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TooPoliteforWordsAJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese.There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps.TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans.yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling:Yourhonorableself.Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisamaanothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedbutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog.Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror.There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting.Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans:Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly.ThewordNickintheArabiclanguageisacurse.
EgyptfelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BCNowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./theworddevastatinginthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby______.
Theanhingaisablackwaterbirdthatfrequentstheperimetersoftheeverglades.
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrimeTomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.46Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.47Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.48Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.49BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.50A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohittheahkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdoF.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
TheSeaWhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.WhatotherthingsdoweknowaboutitThefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld.Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace!Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea!Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese.Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres!Howmuchoftheearth’ssurfacedoeslandcover______
InthebookAutobiographyofValuestheaviationheroCharlesLindberghrevealshisparadoxicalandoftensoberingthoughtsonlife.
EgyptfelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BCNowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./Whydoestheauthormentionpyramidbuilders______
TooPoliteforWordsAJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese.There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps.TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans.yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling:Yourhonorableself.Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisamaanothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedbutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog.Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror.There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting.Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans:Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly.TheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyshowingtheirrespectinanironicway.
DeafandHearingLossPeoplewhobegintogodeafinadultlifehavedifferentproblemsfromthosewhoarehorndeaf.Theyhavetolearndifferentwaysofbehavinganddifferentwaysofcommunication—perhapsatatimewhenlearningisnotallthateasy.Ahearingaidisnotacompletesolutiontotheproblem.Thesoundperceivedbythedeafpersonthroughahearingaidisdistortedandappearstohavemorebackgroundnoisethanisheardbysomeonewithnormalhearing.Deafenedpeoplehavetolipreadaswell.Lipreadingisdifficultdemandsintenseconcentrationandanuninterrupteddirectviewofthespeaker’sface.Nootheractivitiescantakeplaceatthesametime:thelipreaderhastostopeatingstopeverythinginordertoconcentrateonhearing.Itisnotaquestionofstupidityorbadtemper—asitsometimesappearstobe—butaquestionofbeingveryeasytomisunderstandwhenthesoundisdistorted.Rememberwhatit’sliketryingtocommunicateonaverybadtelephoneline.Frustratingisn’titThedeafhavetofaceallthetime.Ausefulwayoflookingattheproblemistoseethedeafpersonasaforeigner—totreatthemasofyouwereinaforeigncountry.Youwouldspeakmoreclearlyslowlyandraiseyourvoiceslightly.Andyou’dusegesturestomakeyourmeaningclearaswellashavenohesitationinusingpencilandpapertobeabsolutelycertain.Youcandoallthosethingswiththedeaf—aswellasmakingsureyoudon’tobscureyourmouthwithyourhandapipeoracigarette.Anotherpointquiteoftenoverlookedisthatahearingaidmaybequiteefficientandusefulinaquitecarpetedroom—buttryitinthehighstreetintherushhourinanoisycarinarailwaystationticketofficeacinemaoraconcerthailandyou’vegotareallydifficultproblemtodistinguishspeech.Sodon’tsuggesttoorencouragedeafpeopletogotofunctionswhicharegoingtomaketheirdisabilityappearworse—andincreasetheirsenseoffailure.Ontheotherhandcarefulselectionofcinemaswithgoodsoundsystemsisimportantandyoushouldexperimenttofindoutwherethebestseatsareforhearingfittingadaptorsforradioandtelevisionobservingwhichfriendsareeasiertounderstandandmakingsurethatpeopletalkingarewell-litandallusefulandpositiveactivities.Apersonwholoseshearing______.
DeafandHearingLossPeoplewhobegintogodeafinadultlifehavedifferentproblemsfromthosewhoarehorndeaf.Theyhavetolearndifferentwaysofbehavinganddifferentwaysofcommunication—perhapsatatimewhenlearningisnotallthateasy.Ahearingaidisnotacompletesolutiontotheproblem.Thesoundperceivedbythedeafpersonthroughahearingaidisdistortedandappearstohavemorebackgroundnoisethanisheardbysomeonewithnormalhearing.Deafenedpeoplehavetolipreadaswell.Lipreadingisdifficultdemandsintenseconcentrationandanuninterrupteddirectviewofthespeaker’sface.Nootheractivitiescantakeplaceatthesametime:thelipreaderhastostopeatingstopeverythinginordertoconcentrateonhearing.Itisnotaquestionofstupidityorbadtemper—asitsometimesappearstobe—butaquestionofbeingveryeasytomisunderstandwhenthesoundisdistorted.Rememberwhatit’sliketryingtocommunicateonaverybadtelephoneline.Frustratingisn’titThedeafhavetofaceallthetime.Ausefulwayoflookingattheproblemistoseethedeafpersonasaforeigner—totreatthemasofyouwereinaforeigncountry.Youwouldspeakmoreclearlyslowlyandraiseyourvoiceslightly.Andyou’dusegesturestomakeyourmeaningclearaswellashavenohesitationinusingpencilandpapertobeabsolutelycertain.Youcandoallthosethingswiththedeaf—aswellasmakingsureyoudon’tobscureyourmouthwithyourhandapipeoracigarette.Anotherpointquiteoftenoverlookedisthatahearingaidmaybequiteefficientandusefulinaquitecarpetedroom—buttryitinthehighstreetintherushhourinanoisycarinarailwaystationticketofficeacinemaoraconcerthailandyou’vegotareallydifficultproblemtodistinguishspeech.Sodon’tsuggesttoorencouragedeafpeopletogotofunctionswhicharegoingtomaketheirdisabilityappearworse—andincreasetheirsenseoffailure.Ontheotherhandcarefulselectionofcinemaswithgoodsoundsystemsisimportantandyoushouldexperimenttofindoutwherethebestseatsareforhearingfittingadaptorsforradioandtelevisionobservingwhichfriendsareeasiertounderstandandmakingsurethatpeopletalkingarewell-litandallusefulandpositiveactivities.Anotherpointoverlookedsuggeststhatsomethinghasbeenoverlookedbeforethis.Overlookingthingslikethefactthat______.
JuliaMargaretCameronwasamongthepioneersinanewkindofportraitphotography—theclose-up.
TooPoliteforWordsAJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishwordjerk.IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosayjerkinJapanese.There’snosuchwordsheansweredhelplessly.Wehavetouse’jerk’.Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:I’msorry.GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps.TaketheviciousJapaneseinsultkisamawhichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans.yourhonorableself.That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling:Yourhonorableself.Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanisamaanothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeansnun.Suresarcasmmaybeintendedbutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog.Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse.Nicksoundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror.There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting.Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:Omaenokaachandebeso.Thatmeans:Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout.ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly.TheJapanesepeoplecannotfullydemonstratetheirangerbecausetheirlanguageisnotsuitableforsnipingatpeople.
DeafandHearingLossPeoplewhobegintogodeafinadultlifehavedifferentproblemsfromthosewhoarehorndeaf.Theyhavetolearndifferentwaysofbehavinganddifferentwaysofcommunication—perhapsatatimewhenlearningisnotallthateasy.Ahearingaidisnotacompletesolutiontotheproblem.Thesoundperceivedbythedeafpersonthroughahearingaidisdistortedandappearstohavemorebackgroundnoisethanisheardbysomeonewithnormalhearing.Deafenedpeoplehavetolipreadaswell.Lipreadingisdifficultdemandsintenseconcentrationandanuninterrupteddirectviewofthespeaker’sface.Nootheractivitiescantakeplaceatthesametime:thelipreaderhastostopeatingstopeverythinginordertoconcentrateonhearing.Itisnotaquestionofstupidityorbadtemper—asitsometimesappearstobe—butaquestionofbeingveryeasytomisunderstandwhenthesoundisdistorted.Rememberwhatit’sliketryingtocommunicateonaverybadtelephoneline.Frustratingisn’titThedeafhavetofaceallthetime.Ausefulwayoflookingattheproblemistoseethedeafpersonasaforeigner—totreatthemasofyouwereinaforeigncountry.Youwouldspeakmoreclearlyslowlyandraiseyourvoiceslightly.Andyou’dusegesturestomakeyourmeaningclearaswellashavenohesitationinusingpencilandpapertobeabsolutelycertain.Youcandoallthosethingswiththedeaf—aswellasmakingsureyoudon’tobscureyourmouthwithyourhandapipeoracigarette.Anotherpointquiteoftenoverlookedisthatahearingaidmaybequiteefficientandusefulinaquitecarpetedroom—buttryitinthehighstreetintherushhourinanoisycarinarailwaystationticketofficeacinemaoraconcerthailandyou’vegotareallydifficultproblemtodistinguishspeech.Sodon’tsuggesttoorencouragedeafpeopletogotofunctionswhicharegoingtomaketheirdisabilityappearworse—andincreasetheirsenseoffailure.Ontheotherhandcarefulselectionofcinemaswithgoodsoundsystemsisimportantandyoushouldexperimenttofindoutwherethebestseatsareforhearingfittingadaptorsforradioandtelevisionobservingwhichfriendsareeasiertounderstandandmakingsurethatpeopletalkingarewell-litandallusefulandpositiveactivities.Thepurposeofthispassageistotellreaders______.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.1Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus-justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthelet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.
EgyptfelledbyFamineEvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BCNowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday.TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods.DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile.TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver.KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom.TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians.Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocietiessaysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork.SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C.anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue______
TheMoonandmostartificialsatellitestravelaroundtheEarthinellipticalpaths.
A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportationB.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperatedC.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengersD.toprovidedifferentservicesEtheshortageofqualifiedpilotsF.travellingbyairwasverycheapAirtransportcompaniesusedifferentplanes______.
TheSeaWhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.WhatotherthingsdoweknowaboutitThefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld.Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace!Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea!Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese.Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres!WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheDeadSeaisNOTtrue______
Althoughresearchhasshownthatasparagusdoescontainmanyimportantnutrientsitisnotasitwasonceregardedapanacea.
WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfessWhyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrimeTomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.46Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.47Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.48Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.49BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.50A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohittheahkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdoF.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.1Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus-justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthelet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.
Accordingtosomebiologiststheinstincttocarefortheyoungisperhapsthemostinterestingcharacteristicofanimals.
A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportationB.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperatedC.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengersD.toprovidedifferentservicesEtheshortageofqualifiedpilotsF.travellingbyairwasverycheapThefortyyearsfromthe1930stothe1970swasanimportantperiod______.
By1929twoyearsafterthestartofthetalkiesmotionpicturetheatersintheUnitedStateswereattracting100millionpatronseveryweek.
TheFrenchandIndianWarof1756-1763pittedBritainherAmericancolonistsandherIndianalliesagainstFranceherCanadiancolonistsandherIndianallies.
Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.MalariatuberculosisandHIV/AIDSforexamplearealltreatedwith51ofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbe52ifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepilltakenjustonceaday.Nowtwocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejust53treatmentforHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhave54asinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthem55thenameofSustiva.Gileadcombinedthe56EmtrivaandVireadintoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan57issues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetition58thedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultof59isdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscomparedits60tothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivir61twodrugsAZTand3TC.TheresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatmentthenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwith62sideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimoreMarylandledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivirGlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereacted63thefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationto64thenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample65womenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.1Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus-justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthelet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.
OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewildbydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit-oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanetwhatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves51realityofcourseitwasnaiveto52thateveryonewouldlet53ofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.1Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhave54vials.55thelastofficialstocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia56noobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershave57ananimalmodelofthehumandiseaseopeningthe58fortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasonto59thevirus-justin60thediseaseputsinareappearance.Howdowe61withthemistrustoftheUSandRussia62Keepthevirus63internationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobjectofcoursejustasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’t64theideaiswrong.Ifthevirus65usefulthelet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.
A.AirportservicesB.TrainingofpilotsC.BeginningperiodD.RapidgrowthintheU.S.E.DevelopmentF.CompetitionParagraph2______
A.AirportservicesB.TrainingofpilotsC.BeginningperiodD.RapidgrowthintheU.S.E.DevelopmentF.CompetitionParagraph4______
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