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Ford’s higher-wage and lower-cost strategy was strongly ______.
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Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford??1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproce
Thewritermentionsslaughterhousesbecausetheywerethe
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Ford innovated the disassembly line.
??????????????????????????????Ford1?Ford’sgreatstr
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Ford??1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproce
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Ford??1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproce
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
??????????????????????????????Ford1?Ford’sgreatstr
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Ford??1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproce
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ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. ConcerningthedrugquininewhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ????????{{B}}InspectingaUsed Car{{/B}}??Thescariestpartofbuyingausedcarisnotbeing completelysureofwhatconditionit’sin.Acarthat’sbeeninamajoraccident isalwaysabiggerriskbutsellersoftentrytohidethisinformation.Andrew Bleakleyevaluator-inspectorrunsamobilevehicleinspectionservicein Montreal.Forabout$80hewillperformafullunbiasedinspectiononaused vehicle’.Inhis10yearsasaprofessionalinspectorBleakl’eyhasseenalot. Hewarns.Watchoutfordealerdemonstrationvehicleswhichareusednotnew. Theymayhavebeeninacollision.HeaddsthatitisnotuncommoninOntario andQuebecespeciallyforunscrupuloussellerstorollbacktheodometerorto evendisengageit.Bleakieyhasspecialtoolstocheckforthis.? ?Bleakleyalwaysrecommendshiringallindependenttechniciantoinspect theconditionofa.usedcarbeforeyoubuyit.Theproblemisfindingsomeone qualifiedtodotheinspection.Whichhesaysgenerallydoesn’tmeanjustany mechanic.Athoroughmechanicalinspectionincludescheckingthecompression allmajorsystemsincludingtheengineelectricalandchargingsystems transmissionanddrivelinefluidsbrakessuspensionandsteering. Essentialtooisallinspectionofthecar’sbodyandfinallyaroadtest. Therearehoweverafewthingseveryonecandobeforebuyingaused car:??Doavisualcheckofthecar.Lookattherightreardoor hinges.Iftheyareverywornorthedoordoesn’tclosewellthecarmayhave beenusedasataxi.Holesintheroofcouldmeanthecarwasusedfor deliveries.??Checkforoilleaksonthepavement.Notethatleaks arenotnecessarilyasignificantproblem—itdependsonthecause.? ?Don’tassumethatnewlookingbrakeandacceleratorpedalsmeanthecar hash’tbeendrivenmuch.Resellersknowpeoplecheckthesedetailsandcanbuy newpadsforaround$6.??Copydownthevehicle’identification numberVIN.a17-charactercombinationofnumbersandlettersfromthe vehicle’sdashboard.InOntadoaskthedealerorsellerfortheUsedVehicle InformationPackage.Thisgivesdetailsofpreviousownersanyoutstanding liensonthecarandthefairmarketvalueofthevehicle.?? collisionn.碰撞碰撞事故odometern.里程表compressionn.压缩压缩量pedaln.踏脚lienn.扣押权 unscrupulousadj.不择手段的disengagev.松开使脱离transmissionn.传输suspensionn.悬架 hingen.铰链dashboardn.仪表板Accordingtothepassagefromwhichofthefollowingcanthebuyerobtainreliableinformationofthepreviousowner?
CigarsInstead? Smokingoneortwocigarsadaydoublestheriskofcancersoftheliptonguemouthandthroataccordingtoagovernmentstudy. DailycigarsalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerandcanceroftheesophagusandincreasetheriskofcancerofthelarynxvoiceboxsixfoldsayresearchersattheNationalCancerInstituteinBethesdaMaryland. Inadditionthereportrevealedthatsmokingthreeorfourcigarsadayincreasedtheriskoforalcancerto8.5timestheriskfornonsmokersandtheriskofesophagealcancerbyfourtimestheriskofnonsmokers. ThehealtheffectsofsmokingcigarsisoneofeightsectionsofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends.Theresearchersreportthatcomparedwithacigarettealargecigaremitsupto90timesasmuchcarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines ThisarticleprovidesclearandinvaluableinformationaboutthedisturbingincreaseincigaruseandthesignificantpublichealthconsequencesforthecountrysaidDr.RichardKlausnerdirectoroftheNationalCancerInstituteinastatement. Thedataareclear-theharmfulsubstancesandcarcinogensincigarsmokelikecigarettesareassociatedwiththeincreasedrisksofseveralkindsofcancersaswellasheartandlungdiseasesheadded.Inotherwordscigarsarenotsafealternativestocigarettesandmaybeaddictive. Tothoseindividualswhomaybethinkingaboutsmokingcigarsouradvicesis—don’’t.TothosecurrentlysmokingcigarsquittingistheonlywaytoeliminatecompletelythecancerheartandlungdiseaseriskswarnedKlausner. AccordingtoaNationalCancerInstitutepressreleasetherehaven’’tbeenanystudiesonthehealtheffectsonnonsmokersatcigarsocialeventsbut...asignificantbodyofevidenceclearlydemonstratesanincreasedlungcancerriskfromsecondhandsmoke. Inthepassagehowmanycancersarementionedinrelationtosmokingcigarsdaily?
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. Whichofthefollowingmayrefertoanorganization?
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. Accordingtothepassage______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}AdaptationofLiving Things{{/B}}??Certainanimalsandplantsdevelopcharacteristics thathelpthemcopewiththeirenvironmentbetterthanothersoftheirkind. Thisnaturalbiologicalprocessiscalledadaptation.Amongthesuperior characteristicsdevelopedthroughadaptationarethosethatmayhelpingetting foodorshelterinprovidingprotectionandinproducingandprotectingthe young.Thatresultsintheevolutionofmoreandmoreorganismsthatarebetter fittedtotheirenvironments.??Eachlivingthingisadaptedto itswayoflifeinageneralwaybuteachisadaptedespeciallytoitsown distinctclass.Aplantforexampledependsuponitsrootstofixitself firmlyandtoabsorbwaterandinorganicchemicals.Itdependsuponitsgreen leavesforusingthesun’senergytomakefoodfrominorganicchemicals.These aregeneraladaptationscommontomostplants.Inadditiontherearespecial adaptationsthatonlycertainkindsofplantshave.??Manyanimals haveadaptationsthathelpthemescapefromtheirenemies.Someinsectsare hiddenbytheirbodycolororshapeandmanylooklikealeaforalittle branch.Thecoatsofdeerarecoloredtomixwiththesurroundings.Manyanimals havetheabilitytoremaincompletelystillwhenanenemyisnear.? ?Organismshaveagreatvarietyofwaysofadapting.Theymayadaptin theirstructurefunctionandgenetics;intheirdevelopmentandproductionof theyoung;andinotherrespects.Anorganismmaycreateitswonenvironmentas dowarm-bloodedmammalswhichhavetheabilitytoadjustbodyheatexactlyto maintaintheiridealtemperaturedespitechangingweather.Usuallyadaptations areanadvantagebutsometimesanorganismissowelladaptedtoaparticular environmentthatifconditionschangeitfindsitdifficultorimpossibleto readapttothenewconditions.Someplantsandanimalsdevelopsuperiorcharacteristicssothattheymay______.
Hetookustoanautomobileshowyesterdayafternoon.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Ithinkthisisadeliberateinsult.
Becauseofherrudenesstocustomersthewaitresshasbeenfired.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Accordingtotheauthorcompetitiondiffersfromconflictinthatitresultsinwarinmostcases.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflictcanbeavoided.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}AdaptationofLiving Things{{/B}}??Certainanimalsandplantsdevelopcharacteristics thathelpthemcopewiththeirenvironmentbetterthanothersoftheirkind. Thisnaturalbiologicalprocessiscalledadaptation.Amongthesuperior characteristicsdevelopedthroughadaptationarethosethatmayhelpingetting foodorshelterinprovidingprotectionandinproducingandprotectingthe young.Thatresultsintheevolutionofmoreandmoreorganismsthatarebetter fittedtotheirenvironments.??Eachlivingthingisadaptedto itswayoflifeinageneralwaybuteachisadaptedespeciallytoitsown distinctclass.Aplantforexampledependsuponitsrootstofixitself firmlyandtoabsorbwaterandinorganicchemicals.Itdependsuponitsgreen leavesforusingthesun’senergytomakefoodfrominorganicchemicals.These aregeneraladaptationscommontomostplants.Inadditiontherearespecial adaptationsthatonlycertainkindsofplantshave.??Manyanimals haveadaptationsthathelpthemescapefromtheirenemies.Someinsectsare hiddenbytheirbodycolororshapeandmanylooklikealeaforalittle branch.Thecoatsofdeerarecoloredtomixwiththesurroundings.Manyanimals havetheabilitytoremaincompletelystillwhenanenemyisnear.? ?Organismshaveagreatvarietyofwaysofadapting.Theymayadaptin theirstructurefunctionandgenetics;intheirdevelopmentandproductionof theyoung;andinotherrespects.Anorganismmaycreateitswonenvironmentas dowarm-bloodedmammalswhichhavetheabilitytoadjustbodyheatexactlyto maintaintheiridealtemperaturedespitechangingweather.Usuallyadaptations areanadvantagebutsometimesanorganismissowelladaptedtoaparticular environmentthatifconditionschangeitfindsitdifficultorimpossibleto readapttothenewconditions.Theauthorcitesthebehaviorofwarm-bloodedmammalsinordertoillustratewhichofthefollowing?
Eatingtoomuchfatcanleadtoheartdiseaseandcausehighbloodpressure.
Atthesportsmeetathletescompetewitheachotherforthegoldmedals.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Competitionisessentiallyastruggleforexistence.
Idon’tseehowJackputupwithhiswife.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Hecouldneverbecontentuntilhecouldaffordtobuythatbeautifulcar.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ????????{{B}}InspectingaUsed Car{{/B}}??Thescariestpartofbuyingausedcarisnotbeing completelysureofwhatconditionit’sin.Acarthat’sbeeninamajoraccident isalwaysabiggerriskbutsellersoftentrytohidethisinformation.Andrew Bleakleyevaluator-inspectorrunsamobilevehicleinspectionservicein Montreal.Forabout$80hewillperformafullunbiasedinspectiononaused vehicle’.Inhis10yearsasaprofessionalinspectorBleakl’eyhasseenalot. Hewarns.Watchoutfordealerdemonstrationvehicleswhichareusednotnew. Theymayhavebeeninacollision.HeaddsthatitisnotuncommoninOntario andQuebecespeciallyforunscrupuloussellerstorollbacktheodometerorto evendisengageit.Bleakieyhasspecialtoolstocheckforthis.? ?Bleakleyalwaysrecommendshiringallindependenttechniciantoinspect theconditionofa.usedcarbeforeyoubuyit.Theproblemisfindingsomeone qualifiedtodotheinspection.Whichhesaysgenerallydoesn’tmeanjustany mechanic.Athoroughmechanicalinspectionincludescheckingthecompression allmajorsystemsincludingtheengineelectricalandchargingsystems transmissionanddrivelinefluidsbrakessuspensionandsteering. Essentialtooisallinspectionofthecar’sbodyandfinallyaroadtest. Therearehoweverafewthingseveryonecandobeforebuyingaused car:??Doavisualcheckofthecar.Lookattherightreardoor hinges.Iftheyareverywornorthedoordoesn’tclosewellthecarmayhave beenusedasataxi.Holesintheroofcouldmeanthecarwasusedfor deliveries.??Checkforoilleaksonthepavement.Notethatleaks arenotnecessarilyasignificantproblem—itdependsonthecause.? ?Don’tassumethatnewlookingbrakeandacceleratorpedalsmeanthecar hash’tbeendrivenmuch.Resellersknowpeoplecheckthesedetailsandcanbuy newpadsforaround$6.??Copydownthevehicle’identification numberVIN.a17-charactercombinationofnumbersandlettersfromthe vehicle’sdashboard.InOntadoaskthedealerorsellerfortheUsedVehicle InformationPackage.Thisgivesdetailsofpreviousownersanyoutstanding liensonthecarandthefairmarketvalueofthevehicle.?? collisionn.碰撞碰撞事故odometern.里程表compressionn.压缩压缩量pedaln.踏脚lienn.扣押权 unscrupulousadj.不择手段的disengagev.松开使脱离transmissionn.传输suspensionn.悬架 hingen.铰链dashboardn.仪表板Anindependenttechnicianinthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphmeans______.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Theover-the-counterdrugsarethosethat______.
CigarsInstead? Smokingoneortwocigarsadaydoublestheriskofcancersoftheliptonguemouthandthroataccordingtoagovernmentstudy. DailycigarsalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerandcanceroftheesophagusandincreasetheriskofcancerofthelarynxvoiceboxsixfoldsayresearchersattheNationalCancerInstituteinBethesdaMaryland. Inadditionthereportrevealedthatsmokingthreeorfourcigarsadayincreasedtheriskoforalcancerto8.5timestheriskfornonsmokersandtheriskofesophagealcancerbyfourtimestheriskofnonsmokers. ThehealtheffectsofsmokingcigarsisoneofeightsectionsofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends.Theresearchersreportthatcomparedwithacigarettealargecigaremitsupto90timesasmuchcarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines ThisarticleprovidesclearandinvaluableinformationaboutthedisturbingincreaseincigaruseandthesignificantpublichealthconsequencesforthecountrysaidDr.RichardKlausnerdirectoroftheNationalCancerInstituteinastatement. Thedataareclear-theharmfulsubstancesandcarcinogensincigarsmokelikecigarettesareassociatedwiththeincreasedrisksofseveralkindsofcancersaswellasheartandlungdiseasesheadded.Inotherwordscigarsarenotsafealternativestocigarettesandmaybeaddictive. Tothoseindividualswhomaybethinkingaboutsmokingcigarsouradvicesis—don’’t.TothosecurrentlysmokingcigarsquittingistheonlywaytoeliminatecompletelythecancerheartandlungdiseaseriskswarnedKlausner. AccordingtoaNationalCancerInstitutepressreleasetherehaven’’tbeenanystudiesonthehealtheffectsonnonsmokersatcigarsocialeventsbut...asignificantbodyofevidenceclearlydemonstratesanincreasedlungcancerriskfromsecondhandsmoke. Whatisthedoctors’advicetothosecigar-smokers?
Itwasveryhardtograspwhatheactuallymeant.
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutHIVandAIDSisNOTTRUE?
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}AdaptationofLiving Things{{/B}}??Certainanimalsandplantsdevelopcharacteristics thathelpthemcopewiththeirenvironmentbetterthanothersoftheirkind. Thisnaturalbiologicalprocessiscalledadaptation.Amongthesuperior characteristicsdevelopedthroughadaptationarethosethatmayhelpingetting foodorshelterinprovidingprotectionandinproducingandprotectingthe young.Thatresultsintheevolutionofmoreandmoreorganismsthatarebetter fittedtotheirenvironments.??Eachlivingthingisadaptedto itswayoflifeinageneralwaybuteachisadaptedespeciallytoitsown distinctclass.Aplantforexampledependsuponitsrootstofixitself firmlyandtoabsorbwaterandinorganicchemicals.Itdependsuponitsgreen leavesforusingthesun’senergytomakefoodfrominorganicchemicals.These aregeneraladaptationscommontomostplants.Inadditiontherearespecial adaptationsthatonlycertainkindsofplantshave.??Manyanimals haveadaptationsthathelpthemescapefromtheirenemies.Someinsectsare hiddenbytheirbodycolororshapeandmanylooklikealeaforalittle branch.Thecoatsofdeerarecoloredtomixwiththesurroundings.Manyanimals havetheabilitytoremaincompletelystillwhenanenemyisnear.? ?Organismshaveagreatvarietyofwaysofadapting.Theymayadaptin theirstructurefunctionandgenetics;intheirdevelopmentandproductionof theyoung;andinotherrespects.Anorganismmaycreateitswonenvironmentas dowarm-bloodedmammalswhichhavetheabilitytoadjustbodyheatexactlyto maintaintheiridealtemperaturedespitechangingweather.Usuallyadaptations areanadvantagebutsometimesanorganismissowelladaptedtoaparticular environmentthatifconditionschangeitfindsitdifficultorimpossibleto readapttothenewconditions.Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethatthefeathersofabirdcarecolored______.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?????????? ??{{B}}TestsShowWomenSuitedforSpaceTravel{{/B}}? ?Between1977and1981threegroupsofAmericanwomennumbering27in allbetweentheageof35and65weregivenmonth-longtestsforspacetravel purposes.{{U}}?1?{{/U}}???Thosewomenwere carefullyselectedfromamongmanyapplicants.{{U}}?2?{{/U}}Theywere notallowedtosmokeordrinkalcoholduringthetestsandtheywereexpected totolerateeachother’scompanyatclosequartersfortheentireperiod.Among othersthingstheyhadtostandpressurethreetimestheforceofgravityand carryoutbothphysicalandmentaltaskswhileexhaustedfromstrenuousphysical exercise.{{U}}?3?{{/U}}Duringthattimetheysufferedbackachesand otherdiscomforts.{{U}}?4?{{/U}}?Resuksofthetests suggestthatwmenwillhavesignificantadvantageovermeninspace.{{U}} ?5?{{/U}}Men’sadvantagesintermsofstrengthandstamina meanwhilearevirtuallywiped:outbythezerogravityconditionin space.?A.Attheendoftenyearstheyhadtospendafurthertwenty daysabsolutelyconfinedtobed.?B.Theywerevolunteersandwerepaid barelyabovetheminimumwage.?C.Thesetestswereconductedto determinehowtheywouldrespondtoconditionsresemblingthoseabroadthespace shuttle.?D.Theyneedlessfoodandlessoxygenandtheystandupto radiationbetter.?E.Someofthemwereover65.?F.Whenthey werefinallyallowedupthemorephysicalactivewomenwerespeciallystibject topainsduetoaslightcalcium钙loss.
{{*HTML*}}? ?阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 ?????????? ??{{B}}TestsShowWomenSuitedforSpaceTravel{{/B}}? ?Between1977and1981threegroupsofAmericanwomennumbering27in allbetweentheageof35and65weregivenmonth-longtestsforspacetravel purposes.{{U}}?1?{{/U}}???Thosewomenwere carefullyselectedfromamongmanyapplicants.{{U}}?2?{{/U}}Theywere notallowedtosmokeordrinkalcoholduringthetestsandtheywereexpected totolerateeachother’scompanyatclosequartersfortheentireperiod.Among othersthingstheyhadtostandpressurethreetimestheforceofgravityand carryoutbothphysicalandmentaltaskswhileexhaustedfromstrenuousphysical exercise.{{U}}?3?{{/U}}Duringthattimetheysufferedbackachesand otherdiscomforts.{{U}}?4?{{/U}}?Resuksofthetests suggestthatwmenwillhavesignificantadvantageovermeninspace.{{U}} ?5?{{/U}}Men’sadvantagesintermsofstrengthandstamina meanwhilearevirtuallywiped:outbythezerogravityconditionin space.?A.Attheendoftenyearstheyhadtospendafurthertwenty daysabsolutelyconfinedtobed.?B.Theywerevolunteersandwerepaid barelyabovetheminimumwage.?C.Thesetestswereconductedto determinehowtheywouldrespondtoconditionsresemblingthoseabroadthespace shuttle.?D.Theyneedlessfoodandlessoxygenandtheystandupto radiationbetter.?E.Someofthemwereover65.?F.Whenthey werefinallyallowedupthemorephysicalactivewomenwerespeciallystibject topainsduetoaslightcalcium钙loss.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
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