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Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are bei...
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FamilyHistory Inanagewhentechnologyisdevelopingfa
play
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Theperiodrangingfrom1865to1914hasbeenreferredtoas_
the Age of Enlightenment
the Age of Romanticism
New England Transcendentalism
the Age of Realism
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FamilyHistory Inanagewhentechnologyisdevelopingfa
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A.when does the History Museum open
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第三篇OperationMigration IfyoulookupattheskyintheearlyfallinthenorthernpartofNorthAmericayoumayseegroupsofbirds.Thesebirdsareflyingsouthtoplaceswheretheycanfindfoodandwarmthforthewinter.Theyaremigrating迁徙.Theyoungbirdsusuallylearntomigratefromtheirparents.Theyfollowtheirparentssouthinoneunusualcasehowevertheyoungbirdsarefollowingsomethingverydifferent.Thesebirdsareyoungwhoopingcranesandtheyarefollowinganairplane! TheyoungwhoopingcraneisthelargestbirdthatisnativetoNorthAmerica.Thesebirdsalmostdisappearedinthe1800s.By1941therewereonlyabout20cranesalive.Inthe1970speoplewereworriedthatthesecreatureswereindangerofdisappearingcompletely.AsaresulttheUnitedStatesidentifiedwhoopingcranesasanendangeredspeciesthattheyneededtoprotect. Someresearcherstriedtohelp.Theybegantobreedwhoopingcranesinspecialparkstoincreasethenumberofbirds.Thisplanwassuccessful.Therewerealotofnewbabybirds.Asthebirdsbecameoldertheresearcherswantedtoreturnthemtonature.Howevertherewasaproblem:Theseyoungbirdsdidnotknowhowtomigrate.Theyneededhumanhelp. In2001somepeoplehadacreativeIdea.TheyformedanorganizationcalledOperationMigration.Thisgroupdecidedtouseverylightairplanesinsteadofbirdstoleadtheyoungwhoopingcranesontheirfirsttripsouth.Theypaintedeachairplanetolooklikeawhoopingcrane.Eventhepilotsworespecialclothingtomakethemlooklikecranes.Thecranesbegantotrusttheairplanesandtheplanworked. Todayplanesstillleadbirdsacrossapproximately1200miles1931kilometersfromtheUnitedStates-CanadianbordertotheGulfofMexico.Theyleavethebirdsatdifferentsites.Ifatripissuccessfulthebirdscantravelontheirowninthefuture.Thenwhenthesebirdsbecomeparentstheywillteachtheiryoungtomigrate.ThepeopleofOperationMigrationthinkthisistheonlywaytomaintainthewhoopingcranepopulation. OperationMigrationworkswithseveralotherorganizationsandgovernmentinstitutes.Togethertheyassisthundredsofcraneseachyear.Howeversomeexpertspredictthatsoonthiswon’tbenecessary.ThankstoOperationMigrationanditspartnersthecranepopulationwillcontinuetomigrate.Hopefullytheywon’tneedhumanhelpanymore.Whoppingcranesmigrateinwinterto
65.单项选择题
第一篇AnExpensiveMistake IstherewaterontheplanetMars?IstherelifeonMars?WasthereeverlifeonMars?ScientistsfromNASAwantedtoknowtheanswerstothesequestions.TheybuiltaspacecrafttotravelaroundMarsandgetinformation.ThespacecraftwascalledtheMarsClimateOrbiter. TheMarsClimateOrbiterleftforMarsonDecember1998.Thetriptooknineandahalfmonths.Atfirsteverythingwasfine.HoweverwhentheOrbitergotnearMarssomethingterriblehappened.Thespacecraftdidn’tgototherightplace.ItwenttooclosetoMars.ItwastoohotfortheOrbiterthere.Thespacecraftcouldn’tfunctioncorrectly.SuddenlyitstoppedsendingmessagestoNASA.TheOrbiterwaslost. Howcouldthisterriblethinghappen?HowdidtheOrbitergetclosertoMarsthanthescientistsplanned?Finallytheyfoundtheanswer.TwoteamsofscientistsworkedtogetherontheOrbiter.OneteamwasinEnglandandoneteamwasintheUnitedStates.Thereweremanysimilaritiesinthewaytheyworkedbuttherewasoneimportantdifference:Theteamsuseddifferentguidelinesformeasuringthings.TheUnitedStatesteamusedthemetricsystem公制.TheotherteamusedtheEnglishsystem. Becausetheyuseddifferentsystemsthescientistsmadeamathematicalmistake.TheOrbiter’sorbittheshapeandpatternofitspatharoundMarswasnotcorrect.ThescientistsputtheOrbiteronthewrongpath.TheOrbitergottoocloseandtoohotanditstoppedfunctioning. Whydidn’tanybodyseethemistakebeforeitwastoolate?Manythingscontributedtotheproblem.OnethingwasthatNASAscientistsandmathematicianswereworkingontwootherspacecraftsatthesametime.Thiswasachallengeandtheywereverytiredfromworkinglonghours. TheMarsClimateOrbitercost$94milliontobuild.ItalsocostalotofmoneytotrytofindthelostOrbiterinspace.InadditionNASA’sresearchonthecauseoftheproblemwasexpensive.Thiswasn’tthefirsttimethattwodifferentmeasurementsystemscausedmistakesinscientificprojects.HowevertheMarsClimateOrbiterwasdefinitelythemostexpensivemistakeofall!WhendidtheOrbiter’sproblembegin?
Theseanimalsmigratesouthannuallyinsearchoffood.
KickingtheHabit Whatisabadhabit?Themostcommondefinitionisthatitissomethingthatwedoregularlyalmostwithoutthinkingaboutitandwhichhassomesortofnegativeconsequence.Thisconsequencecouldaffectthosearoundusoritcouldaffectuspersonally.Thosewhodenyhavingbadhabitsareprobablylying.Badhabitsarepartofwhatmakesushuman. Manyearlyhabitslikesuckingourthumbarebrokenwhenweareveryyoung.Weareeithertoldtostopdoingitbyourparentsorweconsciouslyorsubconsciouslyobservethatothersdonothavethesamehabitandwegraduallygrowoutofit.Itiswhenweintentionallyorunintentionallypickupnewhabitsinourlaterchildhoodorearlyadulthoodthatitbecomesaproblem.Unlesswecanbreakthathabitearlyonitbecomesprogrammedintoourbrain. Arecentstudyofhumanmemorysuggeststhatnomatterhowhardwetrytochangeourhabitsitistheoldwaysthattendtowinespeciallyinsituationswherewearerushedstressedoroverworked.Habitsthatwethoughtwehadgotridofcansuddenlycomeback.Duringthestudyprogrammetheresearchersshowedagroupofvolunteersseveralpicturesandgavethemwordstoassociatewiththem.Theythenshowedthevolunteersthesamepicturesagainandgavethemnewwordstoassociatewiththem. Afewdayslaterthevolunteersweregivenatest.Theresearchersshowedthemthepicturesandtoldthemtorespondwithoneofthewordstheyhadbeengivenforeachone.Itcameasnosurprisethattheiranswersweresplitbetweenthefirstsetofwordsandthesecond.Twoweekslatertheyweregiventhesametestagain.Thistimemostofthemonlygavethefirstsetofwords.Theyappearedtohavecompletelyforgottenthesecondset. Thestudyconfirmsthattheresponseswelearnfirstarethosethatremainstrongestovertime.Wemaytrytochangeourwaysbutafterawhiletheresponsethatcomestomindfirstisusuallythefirstonewelearned.Themorethatresponseisusedthemoreautomaticitbecomesandtheharderitbecomestorespondinanyotherway. Thestudythereforesuggeststhatovertimeourbadhabitsalsobecomeautomaticlearnedbehaviour.Thisisnotgoodnewsforpeoplewhopickedupbadhabitsearlyinlifeandnowwanttochangeorbreakthem.Evenwhenwetrytoputnewgoodintentionsintopracticethosepreviouslylearnedhabitsremainstrongerinmoreautomaticunconsciousformsofmemory.Researchersweresurprisedbytheanswersthatthevolunteersgaveinthefirsttest.
GlobalWarming Fewpeoplenowquestiontherealityofglobalwarminganditseffectsontheworld’sclimate.Manyscientists51_____theblameforrecentnaturaldisastersontheincrease52_____theworld’stemperaturesandareconvincedthatmorethan53_____beforetheEarthisat54_____fromtheforcesofthewindrainandsun.55_____tothemglobalwarmingismakingextremeweatherevents56_____ashurricanesanddroughtsevenmore57_____andcausingsealevelsallaroundtheworldto58_____. Environmentalgroupsareputting59_____ongovernmentstotakeactiontoreducethe60_____ofcarbondioxidewhichisgiven61_____byfactoriesandpowerplantsthusattackingtheproblematitssource.Theyare62_____favourofmoremoneybeingspentonresearchintosolarwindandwaveenergydeviceswhichcouldthenreplaceexistingpower63_____. Somescientists64_____believethatevenifwestoppedreleasingcarbondioxideandothergasesintotheatmospheretomorrowwewouldhavetowait65_____hundredyearstonoticetheresults.Globalwarmingitseemsisheretostay.
Hepausedwaitingforhertodigesttheinformation.
63.单项选择题
GlobalWarming Fewpeoplenowquestiontherealityofglobalwarminganditseffectsontheworld’sclimate.Manyscientists51_____theblameforrecentnaturaldisastersontheincrease52_____theworld’stemperaturesandareconvincedthatmorethan53_____beforetheEarthisat54_____fromtheforcesofthewindrainandsun.55_____tothemglobalwarmingismakingextremeweatherevents56_____ashurricanesanddroughtsevenmore57_____andcausingsealevelsallaroundtheworldto58_____. Environmentalgroupsareputting59_____ongovernmentstotakeactiontoreducethe60_____ofcarbondioxidewhichisgiven61_____byfactoriesandpowerplantsthusattackingtheproblematitssource.Theyare62_____favourofmoremoneybeingspentonresearchintosolarwindandwaveenergydeviceswhichcouldthenreplaceexistingpower63_____. Somescientists64_____believethatevenifwestoppedreleasingcarbondioxideandothergasesintotheatmospheretomorrowwewouldhavetowait65_____hundredyearstonoticetheresults.Globalwarmingitseemsisheretostay.
第一篇AnExpensiveMistake IstherewaterontheplanetMars?IstherelifeonMars?WasthereeverlifeonMars?ScientistsfromNASAwantedtoknowtheanswerstothesequestions.TheybuiltaspacecrafttotravelaroundMarsandgetinformation.ThespacecraftwascalledtheMarsClimateOrbiter. TheMarsClimateOrbiterleftforMarsonDecember1998.Thetriptooknineandahalfmonths.Atfirsteverythingwasfine.HoweverwhentheOrbitergotnearMarssomethingterriblehappened.Thespacecraftdidn’tgototherightplace.ItwenttooclosetoMars.ItwastoohotfortheOrbiterthere.Thespacecraftcouldn’tfunctioncorrectly.SuddenlyitstoppedsendingmessagestoNASA.TheOrbiterwaslost. Howcouldthisterriblethinghappen?HowdidtheOrbitergetclosertoMarsthanthescientistsplanned?Finallytheyfoundtheanswer.TwoteamsofscientistsworkedtogetherontheOrbiter.OneteamwasinEnglandandoneteamwasintheUnitedStates.Thereweremanysimilaritiesinthewaytheyworkedbuttherewasoneimportantdifference:Theteamsuseddifferentguidelinesformeasuringthings.TheUnitedStatesteamusedthemetricsystem公制.TheotherteamusedtheEnglishsystem. Becausetheyuseddifferentsystemsthescientistsmadeamathematicalmistake.TheOrbiter’sorbittheshapeandpatternofitspatharoundMarswasnotcorrect.ThescientistsputtheOrbiteronthewrongpath.TheOrbitergottoocloseandtoohotanditstoppedfunctioning. Whydidn’tanybodyseethemistakebeforeitwastoolate?Manythingscontributedtotheproblem.OnethingwasthatNASAscientistsandmathematicianswereworkingontwootherspacecraftsatthesametime.Thiswasachallengeandtheywereverytiredfromworkinglonghours. TheMarsClimateOrbitercost$94milliontobuild.ItalsocostalotofmoneytotrytofindthelostOrbiterinspace.InadditionNASA’sresearchonthecauseoftheproblemwasexpensive.Thiswasn’tthefirsttimethattwodifferentmeasurementsystemscausedmistakesinscientificprojects.HowevertheMarsClimateOrbiterwasdefinitelythemostexpensivemistakeofall!Whydidn’tNASAscientistsidentifytheproblembeforetheOrbiterleftforMars?
Therulesaretorigidtoallowforhumanerror.
Shecameacorssthreechildrensleepingunderabridge.
Thepolicewillneedtokeepawaryeyeonthisareaoftown.
Itseemedincrediblethathehadbeenthereaweekalready.
Thecontractbetweenthetwocompanieswillexpiresoon.
第三篇OperationMigration IfyoulookupattheskyintheearlyfallinthenorthernpartofNorthAmericayoumayseegroupsofbirds.Thesebirdsareflyingsouthtoplaceswheretheycanfindfoodandwarmthforthewinter.Theyaremigrating迁徙.Theyoungbirdsusuallylearntomigratefromtheirparents.Theyfollowtheirparentssouthinoneunusualcasehowevertheyoungbirdsarefollowingsomethingverydifferent.Thesebirdsareyoungwhoopingcranesandtheyarefollowinganairplane! TheyoungwhoopingcraneisthelargestbirdthatisnativetoNorthAmerica.Thesebirdsalmostdisappearedinthe1800s.By1941therewereonlyabout20cranesalive.Inthe1970speoplewereworriedthatthesecreatureswereindangerofdisappearingcompletely.AsaresulttheUnitedStatesidentifiedwhoopingcranesasanendangeredspeciesthattheyneededtoprotect. Someresearcherstriedtohelp.Theybegantobreedwhoopingcranesinspecialparkstoincreasethenumberofbirds.Thisplanwassuccessful.Therewerealotofnewbabybirds.Asthebirdsbecameoldertheresearcherswantedtoreturnthemtonature.Howevertherewasaproblem:Theseyoungbirdsdidnotknowhowtomigrate.Theyneededhumanhelp. In2001somepeoplehadacreativeIdea.TheyformedanorganizationcalledOperationMigration.Thisgroupdecidedtouseverylightairplanesinsteadofbirdstoleadtheyoungwhoopingcranesontheirfirsttripsouth.Theypaintedeachairplanetolooklikeawhoopingcrane.Eventhepilotsworespecialclothingtomakethemlooklikecranes.Thecranesbegantotrusttheairplanesandtheplanworked. Todayplanesstillleadbirdsacrossapproximately1200miles1931kilometersfromtheUnitedStates-CanadianbordertotheGulfofMexico.Theyleavethebirdsatdifferentsites.Ifatripissuccessfulthebirdscantravelontheirowninthefuture.Thenwhenthesebirdsbecomeparentstheywillteachtheiryoungtomigrate.ThepeopleofOperationMigrationthinkthisistheonlywaytomaintainthewhoopingcranepopulation. OperationMigrationworkswithseveralotherorganizationsandgovernmentinstitutes.Togethertheyassisthundredsofcraneseachyear.Howeversomeexpertspredictthatsoonthiswon’tbenecessary.ThankstoOperationMigrationanditspartnersthecranepopulationwillcontinuetomigrate.Hopefullytheywon’tneedhumanhelpanymore.OperationMigrationaimsto
GlobalWarming Fewpeoplenowquestiontherealityofglobalwarminganditseffectsontheworld’sclimate.Manyscientists51_____theblameforrecentnaturaldisastersontheincrease52_____theworld’stemperaturesandareconvincedthatmorethan53_____beforetheEarthisat54_____fromtheforcesofthewindrainandsun.55_____tothemglobalwarmingismakingextremeweatherevents56_____ashurricanesanddroughtsevenmore57_____andcausingsealevelsallaroundtheworldto58_____. Environmentalgroupsareputting59_____ongovernmentstotakeactiontoreducethe60_____ofcarbondioxidewhichisgiven61_____byfactoriesandpowerplantsthusattackingtheproblematitssource.Theyare62_____favourofmoremoneybeingspentonresearchintosolarwindandwaveenergydeviceswhichcouldthenreplaceexistingpower63_____. Somescientists64_____believethatevenifwestoppedreleasingcarbondioxideandothergasesintotheatmospheretomorrowwewouldhavetowait65_____hundredyearstonoticetheresults.Globalwarmingitseemsisheretostay.
Shegetsaggressivewhensheisdrunk
KickingtheHabit Whatisabadhabit?Themostcommondefinitionisthatitissomethingthatwedoregularlyalmostwithoutthinkingaboutitandwhichhassomesortofnegativeconsequence.Thisconsequencecouldaffectthosearoundusoritcouldaffectuspersonally.Thosewhodenyhavingbadhabitsareprobablylying.Badhabitsarepartofwhatmakesushuman. Manyearlyhabitslikesuckingourthumbarebrokenwhenweareveryyoung.Weareeithertoldtostopdoingitbyourparentsorweconsciouslyorsubconsciouslyobservethatothersdonothavethesamehabitandwegraduallygrowoutofit.Itiswhenweintentionallyorunintentionallypickupnewhabitsinourlaterchildhoodorearlyadulthoodthatitbecomesaproblem.Unlesswecanbreakthathabitearlyonitbecomesprogrammedintoourbrain. Arecentstudyofhumanmemorysuggeststhatnomatterhowhardwetrytochangeourhabitsitistheoldwaysthattendtowinespeciallyinsituationswherewearerushedstressedoroverworked.Habitsthatwethoughtwehadgotridofcansuddenlycomeback.Duringthestudyprogrammetheresearchersshowedagroupofvolunteersseveralpicturesandgavethemwordstoassociatewiththem.Theythenshowedthevolunteersthesamepicturesagainandgavethemnewwordstoassociatewiththem. Afewdayslaterthevolunteersweregivenatest.Theresearchersshowedthemthepicturesandtoldthemtorespondwithoneofthewordstheyhadbeengivenforeachone.Itcameasnosurprisethattheiranswersweresplitbetweenthefirstsetofwordsandthesecond.Twoweekslatertheyweregiventhesametestagain.Thistimemostofthemonlygavethefirstsetofwords.Theyappearedtohavecompletelyforgottenthesecondset. Thestudyconfirmsthattheresponseswelearnfirstarethosethatremainstrongestovertime.Wemaytrytochangeourwaysbutafterawhiletheresponsethatcomestomindfirstisusuallythefirstonewelearned.Themorethatresponseisusedthemoreautomaticitbecomesandtheharderitbecomestorespondinanyotherway. Thestudythereforesuggeststhatovertimeourbadhabitsalsobecomeautomaticlearnedbehaviour.Thisisnotgoodnewsforpeoplewhopickedupbadhabitsearlyinlifeandnowwanttochangeorbreakthem.Evenwhenwetrytoputnewgoodintentionsintopracticethosepreviouslylearnedhabitsremainstrongerinmoreautomaticunconsciousformsofmemory.Wecanonlybreakbadhabitsifotherstellustodoso.
KickingtheHabit Whatisabadhabit?Themostcommondefinitionisthatitissomethingthatwedoregularlyalmostwithoutthinkingaboutitandwhichhassomesortofnegativeconsequence.Thisconsequencecouldaffectthosearoundusoritcouldaffectuspersonally.Thosewhodenyhavingbadhabitsareprobablylying.Badhabitsarepartofwhatmakesushuman. Manyearlyhabitslikesuckingourthumbarebrokenwhenweareveryyoung.Weareeithertoldtostopdoingitbyourparentsorweconsciouslyorsubconsciouslyobservethatothersdonothavethesamehabitandwegraduallygrowoutofit.Itiswhenweintentionallyorunintentionallypickupnewhabitsinourlaterchildhoodorearlyadulthoodthatitbecomesaproblem.Unlesswecanbreakthathabitearlyonitbecomesprogrammedintoourbrain. Arecentstudyofhumanmemorysuggeststhatnomatterhowhardwetrytochangeourhabitsitistheoldwaysthattendtowinespeciallyinsituationswherewearerushedstressedoroverworked.Habitsthatwethoughtwehadgotridofcansuddenlycomeback.Duringthestudyprogrammetheresearchersshowedagroupofvolunteersseveralpicturesandgavethemwordstoassociatewiththem.Theythenshowedthevolunteersthesamepicturesagainandgavethemnewwordstoassociatewiththem. Afewdayslaterthevolunteersweregivenatest.Theresearchersshowedthemthepicturesandtoldthemtorespondwithoneofthewordstheyhadbeengivenforeachone.Itcameasnosurprisethattheiranswersweresplitbetweenthefirstsetofwordsandthesecond.Twoweekslatertheyweregiventhesametestagain.Thistimemostofthemonlygavethefirstsetofwords.Theyappearedtohavecompletelyforgottenthesecondset. Thestudyconfirmsthattheresponseswelearnfirstarethosethatremainstrongestovertime.Wemaytrytochangeourwaysbutafterawhiletheresponsethatcomestomindfirstisusuallythefirstonewelearned.Themorethatresponseisusedthemoreautomaticitbecomesandtheharderitbecomestorespondinanyotherway. Thestudythereforesuggeststhatovertimeourbadhabitsalsobecomeautomaticlearnedbehaviour.Thisisnotgoodnewsforpeoplewhopickedupbadhabitsearlyinlifeandnowwanttochangeorbreakthem.Evenwhenwetrytoputnewgoodintentionsintopracticethosepreviouslylearnedhabitsremainstrongerinmoreautomaticunconsciousformsofmemory.Thestudysuggeststhatitismoredifficulttorespondtowhatwelearnfirst.
第三篇OperationMigration IfyoulookupattheskyintheearlyfallinthenorthernpartofNorthAmericayoumayseegroupsofbirds.Thesebirdsareflyingsouthtoplaceswheretheycanfindfoodandwarmthforthewinter.Theyaremigrating迁徙.Theyoungbirdsusuallylearntomigratefromtheirparents.Theyfollowtheirparentssouthinoneunusualcasehowevertheyoungbirdsarefollowingsomethingverydifferent.Thesebirdsareyoungwhoopingcranesandtheyarefollowinganairplane! TheyoungwhoopingcraneisthelargestbirdthatisnativetoNorthAmerica.Thesebirdsalmostdisappearedinthe1800s.By1941therewereonlyabout20cranesalive.Inthe1970speoplewereworriedthatthesecreatureswereindangerofdisappearingcompletely.AsaresulttheUnitedStatesidentifiedwhoopingcranesasanendangeredspeciesthattheyneededtoprotect. Someresearcherstriedtohelp.Theybegantobreedwhoopingcranesinspecialparkstoincreasethenumberofbirds.Thisplanwassuccessful.Therewerealotofnewbabybirds.Asthebirdsbecameoldertheresearcherswantedtoreturnthemtonature.Howevertherewasaproblem:Theseyoungbirdsdidnotknowhowtomigrate.Theyneededhumanhelp. In2001somepeoplehadacreativeIdea.TheyformedanorganizationcalledOperationMigration.Thisgroupdecidedtouseverylightairplanesinsteadofbirdstoleadtheyoungwhoopingcranesontheirfirsttripsouth.Theypaintedeachairplanetolooklikeawhoopingcrane.Eventhepilotsworespecialclothingtomakethemlooklikecranes.Thecranesbegantotrusttheairplanesandtheplanworked. Todayplanesstillleadbirdsacrossapproximately1200miles1931kilometersfromtheUnitedStates-CanadianbordertotheGulfofMexico.Theyleavethebirdsatdifferentsites.Ifatripissuccessfulthebirdscantravelontheirowninthefuture.Thenwhenthesebirdsbecomeparentstheywillteachtheiryoungtomigrate.ThepeopleofOperationMigrationthinkthisistheonlywaytomaintainthewhoopingcranepopulation. OperationMigrationworkswithseveralotherorganizationsandgovernmentinstitutes.Togethertheyassisthundredsofcraneseachyear.Howeversomeexpertspredictthatsoonthiswon’tbenecessary.ThankstoOperationMigrationanditspartnersthecranepopulationwillcontinuetomigrate.Hopefullytheywon’tneedhumanhelpanymore.IfOperationMigrationissuccessfulwhoopingcraneswill
第一篇AnExpensiveMistake IstherewaterontheplanetMars?IstherelifeonMars?WasthereeverlifeonMars?ScientistsfromNASAwantedtoknowtheanswerstothesequestions.TheybuiltaspacecrafttotravelaroundMarsandgetinformation.ThespacecraftwascalledtheMarsClimateOrbiter. TheMarsClimateOrbiterleftforMarsonDecember1998.Thetriptooknineandahalfmonths.Atfirsteverythingwasfine.HoweverwhentheOrbitergotnearMarssomethingterriblehappened.Thespacecraftdidn’tgototherightplace.ItwenttooclosetoMars.ItwastoohotfortheOrbiterthere.Thespacecraftcouldn’tfunctioncorrectly.SuddenlyitstoppedsendingmessagestoNASA.TheOrbiterwaslost. Howcouldthisterriblethinghappen?HowdidtheOrbitergetclosertoMarsthanthescientistsplanned?Finallytheyfoundtheanswer.TwoteamsofscientistsworkedtogetherontheOrbiter.OneteamwasinEnglandandoneteamwasintheUnitedStates.Thereweremanysimilaritiesinthewaytheyworkedbuttherewasoneimportantdifference:Theteamsuseddifferentguidelinesformeasuringthings.TheUnitedStatesteamusedthemetricsystem公制.TheotherteamusedtheEnglishsystem. Becausetheyuseddifferentsystemsthescientistsmadeamathematicalmistake.TheOrbiter’sorbittheshapeandpatternofitspatharoundMarswasnotcorrect.ThescientistsputtheOrbiteronthewrongpath.TheOrbitergottoocloseandtoohotanditstoppedfunctioning. Whydidn’tanybodyseethemistakebeforeitwastoolate?Manythingscontributedtotheproblem.OnethingwasthatNASAscientistsandmathematicianswereworkingontwootherspacecraftsatthesametime.Thiswasachallengeandtheywereverytiredfromworkinglonghours. TheMarsClimateOrbitercost$94milliontobuild.ItalsocostalotofmoneytotrytofindthelostOrbiterinspace.InadditionNASA’sresearchonthecauseoftheproblemwasexpensive.Thiswasn’tthefirsttimethattwodifferentmeasurementsystemscausedmistakesinscientificprojects.HowevertheMarsClimateOrbiterwasdefinitelythemostexpensivemistakeofall!NASAbuilttheMarsClimateOrbitertogetinformationabout
第二篇TheDevelopmentofBallet Balletisadanceformthathasalonghistory.Thefactthatitsurvivestothisdayshowsthatithasadjustedastimeshavechanged. BalletbeganintheroyalcourtsduringtheRenaissance.Atthattimeitbecamecommonforkingsandqueensaswellasothernobilitytoparticipateinpageantsthatincludedmusicpoetryanddance.AstheseentertainmentsmovedfromtheItaliancourtstotheFrenchonescourtladiesbeganparticipatinginthem.Thoughtheirlongdressespreventedmuchmovementtheywereabletoperformelaboratewalkingpatterns.Itwasnotuntilthe1600sthatwomendancersshortenedtheirskirtschangedtoflatshoesandbegandoingsomeoftheleapsandturnsperformedbymen. Itwasalsointhe1600sthatprofessionalballetbegan.KingLouisXIVofFrancehimselfadevoteddancerfoundedtheRoyalAcademyofDance.Thefivebasicfeetpositionsfromwhichallballetstepsbeginwerefinalized.Inthelate1700sanotherimportantchangeoccurred.Balletbegantotellastoryonitsown.Itwasnolongersimplydancetobeperformedbetweenactsofplays.Elaboratewigsandcostumeswereeliminated.Bytheearly1800sdancerstoriseontheirtoestomakeitappearthatwerefloating. ClassicalballetasweknowittodaywasinfluencedprimarilybyRussiandancing.TheRussiansremainedinterestedinballetwhenitdeclinedinotherEuropeancountriesinthemid-1800s.Oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresoftheearly20thcenturywasSergeiDiaghilev.HisdancecompanytheBalletsRussesbroughtanewenergyandexcitementtoballet.OneofhischiefassistantsGeorgeBalanchinewentontofoundtheNewYorkCityBalletin1948andtoinfluencenewgenerationsofdancers.ThewordpageantsinParagraph2means
第二篇TheDevelopmentofBallet Balletisadanceformthathasalonghistory.Thefactthatitsurvivestothisdayshowsthatithasadjustedastimeshavechanged. BalletbeganintheroyalcourtsduringtheRenaissance.Atthattimeitbecamecommonforkingsandqueensaswellasothernobilitytoparticipateinpageantsthatincludedmusicpoetryanddance.AstheseentertainmentsmovedfromtheItaliancourtstotheFrenchonescourtladiesbeganparticipatinginthem.Thoughtheirlongdressespreventedmuchmovementtheywereabletoperformelaboratewalkingpatterns.Itwasnotuntilthe1600sthatwomendancersshortenedtheirskirtschangedtoflatshoesandbegandoingsomeoftheleapsandturnsperformedbymen. Itwasalsointhe1600sthatprofessionalballetbegan.KingLouisXIVofFrancehimselfadevoteddancerfoundedtheRoyalAcademyofDance.Thefivebasicfeetpositionsfromwhichallballetstepsbeginwerefinalized.Inthelate1700sanotherimportantchangeoccurred.Balletbegantotellastoryonitsown.Itwasnolongersimplydancetobeperformedbetweenactsofplays.Elaboratewigsandcostumeswereeliminated.Bytheearly1800sdancerstoriseontheirtoestomakeitappearthatwerefloating. ClassicalballetasweknowittodaywasinfluencedprimarilybyRussiandancing.TheRussiansremainedinterestedinballetwhenitdeclinedinotherEuropeancountriesinthemid-1800s.Oneofthemostinfluentialfiguresoftheearly20thcenturywasSergeiDiaghilev.HisdancecompanytheBalletsRussesbroughtanewenergyandexcitementtoballet.OneofhischiefassistantsGeorgeBalanchinewentontofoundtheNewYorkCityBalletin1948andtoinfluencenewgenerationsofdancers.Whohadanimportantinfluenceonearlyballet?
GlobalWarming Fewpeoplenowquestiontherealityofglobalwarminganditseffectsontheworld’sclimate.Manyscientists51_____theblameforrecentnaturaldisastersontheincrease52_____theworld’stemperaturesandareconvincedthatmorethan53_____beforetheEarthisat54_____fromtheforcesofthewindrainandsun.55_____tothemglobalwarmingismakingextremeweatherevents56_____ashurricanesanddroughtsevenmore57_____andcausingsealevelsallaroundtheworldto58_____. Environmentalgroupsareputting59_____ongovernmentstotakeactiontoreducethe60_____ofcarbondioxidewhichisgiven61_____byfactoriesandpowerplantsthusattackingtheproblematitssource.Theyare62_____favourofmoremoneybeingspentonresearchintosolarwindandwaveenergydeviceswhichcouldthenreplaceexistingpower63_____. Somescientists64_____believethatevenifwestoppedreleasingcarbondioxideandothergasesintotheatmospheretomorrowwewouldhavetowait65_____hundredyearstonoticetheresults.Globalwarmingitseemsisheretostay.
GlobalWarming Fewpeoplenowquestiontherealityofglobalwarminganditseffectsontheworld’sclimate.Manyscientists51_____theblameforrecentnaturaldisastersontheincrease52_____theworld’stemperaturesandareconvincedthatmorethan53_____beforetheEarthisat54_____fromtheforcesofthewindrainandsun.55_____tothemglobalwarmingismakingextremeweatherevents56_____ashurricanesanddroughtsevenmore57_____andcausingsealevelsallaroundtheworldto58_____. Environmentalgroupsareputting59_____ongovernmentstotakeactiontoreducethe60_____ofcarbondioxidewhichisgiven61_____byfactoriesandpowerplantsthusattackingtheproblematitssource.Theyare62_____favourofmoremoneybeingspentonresearchintosolarwindandwaveenergydeviceswhichcouldthenreplaceexistingpower63_____. Somescientists64_____believethatevenifwestoppedreleasingcarbondioxideandothergasesintotheatmospheretomorrowwewouldhavetowait65_____hundredyearstonoticetheresults.Globalwarmingitseemsisheretostay.
GlobalWarming Fewpeoplenowquestiontherealityofglobalwarminganditseffectsontheworld’sclimate.Manyscientists51_____theblameforrecentnaturaldisastersontheincrease52_____theworld’stemperaturesandareconvincedthatmorethan53_____beforetheEarthisat54_____fromtheforcesofthewindrainandsun.55_____tothemglobalwarmingismakingextremeweatherevents56_____ashurricanesanddroughtsevenmore57_____andcausingsealevelsallaroundtheworldto58_____. Environmentalgroupsareputting59_____ongovernmentstotakeactiontoreducethe60_____ofcarbondioxidewhichisgiven61_____byfactoriesandpowerplantsthusattackingtheproblematitssource.Theyare62_____favourofmoremoneybeingspentonresearchintosolarwindandwaveenergydeviceswhichcouldthenreplaceexistingpower63_____. Somescientists64_____believethatevenifwestoppedreleasingcarbondioxideandothergasesintotheatmospheretomorrowwewouldhavetowait65_____hundredyearstonoticetheresults.Globalwarmingitseemsisheretostay.
Asapoliticianheknowshowtomanipulatepubilcopinion.
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GlobalWarming Fewpeoplenowquestiontherealityofglobalwarminganditseffectsontheworld’sclimate.Manyscientists51_____theblameforrecentnaturaldisastersontheincrease52_____theworld’stemperaturesandareconvincedthatmorethan53_____beforetheEarthisat54_____fromtheforcesofthewindrainandsun.55_____tothemglobalwarmingismakingextremeweatherevents56_____ashurricanesanddroughtsevenmore57_____andcausingsealevelsallaroundtheworldto58_____. Environmentalgroupsareputting59_____ongovernmentstotakeactiontoreducethe60_____ofcarbondioxidewhichisgiven61_____byfactoriesandpowerplantsthusattackingtheproblematitssource.Theyare62_____favourofmoremoneybeingspentonresearchintosolarwindandwaveenergydeviceswhichcouldthenreplaceexistingpower63_____. Somescientists64_____believethatevenifwestoppedreleasingcarbondioxideandothergasesintotheatmospheretomorrowwewouldhavetowait65_____hundredyearstonoticetheresults.Globalwarmingitseemsisheretostay.
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