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SomeSchoolingonBackpacks AccordingtotheU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission.5.900kidsweretreatedathospitalemergencyroomsclinicsanddoctors’officeslastyearforsprians扭伤andstrainscausedbybackpacks.Suchinjunesaresowidespreadthatmorethan70percentofphysiciansasapotentialclinicalproblemforchildren. Howdoyouavoidsuchproblems?Choosebagsthathavewidepaddedstraps有垫的背带andabelt.Thatwillhelptransfersomeoftheweightfromthebackandshoulderstothehips.Youshouldalsotightenbothstrapsfirmlysothepackrestsabout2inchesaboveyourwaist.Alsoremembertopackyourbagwiththeheaviestitemsclosesttoyourbackandtobendbothkneeswhenyoupickitup. Ilowmuchshouldyoustuffintoyourpack?Thatdependsonyoursizeandstrengthbutageneralruleisnottoexceed20percentofyourbodyweight.Soifachildweights100poundsthebackpackanditsloadshouldnotbemorethan20pounds.Onehint:Makefrequenttripstoyourlocker储物柜toexchangebooksbetweenclasses. Backpackswithwheelsletyoupulltheweightalongthegroundbuttheyhaveproblemstoo.Manyarelargerthantheaverageshoulderbagsostudentsaretemptedtocarrymorethantheywouldinaconventionalpack. Rollerbagsoftendon’tfitintoalocker.Theycanalsoleadtotrippingandfallsincrowdedhalls.Whateveryouuse.10or15minutesofstretchingandbackstrengtheningisagoodidea. Rollerbagstendtobeheavierthanordinarybackpacks.
第一篇TheBilingualBrain WhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKoreasateenagerhehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluentlyandhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.AsagraduatestudentKimworkedinthelabofJoyHirschaneuroscientistinNewYork.Theirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage. TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRImagneticresonanceimagingscannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.Onegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren..TheotherconsistedofpeoplewholikeKimlearnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybeforefirstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn’tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning. KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca’sarea~whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproductionandWernicke’sareawhichisthoughttoprocess meaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke’sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.ButtheiruseofBroca’sareawasdifferent. PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca’sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca’sareafortheirsecondlanguage.HowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildrentheirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscompletetheprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.. Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouchsoundandsight.Andthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass. WhichaspectofthetwolanguagecentersinthebraindoesParagraph3discuss?
YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremorelikelytogoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.TheresearchgroupanalyzedtheresultsofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. ThestudyshowsaclearlinkbetweengoodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksareforlogicalthinkingandverbalcomprehension.ButitisonlyfitnessthatplaysaroleintheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength.BeingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlungcapacityandthatyourbraingetsplentyofoxygensaysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhywecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscularstrength.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant. ByanalyzingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeenabletodeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessandhigherIQ. Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswhoimprovetheirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformancesaysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre.Thisbeingthecasephysicaleducationisasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects. Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstestsduringnationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterinlife.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs.ThestudyfindingincludethefollowingEXCEPTthat_______.
StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
第二篇ApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligences Itpaystobesmartbutwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusicianbutyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent. Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences. SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwordsnumbersorpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptestsandwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetestdothesameonalltests. Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainofintelligencepeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain. HowardGardnerapsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducationhasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn’tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexistshedoesn’tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinkthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences. Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.ForexamplewhenonepartoftheBrainisinjuredotherpartsofthebrainstillwork.PeoplewhocannottalkbecauseofBraindamagecanstillsing.Sothereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence;linguisticmathematicalspatialmusicalinterpersonalintrapersonalbody-kinesthetic身体动觉的andnaturalistic. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerninggeneralintelligence?
15MillionAmericansSufferfromSocialAnxietyDisorder Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. SocialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituationsJerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. TheconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselvesRosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted.Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnershipsshesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRosenoted.Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutitshesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon1Pollacksaid.Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbackto2earlierchildhood. Thedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseup3sweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted.Usuallythedisorderstarstoaffectpeoplewhen________.
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第一篇TheBilingualBrain WhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKoreasateenagerhehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluentlyandhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.AsagraduatestudentKimworkedinthelabofJoyHirschaneuroscientistinNewYork.Theirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage. TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRImagneticresonanceimagingscannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.Onegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren..TheotherconsistedofpeoplewholikeKimlearnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybeforefirstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn’tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning. KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca’sarea~whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproductionandWernicke’sareawhichisthoughttoprocess meaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke’sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.ButtheiruseofBroca’sareawasdifferent. PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca’sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca’sareafortheirsecondlanguage.HowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildrentheirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscompletetheprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.. Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouchsoundandsight.Andthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass. KadKim’sstudyshowedthat
StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
第二篇ApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligences Itpaystobesmartbutwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusicianbutyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent. Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences. SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwordsnumbersorpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptestsandwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetestdothesameonalltests. Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainofintelligencepeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain. HowardGardnerapsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducationhasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn’tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexistshedoesn’tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinkthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences. Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.ForexamplewhenonepartoftheBrainisinjuredotherpartsofthebrainstillwork.PeoplewhocannottalkbecauseofBraindamagecanstillsing.Sothereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.Gardnerhasidentified8differentkindsofintelligence;linguisticmathematicalspatialmusicalinterpersonalintrapersonalbody-kinesthetic身体动觉的andnaturalistic. AccordingtoGardnerschoolsshould________.
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YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScores YoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremorelikelytogoontouniversityrevealsamajornewstudycarriedoutattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital. TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesPNAS.Thestudyinvolved1.2millionSwedishmendoingmilitaryservicewhowerebornbetween1950and1976.TheresearchgroupanalyzedtheresultsofbothphysicalandIQteststheyoungsterstookrightaftertheystartedservingthearmy. ThestudyshowsaclearlinkbetweengoodphysicalfitnessandbetterresultsfortheIQtest.Thestrongestlinksareforlogicalthinkingandverbalcomprehension.ButitisonlyfitnessthatplaysaroleintheresultsfortheIQtestandnotstrength.BeingfitmeansthatyoualsohavegoodheartandlungcapacityandthatyourbraingetsplentyofoxygensaysMichaelNilssonprofessorattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandchiefphysicianattheSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital.Thismaybeoneofthereasonswhywecanseeaclearlinkwithfitnessbutnotwithmuscularstrength.Wearealsoseeingthattherearegrowthfactorsthatareimportant. ByanalyzingdatafortwinstheresearchershavebeenabletodeterminethatitisprimarilyenvironmentalfactorsandnotgenesthatexplainthelinkbetweenfitnessandhigherIQ. Wehavealsoshownthatthoseyoungsterswhoimprovetheirphysicalfitnessbetweentheagesof15and18increasetheircognitiveperformancesaysMariaAbergresearcherattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandphysicianatAbyhealthcentre.Thisbeingthecasephysicaleducationisasubjectthathasanimportantplaceinschoolsandisanabsolutemustifwewanttodowellinmathsandothertheoreticalsubjects. Theresearchershavealsocomparedtheresultsfromfitnesstestsduringnationalservicewiththesocio-economicstatusofthemenlaterinlife.Thosewhowerefitat18weremorelikelytogointohighereducationandmanysecuredmorequalifiedjobs.Whichofthefollowingisanimplicationofphysicalfitness?
SomeSchoolingonBackpacks AccordingtotheU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission.5.900kidsweretreatedathospitalemergencyroomsclinicsanddoctors’officeslastyearforsprians扭伤andstrainscausedbybackpacks.Suchinjunesaresowidespreadthatmorethan70percentofphysiciansasapotentialclinicalproblemforchildren. Howdoyouavoidsuchproblems?Choosebagsthathavewidepaddedstraps有垫的背带andabelt.Thatwillhelptransfersomeoftheweightfromthebackandshoulderstothehips.Youshouldalsotightenbothstrapsfirmlysothepackrestsabout2inchesaboveyourwaist.Alsoremembertopackyourbagwiththeheaviestitemsclosesttoyourbackandtobendbothkneeswhenyoupickitup. Ilowmuchshouldyoustuffintoyourpack?Thatdependsonyoursizeandstrengthbutageneralruleisnottoexceed20percentofyourbodyweight.Soifachildweights100poundsthebackpackanditsloadshouldnotbemorethan20pounds.Onehint:Makefrequenttripstoyourlocker储物柜toexchangebooksbetweenclasses. Backpackswithwheelsletyoupulltheweightalongthegroundbuttheyhaveproblemstoo.Manyarelargerthantheaverageshoulderbagsostudentsaretemptedtocarrymorethantheywouldinaconventionalpack. Rollerbagsoftendon’tfitintoalocker.Theycanalsoleadtotrippingandfallsincrowdedhalls.Whateveryouuse.10or15minutesofstretchingandbackstrengtheningisagoodidea. A100-poundchildshouldcarryabackpackofmorethan20pounds.
StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
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StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
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StageFright Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanicMr.FeltsmansaidAllmyfrightwas_______51.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen? Todaymusicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthat_______52withperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearnto_______53stagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingersshakylimbsracingheartblankmind. Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvicefrombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout_______54mentaldisciplinesuchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’t_______55thatyou’rejitterytheyurge;someexcitementisnaturalevennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoftensimplyfortheexperience. PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggests’some_______56forthemomentsbeforeperformanceTaketwodeepabdominalbreathsopenupyourshouldersthensmileshesays.Andnotoneofthese’pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Then_______57threefriendlyfacesintheaudiencepeopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusictoandmakeeyecontactwiththem.Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudience_______58ajudge. Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenatthe_______59ofstagefrightsaysDorothyDelayawell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve. WhenLynnHarrellwas20hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestraandhesufferedextremestagefright.ThereweretimeswhenIgotso_______60Iwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.Icametoa_______61whereIthoughtIfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusicIthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.Recoveryhesaidinvolveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthat_______62histalenthewasfallibleandthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster. Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosufferofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.TheyhadtopushhimonstageSopranoRenataScottorecalled. _______63successcanmakethingsworse.Inthebeginningofyourcareerwhenyou’rescaredtodeathnobodyknowswhoyouareandtheydon’thaveany_______64SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.There’s_______65tolose.Lateronwhenyou’reknownpeoplearecomingtoseeyouandtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose. AndersonaddedIneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.
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第一篇TheBilingualBrain WhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKoreasateenagerhehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluentlyandhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.AsagraduatestudentKimworkedinthelabofJoyHirschaneuroscientistinNewYork.Theirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage. TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRImagneticresonanceimagingscannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.Onegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren..TheotherconsistedofpeoplewholikeKimlearnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybeforefirstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn’tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning. KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca’sarea~whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproductionandWernicke’sareawhichisthoughttoprocess meaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke’sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.ButtheiruseofBroca’sareawasdifferent. PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca’sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca’sareafortheirsecondlanguage.HowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildrentheirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscompletetheprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.. Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouchsoundandsight.Andthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
15MillionAmericansSufferfromSocialAnxietyDisorder Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. SocialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituationsJerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. TheconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselvesRosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted.Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnershipsshesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRosenoted.Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutitshesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon1Pollacksaid.Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbackto2earlierchildhood. Thedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseup3sweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted.Thelastparagraphindicatesthattreatmentofthedisorder________.
SomeSchoolingonBackpacks AccordingtotheU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission.5.900kidsweretreatedathospitalemergencyroomsclinicsanddoctors’officeslastyearforsprians扭伤andstrainscausedbybackpacks.Suchinjunesaresowidespreadthatmorethan70percentofphysiciansasapotentialclinicalproblemforchildren. Howdoyouavoidsuchproblems?Choosebagsthathavewidepaddedstraps有垫的背带andabelt.Thatwillhelptransfersomeoftheweightfromthebackandshoulderstothehips.Youshouldalsotightenbothstrapsfirmlysothepackrestsabout2inchesaboveyourwaist.Alsoremembertopackyourbagwiththeheaviestitemsclosesttoyourbackandtobendbothkneeswhenyoupickitup. Ilowmuchshouldyoustuffintoyourpack?Thatdependsonyoursizeandstrengthbutageneralruleisnottoexceed20percentofyourbodyweight.Soifachildweights100poundsthebackpackanditsloadshouldnotbemorethan20pounds.Onehint:Makefrequenttripstoyourlocker储物柜toexchangebooksbetweenclasses. Backpackswithwheelsletyoupulltheweightalongthegroundbuttheyhaveproblemstoo.Manyarelargerthantheaverageshoulderbagsostudentsaretemptedtocarrymorethantheywouldinaconventionalpack. Rollerbagsoftendon’tfitintoalocker.Theycanalsoleadtotrippingandfallsincrowdedhalls.Whateveryouuse.10or15minutesofstretchingandbackstrengtheningisagoodidea. 70percentofUKphysicianshavetreatedchildrenwithsprainsandstrains.
第一篇 EarBreakthrough NewresearchpublishedinthejournalCurrentBiologyhasaddedsignificantlytounderstandingofhowtheearworksgivinghopetomillionsofdeafandhardofhearingpeople. ThelatestresearchconductedbyDr.JorgT.AlbetaDeafnessResearchUKresearchfellowattheUCLEarInstitutetogetherwithscientistsattheUniversityofCologneshowsthatfruitflieshaveearswhichmechanicallyamplifysoundsignalsinaremarkablysimilarwaytothesensory感觉的cellsfoundintheinnerearofvertebrates脊椎动物includinghumans.Thefindingmeansthatthewealthofgenetictechniquesalreadyavailabletostudythefruitflycannowbeusedtotargethowtheearworks. Dr.Albertsays.Thebiophysicalparallelsbetweenthewaysbothfruitfliesandhumansconvertsoundintonervesignalsaretrulyamazing.Wemaybeallowedtohopethatthesemechanistic机械学的similaritiesextendfurtherdowntothegenesandmoleculesthatbringabouthearing.Butevenifitfinallyshouldturnoutthathearinginfruitfliesreliesondifferentmoleculesthandoeshearinginhumansthelittlefruitflycanhelpusfindanswerstosomekeyquestionsofhearingresearchand–whatissometimesevenmoreimportant-willsurelyhelpusasktherightquestions. TheworkiswelcomedbyDeafnessResearchUKthecountry’sonlymedicalresearchchantyfordeafpeople.VivienneMichaelchiefexecutiveofDeafnessResearchUK.saysThisisanimportantadvancethatpavesthewaytowardaclearunderstandingofthegeneticsofdeafness.Thecharilywillcontinuetosupportculling-edge尖端的researchthroughitsFellowshipprogrammeattheUCI.EarinstituteandatothertopresearchcentresintheUKtoachieveourgoalofsecuringaudicalimprovementsinthepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofallformsofhearingimpairment ThereareninemilliondeafandhardofhearingpeopleintheUKandinmostcasesdeafnessresultsfromlossofsensorycellsintheinnerearknownashaircells.Thecellscanbeimagesandlostthroughageingnoisegeneticdefectsandcertaindrugsandbecausethecellsdon’tregeneratetheresultisprogressive-andirreversible-hearingloss.Damagetothesecellscanalsoleadtotinnitus耳鸣whichaffectsaroundfivemillionpeopleintheUK.Hearinglosscausedbydamagetothesensorycells
15MillionAmericansSufferfromSocialAnxietyDisorder Socialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlivesanewsurveyfinds. Thedisorderleavesmanyisolatedashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelptheAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports. SocialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintensepersistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituationsJerilynRosstheassociation’spresidentandCEOsaidduringateleconferenceWednesday. TheconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommoneverydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselvesRosssaid. SocialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformanceRossnoted.Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnershipsshesaid. PeoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrationalRosenoted.Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutitshesaid. SocialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteensDr.MarkH.PollackdirectoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchoolsaidduringtheteleconference. Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon1Pollacksaid.Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescenceage12or13andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbackto2earlierchildhood. Thedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptomsincludingheartpalpitationsfeelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseup3sweatingblushingfaintnesstremblingandstammeringRosssaid. Amongpeoplewiththedisorder75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition69percentsaidtheydidn’twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazyand58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheirconditionRosssaid. Howeverwhentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreatedmanyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelpRossnoted.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofthepeoplewithsocialanxietydisorder?
第一篇 EarBreakthrough NewresearchpublishedinthejournalCurrentBiologyhasaddedsignificantlytounderstandingofhowtheearworksgivinghopetomillionsofdeafandhardofhearingpeople. ThelatestresearchconductedbyDr.JorgT.AlbetaDeafnessResearchUKresearchfellowattheUCLEarInstitutetogetherwithscientistsattheUniversityofCologneshowsthatfruitflieshaveearswhichmechanicallyamplifysoundsignalsinaremarkablysimilarwaytothesensory感觉的cellsfoundintheinnerearofvertebrates脊椎动物includinghumans.Thefindingmeansthatthewealthofgenetictechniquesalreadyavailabletostudythefruitflycannowbeusedtotargethowtheearworks. Dr.Albertsays.Thebiophysicalparallelsbetweenthewaysbothfruitfliesandhumansconvertsoundintonervesignalsaretrulyamazing.Wemaybeallowedtohopethatthesemechanistic机械学的similaritiesextendfurtherdowntothegenesandmoleculesthatbringabouthearing.Butevenifitfinallyshouldturnoutthathearinginfruitfliesreliesondifferentmoleculesthandoeshearinginhumansthelittlefruitflycanhelpusfindanswerstosomekeyquestionsofhearingresearchand–whatissometimesevenmoreimportant-willsurelyhelpusasktherightquestions. TheworkiswelcomedbyDeafnessResearchUKthecountry’sonlymedicalresearchchantyfordeafpeople.VivienneMichaelchiefexecutiveofDeafnessResearchUK.saysThisisanimportantadvancethatpavesthewaytowardaclearunderstandingofthegeneticsofdeafness.Thecharilywillcontinuetosupportculling-edge尖端的researchthroughitsFellowshipprogrammeattheUCI.EarinstituteandatothertopresearchcentresintheUKtoachieveourgoalofsecuringaudicalimprovementsinthepreventiondiagnosisandtreatmentofallformsofhearingimpairment ThereareninemilliondeafandhardofhearingpeopleintheUKandinmostcasesdeafnessresultsfromlossofsensorycellsintheinnerearknownashaircells.Thecellscanbeimagesandlostthroughageingnoisegeneticdefectsandcertaindrugsandbecausethecellsdon’tregeneratetheresultisprogressive-andirreversible-hearingloss.Damagetothesecellscanalsoleadtotinnitus耳鸣whichaffectsaroundfivemillionpeopleintheUK.Fruitfilesandhumanssharesimilaritiesinhowthey
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