeserviceasawayofservingthetime-strappedbusinesscommunity.Bycontrastamedicalsupplyoutfitmayemphasizehowitsproductsimprovecustomers’health.Notonlycanaclearmissionresponsibilityservetomotivateemployeesitcanalsoinfuseasenseofimportanceintheirjobs. 43 Manyofushavehadbosseswhowouldberightathomewithaknifenexttotheirdeskcalendars.Makeonemistakeonthejobandfeeltreetoslipyourheadrightinbeneaththeblade.Converselyaneffectivebossencourageshisorheremployeesnottobegun-shyaboutanoccasionalchaosalongtheroadtowardbetterjobperformance. "Thisrequiresamentalitythatencourageslearningratherthanbeingafraidofmakingamistake.Trysomethingnewanddifferentbutknowwe’renotgoingtokilleachotherifthingsdon’tworkout"saysSheehan."IwasaswimmerincollegeandIswamfastwhenIimaginedasharkwasafterme.IswamjustasfastwhenIimaginedIwasintheOlympics.It’saquestionofwhatyouwanttofocuson." 44 Don’tforgetthatthepeoplewhoworkforyouarelookingtoyoutohelpthemnavigateandadvancetheircareers.AsIsaidit’snotallaboutmoney.Butitisallaboutmakingyouremployeesseehowtoimproveandcreatemeaningfulcareersforthemselves. Ifanemployeehasagoalofbecomingamanagerorrunninghisorherownbusinesssomedaynurturethatgoal.Tellthemthetraitstheyneedtoworkontoachievetheirultimateplans. 45 Onefinalaspectofbeingagoodbossisrecognizingthatmuchofwhatgoesintobeinganeffectivereaderisinfactlearnedbehavior.Ofcoursetherealwayshavebeenandwillbebosseswhoseemtohaveaflawlesstouchinleadingandmotivating.Butforeverynaturaltherearejustasmanytop-flightbosseswhogotthatwaybyattendingmanagementclassesandseminarsreadingbooksoneffectiveleadershipandjustasimportantunderstandingthatagoodemployernaturallyattractsfirst-rateemployees. "Peoplecandefinitelydevelopgoodleadershipcapabilities"saysSheehan."Toacertaindegreeweallhaveinnatetraitsthatmakeusgoodbosses.Allyoureallyhavetodoisworktodevelopthosetraitstotheirutmost." A.Goodemployergoodemployees. B.Beinclusive. C.Madenotnecessarilyborn. D.Nothingtofearbutfearitself. E.Missionnotjustmoney. F.Thefocusthebosswantstoset. G.It’stheircareerstoo. 42
Thenotionthatwemightneednuclearenergytostaveoffglobalwarmingmakesmewanttolaughandcryatthesametime.Itisaself-fulfillingprophecythatbeganwhenRonaldReagantookofficein1981andpromptlyremovedJimmyCarter’ssolarpanelsfromtheWhiteHouseroof.46Itwasnotsimplyasymbolicact.Reaganalsoslashedalternativeenergyfundingsodeeplythatitvirtuallyputthesolarindustryoutofbusiness. 47AlternativesarehamperedtodaybecauseReaganwasdoingthenwhatBushisdoingnow:servingtheinterestsofbigoilwhichseekstosqueezeouteverylastdropofprofitfromfossilfuels.ThewarinIraqandotherforeignpolicyactionstodaycontinuewiththataim. Andnuclearisnotunlikeoilinthatitisaverycentralizedindustrycontrolledbyafewcompanies.Itwillenrichthefewandfurtherhamperprogressforrenewables.48Adecentralizedenergyfuturewillbefarbetterforaneconomythatwantstofloatallboatsnotjustyachtswhilenothavingsomanyenergyeggsinonebasket.Thatnuclearmightbelonginthemixrightnowisonlyduetotheclimatepredicamentweareinbecauseofourpastsins.Ifundertakenatallitshouldonlybeabridgea"necessaryevil"toafuturepoweredinsteadbymanyformsofsafecleanenergysources. Muchishappeningnowinthatregardspurredbyouralmostsuddenacceptancethatglobalwarmingisreal.Seattlewantstoharnessoceanpowerandprovideelectricityfor60000homes.SimilarprojectsareplannedfromAlaskatoNewYork.49Windpowerhasquadrupledsince2000andthoughwindisnowonlyonepercentoftheU.S.powergriditispoisedforaquantumleap;offshorewindprojectsareinvariousstagesofdevelopmentinMarylandTexasMassachusettsNewYorkandelsewhere.Hydrogen-andelectric-poweredcarsarealsolikelytocomeonlinemorequicklythanweimaginedevenfiveyearsago. Nuclearhasfartoomanyproblemsnottheleastofwhichisitswastewhichwillonlybecomeabiggerproblemifitsuseproliferates.Thewastestaysradioactiveforthousandsofyearsandhastobeburiedunderground.50Evenifplansfordoingthatareeverrealizeddeadlywastewillneedtobetransportedacrossthecountrythroughcommunitiessubjectingpeopletounacceptablerisks.Nuclearisalsostillalargeaccidentrisk.Industryproponentsclaimthatnuclearissafertodaythaneverbeforebutevenasmallmalfunctionorleakcouldhavedevastatingeffects.AndevenifChernobyl-stylemeltdownsarenotlikelynuclearfacilitiesstillemitlow-levelradiationapotentiallyseriouspublichealthconcern. 46Itwasnotsimplyasymbolicact.Reaganalsoslashedalternativeenergyfundingsodeeplythatitvirtuallyputthesolarindustryoutofbusiness.
Weusedtothinkthattheleftbraincontrolledyourthinkingandthattherightbraincontrolledyourheart.Butneuroscientistshavelearnedthatit’salotmorecomplicated.In2007aninfluentialpaperinthejournalBehavioralandBrainFunctionsfoundthatwhilemostofusprocessemotionsthroughtherighthemisphereofthebrainabout35%ofpeople—especiallyvictimsoftrauma—processtheirhurtandangerthroughtheirleftbrainwherelogicandlanguagesit.Thatmaybebecausetheyhadworkedsohardtoexplainlogicallywhytheyweresuffering.Butpushingemotionsthroughtheleftbraintaxedit:thesepeopleperformedsignificantlyworseonmemorytests.Nowanewpaper—outintheSeptemberissueofTheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease—furthercomplicatesthepicturewithasurprisingfinding:whetheryouareright-handedleft-handedorambidextrouswhichtheauthorscallratherdelightfullyinconsistentlyhandedseemstobeanimportantclueinunderstandinghowyouuseyourbraintoprocessemotions.It’sbeenknownforsometimethatleftiesandtheambidextrousaremorepronetonegativeemotions.Thenewstudyshowsthattheyalsohaveagreaterimbalanceinactivitybetweentheleftandrightbrainswhentheyprocessemotions.Ofcourseyoucan’tbesurewhichcomesfirst:maybeangrypeoplearemoreoutofbalanceormaybetheinabilitytofindequilibriummakesyouangry.Asfortheleft-handed:maybethey’remoreangrybecausetheworldisdesignedfortheright-handedmajority.Thestudyalsousedaninterestingmethodtofindthatangrypeopleareliterallyhot-headed:theauthorsofthepaper—ledbyRuthPropperapsychologyprofessoratMerrimackCollegeinMassachusetts-measuredbrain-hemisphereactivationwitharelativelyoldmethodcalledtympanicmembranetemperaturewhichisessentiallyhowhotitisinyourinnerear.Ifyougetangryalotyourheadtendstobewarmer.Oneproblemisthatthestudywassmall—just55undergraduatesparticipatedtheywerepaid$20eachforhavingtoendureear-temperaturetestsandpsychologicalquestioning.AlsoTheJournalofNervousandMentalDiseasewhilepeer-reviewedisoneofless-respectedpsychologyjournals.StillIlikethestudyjustbecauseitexplainsthatwhenyougethotunderthecollaryouareactuallyhotunderthecollar.Peoplewhoprocesstheirhurtandangerthroughtheirleftbrainaresensitivetopainbecause______.
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