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Adult Education ? ?1. Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adul...
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A.Necessityfordevelopingadulteducation??B.Earlyday
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??阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务11～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 1～4段每段选择1个
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{{*HTML*}}A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportation??B.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperated??C.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengers??D.toprovidedifferentservices??E.theshortageofqualifiedpilots??F.travellingbyairwasverycheapTheUnitedStateswasthecountrywhere______.
TheSea WhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.Whatotherthingsdoweknowaboutit Thefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld. Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace! Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea! Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese. Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres! Whendoesthesealookbeautiful
TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishword"jerk".IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosay"jerk"inJapanese. "There’snosuchword"sheansweredhelplessly."Wehavetouse’jerk’".Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:"I’msorry."GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsult"kisama"whichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:"yourhonorableself."That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling."Yourhonorableself." Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanis"ama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeans"nun".Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse."Nick"soundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:"Omaenokaachandebeso."Thatmeans."Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout."ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. TheJapanesewomanusedtheEnglishwordjerksoastomakeiteasierformetounderstandher.
TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishword"jerk".IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosay"jerk"inJapanese. "There’snosuchword"sheansweredhelplessly."Wehavetouse’jerk’".Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:"I’msorry."GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsult"kisama"whichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:"yourhonorableself."That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling."Yourhonorableself." Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanis"ama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeans"nun".Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse."Nick"soundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:"Omaenokaachandebeso."Thatmeans."Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout."ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. FromthelinguisticperspectiveJapanesedriversarecowards.
MakingLightofSleep Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclockyourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscyclecalledacircadianrhythmhelpscontrolwhenyouwakewhenyoueatandwhenyousleep. Somewherearoundpubertysomethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforwardsoadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit’stimeforbedyourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater. Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody’sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblemstoo.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon’tgetenoughsleepsaysMaryCarskadonasleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidenceRI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn. Butjustlikeyouralarmclockyourinternalclockcanbereset.Infactitautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.HowByusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes. Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryearsresearchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody’sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee. Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit’sdayornight. Whatisimpliedinthesecondparagraph
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TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishword"jerk".IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosay"jerk"inJapanese. "There’snosuchword"sheansweredhelplessly."Wehavetouse’jerk’".Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:"I’msorry."GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsult"kisama"whichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:"yourhonorableself."That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling."Yourhonorableself." Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanis"ama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeans"nun".Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse."Nick"soundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:"Omaenokaachandebeso."Thatmeans."Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout."ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. OmaenokaachandebesoisdifferentfromothernastyexpressionsinJapaneseinthatitisinsultingbothinitsliteralmeaningandinitspracticaluse.
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GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecall"papermoney"usuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 51
GermsonBanknotes Peopleindifferentcountriesusedifferenttypesofmoney:yuaninChinapesosinMexicopoundsintheUnitedKingdom51intheUnitedStatesAustraliaandNewZealand.Theymayusedifferentcurrenciesbutthesecountriesandprobablyallcountriesstillhaveonething52:Germsonthebanknotes. Scientistshavebeenstudyingthegermsonmoneyforwellover2100years.53theturnofthe20thcenturysomeresearchersbegantosuspectthatgermslivingonmoneycouldspreaddisease. Moststudiesofgermymoneyhavelookedatthegermsonthecurrencywithinonecountry.InanewstudyFrankVriesekoopandotherresearcherscomparedthegerm54foundonbillsofdifferentcountries. VriesekoopisamicrobiologistattheUniversityofBallaratinAustralia.Heledthestudywhich55thegermpopulationsfoundonmoneygatheredfrom10nations.Thescientistsstudied1280banknotes56;allcamefromplaceswherepeoplebuyfoodlikesupermarketsstreetvendorsandcafesbecausethosebusinessesoften57cash. OveralltheAustraliandollarshostedthefewestlivebacteria—-nomorethan10persquarecentimeter.Chineseyuanhadthemost—about100persquarecentimeter.Mostofthegermsonmoneyprobablywouldnot58harm. Whatwecall"papermoney"usuallyisn’tmade59paper.TheU.S.dollarforexampleisprintedonfabricthatismostlycottonDifferentcountriesmayusedifferentmaterialstoprinttheirmoney.SomeofthecurrenciesstudiedbyVriesekoopandhisteamsuchastheAmericandollarweremadefromcotton.60weremadefrompolymers. Thethreecurrencieswith61numbersofbacteriawereallprintedonpolymers.TheyincludedtheAustraliandollartheNewZealanddollarandsomeMexicanpesos. Theothercurrencieswereprintedonfabricmademostlyofcotton.Fewergermslivedonthepolymernotes.Thisconnectionsuggests62germshaveahardertimestayingaliveonpolymersurfaces.Scientistsneedtodomorestudiestounderstandhowgermsliveonmoneyand63ornotweneedtobeconcerned.Vriesekoopisnowstartingastudythatwillcomparetheamountsoftimebacteriacanstayaliveondifferenttypesofbills. WhateverVriesekoopfindsthefact64:Papermoneyharborsgerms.Weshouldwashourhandsaftertouchingit;65youneverknowwhereyourmoney’sbeen.Orwhat’slivingonit. 53
CaliforniathefirstcityontheAmericancontinentreacheditspeakofdevelopmentandpoweraboutAD1100.
{{*HTML*}}A.inthedevelopmentofairtransportation??B.theearliestpassengerflightsweresuccessfullyoperated??C.tomaketraveleasyandpleasantforthepassengers??D.toprovidedifferentservices??E.theshortageofqualifiedpilots??F.travellingbyairwasverycheapNowadaysairportsprovideallkindsofservices______.
EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians."Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocieties"saysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C."anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ Whydoestheauthormentionpyramidbuilders
InthebookAutobiographyofValuestheaviationheroCharlesLindberghrevealshisparadoxicalandoftensoberingthoughtsonlife.
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EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians."Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocieties"saysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C."anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
二阅读故都的秋中的几段文字然后回答下列小题 有些批评家说中国的文人学士尤其是诗人都带着浓厚的颓废色彩所以中国的诗文里颂赞秋的文字特别的多但外国的诗人又何尝不然我虽则外国诗文念得不多也不想开出帐来做一篇秋的诗歌散文钞但你若去一翻英德法意等诗人的集子或各国的诗文的Anthology来总能够看到许多关于秋的歌颂与悲啼各著名的大诗人的长篇田园诗或四季诗里也总以关于秋的部分写的最出色而最有味足见有感觉的动物有情趣的人类对于秋总是一样的能特别引起深沉幽远严厉萧索的感触来的不单是诗人就是被关闭在牢狱里的囚犯到了秋天我想也一定会感到一种不能自已的深情秋之于人何尝有国别更何尝有人种阶级的区别呢不过在中国文字里有一个“秋士”的成语读本里又有着很普遍的欧阳子的秋声与苏东坡的赤壁赋等就觉得中国的文人与秋的关系特别深了可是这秋的深味尤其是中国的秋的深味非要在北方才感受得到底 南国之秋当然是也有它的特异的地方的比如廿四桥的明月钱塘江的秋潮普陀山的凉雾荔枝湾的残荷等等可是色彩不浓回味不永比起北国的秋来正像是黄酒之与白干稀饭之与馍馍鲈鱼之与大蟹黄犬之与骆驼 秋天这北国的秋天若留得住的话我愿把寿命的三分之二折去换得一个三分之一的零头 第一段主要采用了哪种表达方式写出了故都之秋怎样的特点
TheSea WhatdoyouknowabouttheseaWeknowthatitlooksveryprettywhenthesunisshiningonit.Wealsoknowthatitcanbeveryroughwhenthereisastrongwind.Whatotherthingsdoweknowaboutit Thefirstthing—torememberisthattheseaisverybig.Whenyoulookatthemapoftheworldyouwillfindthereismorewaterthanland.Theseacoversthreequartersoftheworld. Theseaisalsoverydeepinsomeplaces.Itisnotdeepeverywhere.Somepartsoftheseaareveryshallow.Butinsomeplacesthedepthoftheseaisverygreat.ThereisonespotnearJapanwheretheseaisnearly11kilometresdeep!Thehighestmountainintheworldisabout9kilometreshigh.Ifthatmountainwereputintotheseaatthatplacetherewouldbe2kilometresofwateraboveit!Whatadeepplace! Ifyouhaveswumintheseayouknowthatitissalty.Youcantastethesalt.Riverswhichflowintotheseacarrysaltfromthelandintothesea.Somepartsoftheseaaremoresaltythanotherparts.ThereisoneseacalledtheDeadSeawhichisverysalty.Itissosaltythatswimmerscannotsink!FishcannotliveintheDeadSea! Inmostpartsoftheseathereareplentyoffishesandplants.Somelivenearthetopofthesea.Otherslivedeepdown.Therearealsomillionsoftinylivingthingsthatfloatinthesea.Thesefloatingthingsaresosmallthatitishardtoseethem.Manyfishlivebyeatingthese. Theseacanbeverycold.Diverswhogodeepdownintheseaknowthis.Onthetopthewatermaybewarm.Whenthedivergoesdownwardstheseabecomescolderandcolder.Anotherthinghappens.Whenthedivergoesdeeperthewaterabovepressesdownonhim.Itsqueezeshim.Thenthediverhastowearclothesmadeofmetal.Buthecannotgoverydeep.Somepeoplewhowantedtogoverydeepusedaverystrongdivingship!Theywentdowntothedeepestpartoftheseainit.Theywentdowntoadepthofelevenkilometres! WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheDeadSeaisNOTtrue
Theanhingaisablackwaterbirdthatfrequentstheperimetersoftheeverglades.
TooPoliteforWords AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusingtheEnglishword"jerk".IthoughtshewastoningdownherJapaneseformybenefitsoIaskedherhowtosay"jerk"inJapanese. "There’snosuchword"sheansweredhelplessly."Wehavetouse’jerk’".Heavenknowsit’snotasiftherearenojerksinJapan.ButtheJapaneselanguageisjustnotmadeforsnipingatpeople.AtfirstIthoughtmaybemyJapaneseteachershadbeentoopolitetoteachmethereallingosoIwatchedtoseewhatJapanesedriverswouldsaytoeachotherafteracaraccident.Itturnedoutthattheysay:"I’msorry."GraduallyIcametorealizethatthereisperhapsnolanguagesoillsuitedtoinvectiveasJapanese.Linguisticallytheseguysarewimps. TaketheviciousJapaneseinsult"kisama"whichisdeeplyoffensive.Itmeans:"yourhonorableself."That’sright.InsteadofusingallkindsofdirtywordstheJapaneseinsulteachotherbyfrowningandgrowling."Yourhonorableself." Likewiseanastyexpressionforawomanis"ama’anothertermnottotrywiththenicewomanatthesushirestaurant.Butliterallyitmeans"nun".Suresarcasmmaybeintendedhutstillmostwomenwouldprobablyprefertobecharacterizedasanunthanasafemaledog. Sincepeopleareleastinhibitedwhentheyareshakingtheirfistsateachotherinsultsofferawindowintoaculture.I’vebeeninterestedinsuchtermseversinceIarrivedinCairoadozenyearsagotostudyArabicanddiscoveredthatmynamewasacurse."Nick"soundsverymuchliketheimperativeofanextremelyvulgarverbforsex.IwouldintroducemyselfinArabicandmynewacquaintancewouldfleeinhorror. There’snosuchdangerinJapanese.Thereareexplicittermsforsexandforbodypartscrudeaswellasclinicalbuttheyaredescriptiveratherthaninsulting. Thereisoneexception.OneofthemeanestthingsoneJapanesechildcansaytoanotheris:"Omaenokaachandebeso."Thatmeans."Yourmom’sbellybuttonsticksout."ThishasnodeepFreudianmeaning;itsimplymeansthatyourmotherisrudeandugly. Peopleinotherlanguagesmayinsultawomanwithanexpressionmeaningliterallyafemaledog.
三阅读格罗津斯卡的微型小说文艺评论家和部长然后回答下列小题 “您看斯普罗塔新创作的小说怎么样”部长问道 评论家回答说“部长我认为他创作的小说是好的” 部长摇了摇头 “我是说从某种意义上讲他创作的小说是好的” 部长摇头 “我说的‘从某种意义上讲’是针对咖啡馆里那些为数很少的庸俗的知识分子” 部长摇头 “确切地说就是针对那些没有鉴赏力的人刚才我没表达清楚” 部长摇头 “总的来说部长先生这是一部坏小说” 部长又摇头 “当然也不能全部否定” 部长摇摇头说 “这衣领真别扭” 部长为什么会摇头作者为什么要反复写他的摇头
{{*HTML*}}WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50???A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.??D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
EgyptfelledbyFamine EvenancientEgypt’smightypyramidbuilderswerepowerlessinthefaceofthefaminethathelpedbringdowntheircivilizationaround2180BC.NowevidencegleanedfrommuddepositedbytheRiverNilesuggeststhatashiftinclimatethousandsofkilometerstothesouthwasultimatelytoblame-andthesameorworsecouldhappentoday. TheancientEgyptiansdependedontheNile’sannualfloodstoirrigatetheircrops.ButanychangeinclimatethatpushedtheAfricanmonsoonssouthwardsoutofEthiopiawouldhavebeendiminishedthesefloods. DwindlingrainsintheEthiopianhighlandswouldhavemeantfewerplantstostablisethesoil.WhenraindidfallitwouldhavewashedlargeamountsofsoilintotheBlueNileandintoEgyptalongwithsedimentfromtheWhiteNile. TheBlueNilemudhasadifferentisotopesignaturefromthatoftheWhiteNile.SobyanalyzingisotopedifferencesinmuddepositedintheNileDeltaMichaelKromofLeedsUniversityworkedoutwhatproportionofsedimentcamefromeachbranchoftheriver. KromreasonsthatduringperiodsofdroughttheamountoftheBlueNilemudintheriverwouldberelativelyhigh.Hefoundthatoneoftheseperiodsfrom4500to4200yearsagoimmediatelypredatesthefalloftheEgypt’sOldKingdom. TheweakenedwaterswouldhavebeencatastrophicfortheEgyptians."Changesthataffectfoodsupplydon’thavetobeverylargetohavearippleeffectinsocieties"saysBillRyanoftheLamontDohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork. SimilareventstodaycouldbeevenmoredevastatingsaysteammemberDanielStanleyageoarchaeologistfromtheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashingtonD.C."anythinghumansdotoshifttheclimatebeltswouldhaveanevenworseeffectalongtheNilesystemtodaybecausethepopulationshaveincreaseddramatically./ theworddevastatinginthelastparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby.
{{*HTML*}}WhyWouldTheyFalselyConfess???Whyonearthwouldaninnocentpersonfalselyconfesstocommittingacrime?Tomostpeopleitjustdoesn’tseemlogical.Butitislogicalsayexpertsifyouunderstandwhatcanhappeninapoliceinterrogation审讯room.??Undertherightconditionspeople’smindsaresusceptible易受影响的toinfluenceandthepressureputonsuspectsduringpolicegrillings盘问isenormous.?46?Thepressureisimportanttounderstandbecauseotherwiseit’simpossibletounderstandwhysomeonewouldsayhedidsomethinghedidn’tdo.Theansweris.toputanendtoanuncomfortablesituationthatwillcontinueuntilhedoesconfess.??DevelopmentalpsychologistAllisonRedlichrecentlyconductedalaboratorystudytodeterminehowlikelypeoplearetoconfesstothingstheydidn’tdo.?47?Theresearchersthenintentionallycrashedthecomputersandaccusedtheparticipantsofhittingthealtkeytoseeiftheywouldsignastatementfalselytakingresponsibility.??Redlich’sfindingsclearlydemonstratehoweasyitcanbetogetpeopletofalselyconfess:59percentoftheyoungadultsintheexperimentimmediatelyconfessed.?48?Ofthe15-to16-year-olds72percentsignedconfessionsasdid78percentofthe12-to13-year-olds.??There’snoquestionthatyoungpeoplearemoreatrisksaysSaulKassinapsychologyprofessoratWilliamsCollegewhohasdonesimilarstudieswithsimilarresults.?49???BothKassinandRedlichnotethattheentireinterrogationintheirexperimentsconsistedofasimpleaccusation—nothoursofaggressivequestioning—andstillmostparticipantsfalselyconfessed.??Becauseofthestressofapoliceinterrogationtheyconcludesuspectscanbecomeconvincedthatfalselyconfessingistheeasiestwayoutofabadsituation.?50???A.Inherexperimentparticipantswereseatedatcomputersandtoldnottohitthealtkeybecausedoingsowouldcrashthesystems.??B.InsomewayssaysKassinfalseconfessionbecomesarationaldecision.??C.It’salittlelikesomebody’sworkingonthemwithadental牙齿的drillsaysFranklinZimringalawprofessorattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.??D.Butadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoo.??E.Howcouldaninnocentpersonadmittodoingsomethinghedidn’tdo???F.Redlichalsofoundthattheyoungertheparticipantthemorelikelyafalseconfession.
{{*HTML*}}A.Airportservices??B.Trainingofpilots??C.Beginningperiod??D.RapidgrowthintheU.S.??E.Development??F.CompetitionParagraph5______
二阅读故都的秋中的几段文字然后回答下列小题 有些批评家说中国的文人学士尤其是诗人都带着浓厚的颓废色彩所以中国的诗文里颂赞秋的文字特别的多但外国的诗人又何尝不然我虽则外国诗文念得不多也不想开出帐来做一篇秋的诗歌散文钞但你若去一翻英德法意等诗人的集子或各国的诗文的Anthology来总能够看到许多关于秋的歌颂与悲啼各著名的大诗人的长篇田园诗或四季诗里也总以关于秋的部分写的最出色而最有味足见有感觉的动物有情趣的人类对于秋总是一样的能特别引起深沉幽远严厉萧索的感触来的不单是诗人就是被关闭在牢狱里的囚犯到了秋天我想也一定会感到一种不能自已的深情秋之于人何尝有国别更何尝有人种阶级的区别呢不过在中国文字里有一个“秋士”的成语读本里又有着很普遍的欧阳子的秋声与苏东坡的赤壁赋等就觉得中国的文人与秋的关系特别深了可是这秋的深味尤其是中国的秋的深味非要在北方才感受得到底 南国之秋当然是也有它的特异的地方的比如廿四桥的明月钱塘江的秋潮普陀山的凉雾荔枝湾的残荷等等可是色彩不浓回味不永比起北国的秋来正像是黄酒之与白干稀饭之与馍馍鲈鱼之与大蟹黄犬之与骆驼 秋天这北国的秋天若留得住的话我愿把寿命的三分之二折去换得一个三分之一的零头 第二段运用了哪两种修辞手法
ThehistoryoftheexplorationofAntarcticarecountsmanytalesofperseveranceandsuffering.
MakingLightofSleep Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclockyourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscyclecalledacircadianrhythmhelpscontrolwhenyouwakewhenyoueatandwhenyousleep. Somewherearoundpubertysomethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforwardsoadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit’stimeforbedyourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater. Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody’sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblemstoo.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon’tgetenoughsleepsaysMaryCarskadonasleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidenceRI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn. Butjustlikeyouralarmclockyourinternalclockcanbereset.Infactitautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.HowByusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes. Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryearsresearchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody’sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee. Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit’sdayornight. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefourthandfifthparagraphs
阅读下面的文字根据要求作文整个世界靠大家公认的原则来维系明确的规则意识应该成为我们每个人生活的首要准则规则服务大家更需要大家的遵守请以让规则守护世界为题写一篇以议论为主的文章不少于800字
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