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Ford ? ?1．Ford’s great strength was the manufacturing process—not invention. Long before he started ...
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Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford??1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproce
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
下面的短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题2第
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
??????????????????????????????Ford1?Ford’sgreatstr
Ford1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingprocess
Ford??1．Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproc
Ford??1Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturingproce
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TheweatherisaconstantsubjectofconversationinBritain.
London’sFirstLightRailSystemTheDocklandsLightRailwayDLRtookjustthreeyearstobuildatacostof￡77million.ItisLondon’sfirstLightRailSystembutitsroutefollowsthatofanumberofolderlineswhichcarriedthenineteenthcenturyrailwaysthroughthecrowdeddistrictsoftheEastEnd.ThesectionofthelinefromtheTowerGatewayStationtoPoplarfollowsthelineofoneofLondon’searliestrailwaystheLondon&Blackwell1840acable-drawnrailwaylaterconvertedtosteamwhichcarriedpassengerstosteamshipsatBlackwellPierandprovidedtransportforthemessengersandclerkswhowentbackwardsandforwardsbetweenthedocks码头andthecityeveryday.FromPoplartoIslandGardensanewlinecrosseshighabovethedockwatersandthenjoinstheoldtrackoftheMillwallExtensionRailwaybuilttoservicetheMillwallDocks1868andtoprovidetransportforworkersinthelocalfactories.Thislinewashorse-drawnforpartofitsrouteuntilthe1880s.ThePoplartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasfirstdevelopedbytheNorthLondonRailwaybuiltinthe1850stolinktheWestandEastIndiaDockswiththemanufacturingdistrictsoftheMidlandsandNorthofEngland.Thereweremajorrailwayworksandsidings岔线atBowuntilrecently.Thetrainsareautomaticallycontrolledfromacentralcomputerwhichdealswithallsignalingandothersafetyfactorsaswellasadjustingspeedstokeepwithinthetimetable;onboardeachvehicleTrainCaptainswhoarealsofullyqualifieddriversareequippedwithtwo-wayradiostomaintaincontactwithcentralcontrol.Therearepassengerliftsandself-serviceticketmachinesateverystation.WelearnfromthepassagethattheLondon&Blackwellrailway
Sheisahighlysuccessfulteacher.
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.Onedisadvantageofusingrobotsisthattheyconsume______.
TheThreattoKiribatiThepeopleofKiribatiareafraidthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuturetheircountrywilldisappearfromthefaceoftheearth—literally.SeveraltimesthisyearthePacificislandnationhasbeenfloodedbyasuddenhightide.Thesetideswhichsweptacrosstheislandanddestroyedhousescamewhentherewasneitherwindnorrain.ThisneverhappenedbeforesaytheoldercitizensofKiribati.WhatiscausingthesemysterioushightidesTheanswermaywellbeglobalwarming.Whenfuelslikeoilandcoalarebeingburnedpollutants污染物arereleased;thesepollutantstrapheatintheearth’satmosphere.Warmertemperaturescausewatertoexpandandalsocreatemorewaterbymeltingglaciers冰川andpolar极地的icecaps.Ifthetrendcontinuesscientistssaymanycountrieswillsuffer.Bangladeshforexamplemightloseone-fifthofitsland.Thecoral珊瑚islandnationsofthePacificlikeKiribatiandtheMarshallIslandshoweverwouldfaceanevenworsefate—theywouldbeswallowedbythesea.Thelossofthesecoralislandswouldbeeveryone’sloss.Coralformationsarehometomorespeciesthananyotherplaceonearth.Thepeopleofthesenationsfeelfrustrated.Theseaonwhichtheireconomieshavealwaysbeenbasedissuddenlythreateningtheirexistence.Theydon’thavethemoneyforexpensivetechnologicalsolutionslikeseawalls.Andtheyhavenocontroloverthepollutantswhicharebeingreleasedmainlybyactivitiesinlargeindustrializedcountries.Alltheycandoistohopethatindustrializedcountrieswilltakestepstoreducepollution.Thepeopleofthecoralislandnationsareunabletodoanythingsubstantialabouttheproblemofglobalwarming.
Youwillbemeetingherpresently.
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotseeyoumaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding-andthatcouldbefatalA．companyinLeedscould51allthatwithdirectional定向的soundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexitSoundAlertacompanyrun52theUniversityofLeedsisinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor53peopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproducea54rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto55wherethesoundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe56byhumans.Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradioshesays.Itslife-savingpotentialis57.Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imaging热效应成像camerastryingtofindtheir58outofalargesmoke-filledroom.It59themnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm60only15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain61soundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe62ofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointed精确地确定moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarms63onthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciesto64whetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.Theywere65withtheaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotseeyoumaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding-andthatcouldbefatalA．companyinLeedscould51allthatwithdirectional定向的soundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexitSoundAlertacompanyrun52theUniversityofLeedsisinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor53peopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproducea54rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto55wherethesoundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe56byhumans.Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradioshesays.Itslife-savingpotentialis57.Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imaging热效应成像camerastryingtofindtheir58outofalargesmoke-filledroom.It59themnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm60only15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain61soundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe62ofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointed精确地确定moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarms63onthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciesto64whetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.Theywere65withtheaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.Paragraph5______
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotseeyoumaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding-andthatcouldbefatalA．companyinLeedscould51allthatwithdirectional定向的soundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexitSoundAlertacompanyrun52theUniversityofLeedsisinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor53peopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproducea54rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto55wherethesoundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe56byhumans.Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradioshesays.Itslife-savingpotentialis57.Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imaging热效应成像camerastryingtofindtheir58outofalargesmoke-filledroom.It59themnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm60only15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain61soundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe62ofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointed精确地确定moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarms63onthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciesto64whetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.Theywere65withtheaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotseeyoumaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding-andthatcouldbefatalA．companyinLeedscould51allthatwithdirectional定向的soundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexitSoundAlertacompanyrun52theUniversityofLeedsisinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor53peopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproducea54rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto55wherethesoundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe56byhumans.Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradioshesays.Itslife-savingpotentialis57.Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imaging热效应成像camerastryingtofindtheir58outofalargesmoke-filledroom.It59themnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm60only15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain61soundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe62ofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointed精确地确定moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarms63onthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciesto64whetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.Theywere65withtheaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotseeyoumaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding-andthatcouldbefatalA．companyinLeedscould51allthatwithdirectional定向的soundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexitSoundAlertacompanyrun52theUniversityofLeedsisinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor53peopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproducea54rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto55wherethesoundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe56byhumans.Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradioshesays.Itslife-savingpotentialis57.Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imaging热效应成像camerastryingtofindtheir58outofalargesmoke-filledroom.It59themnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm60only15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain61soundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe62ofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointed精确地确定moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarms63onthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciesto64whetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.Theywere65withtheaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
NewFoodsandtheNewWorldInthelast500yearsnothingaboutpeople—nottheirclothesideasorlanguages—haschangedasmuchaswhattheyeat.Theoriginalchocolatedrinkwasmadefromtheseedsofthecocoatree可可树bySouthAmericanIndians.TheSpanishintroducedittotherestoftheworldduringthe1500’s.Andalthoughitwasveryexpensiveitquicklybecamefashionable.InLondonshopswherechocolatedrinkswereservedbecameimportantmeetingplaces.Somestillexisttoday.ThepotatoisalsofromtheNewWorld.Around1600theSpanishbroughtitfromPerutoEuropewhereitsoonwaswidelygrown.IrelandbecamesodependentonitthatthousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedwhenthecropfailedduringthePotatoFamine饥荒of1845—1846andthousandsmorewereforcedtoleavetheirhomelandandmovetoAmerica.TherearemanyotherfoodsthathavetraveledfromSouthAmericatotheOldWorld.Butsomeotherswentintheoppositedirection.Brazilisnowtheworld’slargestgrowerofcoffeeandcoffeeisanimportantcropinColombiaandotherSouthAmericancountries.ButitisnativetoEthiopiaacountryinAfrica.ItwasfirstmadeintoadrinkbyArabsduringthe1400’s.AccordingtoanArabiclegendcoffeewasdiscoveredwhenapersonnamedKaldinoticedthathisgoatswereattractedtotheredberriesonacoffeebush.Hetriedoneandexperiencedthewide-awakefeelingthatone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationnowstartsthedaywith.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage
{{*HTML*}}SuccessStories??OneofthemostsuccessfulfashioncompaniesintheworldisBenetton.TheBenettonfamilyopenedtheirfirstshopinItalyin1968.?46?Benettonfollowedfourmarketingprinciplesinordertoachievetheirsuccess.??ThefirstprincipleisConsumerConcept.Tobuildasuccessfulbusinessyouhavetodevelopproductsaroundthingspeoplevalueespeciallyquality.?47?Hecreatedclothestomatchpeople’swants:thestyleiscasual;thecolorsandpatternsarebold;andthequalityisexcellent.??TheSystemLinkisanotherfeatureofgoodmarketing.ForBenettonthismeanswaitingtogetinformationaboutwhatcustomerslikeandwhattheydislikebeforemakingtheclothes.?48???TheInformationLinkmeansmakingsurethecompanyrespondsquicklytopeople’sdemands.?49?ThisinformationisthensenttothemainofficeinItaly.Benettoncanusethisinformationtoidentifypopularproductsandtocontinuemakingthem;itcanalsoidentifylesspopularproductsandstopmakingthem.??AfinalimportantmarketingprincipleistheRetailLink.ThereareBenenttonstoresincountriesaroundtheworld.Allthestoreshavethesameclothingthesamewindowdisplaysandthesameapproachtosales.?50???ThethingspeoplelikeaboutBenettonstoresarethatthequalityisalwayshighandthepricesaregenerallylow.Andthatspellssuccess.??A．ThefounderofBenettonbeganbyaskingpeoplewhattheywanted.??B．Thereusedtobeagoodreasonforthis.??C．WhensomethingissoldataBenettonstorethestorerecordsinformationaboutthetypesizeandcoloroftheitem.??D．TodaythereareBenettonshopsinmajorcitiesallovertheworld.??E．ThismeansthatcustomerscangointoanyBenettonstoreintheworldandbesureofwhattheyarebuying.??F．InotherwordsBenetton’sclothesaremadetoorder.
Smokingwillbebannedinallpublicplaceshere.
NewFoodsandtheNewWorldInthelast500yearsnothingaboutpeople—nottheirclothesideasorlanguages—haschangedasmuchaswhattheyeat.Theoriginalchocolatedrinkwasmadefromtheseedsofthecocoatree可可树bySouthAmericanIndians.TheSpanishintroducedittotherestoftheworldduringthe1500’s.Andalthoughitwasveryexpensiveitquicklybecamefashionable.InLondonshopswherechocolatedrinkswereservedbecameimportantmeetingplaces.Somestillexisttoday.ThepotatoisalsofromtheNewWorld.Around1600theSpanishbroughtitfromPerutoEuropewhereitsoonwaswidelygrown.IrelandbecamesodependentonitthatthousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedwhenthecropfailedduringthePotatoFamine饥荒of1845—1846andthousandsmorewereforcedtoleavetheirhomelandandmovetoAmerica.TherearemanyotherfoodsthathavetraveledfromSouthAmericatotheOldWorld.Butsomeotherswentintheoppositedirection.Brazilisnowtheworld’slargestgrowerofcoffeeandcoffeeisanimportantcropinColombiaandotherSouthAmericancountries.ButitisnativetoEthiopiaacountryinAfrica.ItwasfirstmadeintoadrinkbyArabsduringthe1400’s.AccordingtoanArabiclegendcoffeewasdiscoveredwhenapersonnamedKaldinoticedthathisgoatswereattractedtotheredberriesonacoffeebush.Hetriedoneandexperiencedthewide-awakefeelingthatone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationnowstartsthedaywith.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowinghaschangedthemostinthelast500years
{{*HTML*}}SuccessStories??OneofthemostsuccessfulfashioncompaniesintheworldisBenetton.TheBenettonfamilyopenedtheirfirstshopinItalyin1968.?46?Benettonfollowedfourmarketingprinciplesinordertoachievetheirsuccess.??ThefirstprincipleisConsumerConcept.Tobuildasuccessfulbusinessyouhavetodevelopproductsaroundthingspeoplevalueespeciallyquality.?47?Hecreatedclothestomatchpeople’swants:thestyleiscasual;thecolorsandpatternsarebold;andthequalityisexcellent.??TheSystemLinkisanotherfeatureofgoodmarketing.ForBenettonthismeanswaitingtogetinformationaboutwhatcustomerslikeandwhattheydislikebeforemakingtheclothes.?48???TheInformationLinkmeansmakingsurethecompanyrespondsquicklytopeople’sdemands.?49?ThisinformationisthensenttothemainofficeinItaly.Benettoncanusethisinformationtoidentifypopularproductsandtocontinuemakingthem;itcanalsoidentifylesspopularproductsandstopmakingthem.??AfinalimportantmarketingprincipleistheRetailLink.ThereareBenenttonstoresincountriesaroundtheworld.Allthestoreshavethesameclothingthesamewindowdisplaysandthesameapproachtosales.?50???ThethingspeoplelikeaboutBenettonstoresarethatthequalityisalwayshighandthepricesaregenerallylow.Andthatspellssuccess.??A．ThefounderofBenettonbeganbyaskingpeoplewhattheywanted.??B．Thereusedtobeagoodreasonforthis.??C．WhensomethingissoldataBenettonstorethestorerecordsinformationaboutthetypesizeandcoloroftheitem.??D．TodaythereareBenettonshopsinmajorcitiesallovertheworld.??E．ThismeansthatcustomerscangointoanyBenettonstoreintheworldandbesureofwhattheyarebuying.??F．InotherwordsBenetton’sclothesaremadetoorder.
TheThreattoKiribatiThepeopleofKiribatiareafraidthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuturetheircountrywilldisappearfromthefaceoftheearth—literally.SeveraltimesthisyearthePacificislandnationhasbeenfloodedbyasuddenhightide.Thesetideswhichsweptacrosstheislandanddestroyedhousescamewhentherewasneitherwindnorrain.ThisneverhappenedbeforesaytheoldercitizensofKiribati.WhatiscausingthesemysterioushightidesTheanswermaywellbeglobalwarming.Whenfuelslikeoilandcoalarebeingburnedpollutants污染物arereleased;thesepollutantstrapheatintheearth’satmosphere.Warmertemperaturescausewatertoexpandandalsocreatemorewaterbymeltingglaciers冰川andpolar极地的icecaps.Ifthetrendcontinuesscientistssaymanycountrieswillsuffer.Bangladeshforexamplemightloseone-fifthofitsland.Thecoral珊瑚islandnationsofthePacificlikeKiribatiandtheMarshallIslandshoweverwouldfaceanevenworsefate—theywouldbeswallowedbythesea.Thelossofthesecoralislandswouldbeeveryone’sloss.Coralformationsarehometomorespeciesthananyotherplaceonearth.Thepeopleofthesenationsfeelfrustrated.Theseaonwhichtheireconomieshavealwaysbeenbasedissuddenlythreateningtheirexistence.Theydon’thavethemoneyforexpensivetechnologicalsolutionslikeseawalls.Andtheyhavenocontroloverthepollutantswhicharebeingreleasedmainlybyactivitiesinlargeindustrializedcountries.Alltheycandoistohopethatindustrializedcountrieswilltakestepstoreducepollution.Scientistsarenotsurehowserioustheeffectsofglobalwarmingwillbe.
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.{{*HTML*}}A．toomuchenergy??B．basedonAmericandesigns??C．theyaretoocostly??D．theyarenotreliable??E．goodtoqualitycontrol??F．freeofcharge??EventhemostsophisticatedJapaneserobotsare______.
NewFoodsandtheNewWorldInthelast500yearsnothingaboutpeople—nottheirclothesideasorlanguages—haschangedasmuchaswhattheyeat.Theoriginalchocolatedrinkwasmadefromtheseedsofthecocoatree可可树bySouthAmericanIndians.TheSpanishintroducedittotherestoftheworldduringthe1500’s.Andalthoughitwasveryexpensiveitquicklybecamefashionable.InLondonshopswherechocolatedrinkswereservedbecameimportantmeetingplaces.Somestillexisttoday.ThepotatoisalsofromtheNewWorld.Around1600theSpanishbroughtitfromPerutoEuropewhereitsoonwaswidelygrown.IrelandbecamesodependentonitthatthousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedwhenthecropfailedduringthePotatoFamine饥荒of1845—1846andthousandsmorewereforcedtoleavetheirhomelandandmovetoAmerica.TherearemanyotherfoodsthathavetraveledfromSouthAmericatotheOldWorld.Butsomeotherswentintheoppositedirection.Brazilisnowtheworld’slargestgrowerofcoffeeandcoffeeisanimportantcropinColombiaandotherSouthAmericancountries.ButitisnativetoEthiopiaacountryinAfrica.ItwasfirstmadeintoadrinkbyArabsduringthe1400’s.AccordingtoanArabiclegendcoffeewasdiscoveredwhenapersonnamedKaldinoticedthathisgoatswereattractedtotheredberriesonacoffeebush.Hetriedoneandexperiencedthewide-awakefeelingthatone-thirdoftheworld’spopulationnowstartsthedaywith.ThousandsofIrishpeoplestarvedduringthePotatoFaminebecause
London’sFirstLightRailSystemTheDocklandsLightRailwayDLRtookjustthreeyearstobuildatacostof￡77million.ItisLondon’sfirstLightRailSystembutitsroutefollowsthatofanumberofolderlineswhichcarriedthenineteenthcenturyrailwaysthroughthecrowdeddistrictsoftheEastEnd.ThesectionofthelinefromtheTowerGatewayStationtoPoplarfollowsthelineofoneofLondon’searliestrailwaystheLondon&Blackwell1840acable-drawnrailwaylaterconvertedtosteamwhichcarriedpassengerstosteamshipsatBlackwellPierandprovidedtransportforthemessengersandclerkswhowentbackwardsandforwardsbetweenthedocks码头andthecityeveryday.FromPoplartoIslandGardensanewlinecrosseshighabovethedockwatersandthenjoinstheoldtrackoftheMillwallExtensionRailwaybuilttoservicetheMillwallDocks1868andtoprovidetransportforworkersinthelocalfactories.Thislinewashorse-drawnforpartofitsrouteuntilthe1880s.ThePoplartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasfirstdevelopedbytheNorthLondonRailwaybuiltinthe1850stolinktheWestandEastIndiaDockswiththemanufacturingdistrictsoftheMidlandsandNorthofEngland.Thereweremajorrailwayworksandsidings岔线atBowuntilrecently.Thetrainsareautomaticallycontrolledfromacentralcomputerwhichdealswithallsignalingandothersafetyfactorsaswellasadjustingspeedstokeepwithinthetimetable;onboardeachvehicleTrainCaptainswhoarealsofullyqualifieddriversareequippedwithtwo-wayradiostomaintaincontactwithcentralcontrol.Therearepassengerliftsandself-serviceticketmachinesateverystation.ItappearsthatthePoplartoStratfordsectionoftheDLRroutewasoriginallydevelopedto
{{*HTML*}}Robots??1．Themostsophisticated先进的JapaneserobotswhichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeedsarestillbasedonAmericandesigns.StudiesofrobotsparticularlycomputercontrolsoftwareareconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.??2．Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjectstodaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding焊接spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.??3．InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.??4．Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.??5．Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.??6．ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirM.T.B.F.ormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10000hourstodayequivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuyinsteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmallsample.??7．ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Onceprogrammedtherobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumanswhocangettiredandbored.{{*HTML*}}A．OngoingResearch??B．ExtensionofUse??C．RobotHeroes??D．GreaterReliability??E．FallingDemand??F．HiddenDanger??Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}SuccessStories??OneofthemostsuccessfulfashioncompaniesintheworldisBenetton.TheBenettonfamilyopenedtheirfirstshopinItalyin1968.?46?Benettonfollowedfourmarketingprinciplesinordertoachievetheirsuccess.??ThefirstprincipleisConsumerConcept.Tobuildasuccessfulbusinessyouhavetodevelopproductsaroundthingspeoplevalueespeciallyquality.?47?Hecreatedclothestomatchpeople’swants:thestyleiscasual;thecolorsandpatternsarebold;andthequalityisexcellent.??TheSystemLinkisanotherfeatureofgoodmarketing.ForBenettonthismeanswaitingtogetinformationaboutwhatcustomerslikeandwhattheydislikebeforemakingtheclothes.?48???TheInformationLinkmeansmakingsurethecompanyrespondsquicklytopeople’sdemands.?49?ThisinformationisthensenttothemainofficeinItaly.Benettoncanusethisinformationtoidentifypopularproductsandtocontinuemakingthem;itcanalsoidentifylesspopularproductsandstopmakingthem.??AfinalimportantmarketingprincipleistheRetailLink.ThereareBenenttonstoresincountriesaroundtheworld.Allthestoreshavethesameclothingthesamewindowdisplaysandthesameapproachtosales.?50???ThethingspeoplelikeaboutBenettonstoresarethatthequalityisalwayshighandthepricesaregenerallylow.Andthatspellssuccess.??A．ThefounderofBenettonbeganbyaskingpeoplewhattheywanted.??B．Thereusedtobeagoodreasonforthis.??C．WhensomethingissoldataBenettonstorethestorerecordsinformationaboutthetypesizeandcoloroftheitem.??D．TodaythereareBenettonshopsinmajorcitiesallovertheworld.??E．ThismeansthatcustomerscangointoanyBenettonstoreintheworldandbesureofwhattheyarebuying.??F．InotherwordsBenetton’sclothesaremadetoorder.
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotseeyoumaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding-andthatcouldbefatalA．companyinLeedscould51allthatwithdirectional定向的soundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexitSoundAlertacompanyrun52theUniversityofLeedsisinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor53peopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproducea54rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto55wherethesoundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe56byhumans.Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradioshesays.Itslife-savingpotentialis57.Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imaging热效应成像camerastryingtofindtheir58outofalargesmoke-filledroom.It59themnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm60only15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain61soundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe62ofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointed精确地确定moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarms63onthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciesto64whetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.Theywere65withtheaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
Ihavebeentryingtoquitsmoking.
TheThreattoKiribatiThepeopleofKiribatiareafraidthatonedayinthenot-too-distantfuturetheircountrywilldisappearfromthefaceoftheearth—literally.SeveraltimesthisyearthePacificislandnationhasbeenfloodedbyasuddenhightide.Thesetideswhichsweptacrosstheislandanddestroyedhousescamewhentherewasneitherwindnorrain.ThisneverhappenedbeforesaytheoldercitizensofKiribati.WhatiscausingthesemysterioushightidesTheanswermaywellbeglobalwarming.Whenfuelslikeoilandcoalarebeingburnedpollutants污染物arereleased;thesepollutantstrapheatintheearth’satmosphere.Warmertemperaturescausewatertoexpandandalsocreatemorewaterbymeltingglaciers冰川andpolar极地的icecaps.Ifthetrendcontinuesscientistssaymanycountrieswillsuffer.Bangladeshforexamplemightloseone-fifthofitsland.Thecoral珊瑚islandnationsofthePacificlikeKiribatiandtheMarshallIslandshoweverwouldfaceanevenworsefate—theywouldbeswallowedbythesea.Thelossofthesecoralislandswouldbeeveryone’sloss.Coralformationsarehometomorespeciesthananyotherplaceonearth.Thepeopleofthesenationsfeelfrustrated.Theseaonwhichtheireconomieshavealwaysbeenbasedissuddenlythreateningtheirexistence.Theydon’thavethemoneyforexpensivetechnologicalsolutionslikeseawalls.Andtheyhavenocontroloverthepollutantswhicharebeingreleasedmainlybyactivitiesinlargeindustrializedcountries.Alltheycandoistohopethatindustrializedcountrieswilltakestepstoreducepollution.HightidesusedtoattackKiribatiwhentherewasstrongwindorheavyrain.
Atmidnightwewerearousedbyaknockatthedoor.
Itisvirtuallyimpossibletopersuadehimtoapplyforthejob.
Thereisagrowinggapbetweentherichandthepoor.
SingingAlarmsCouldSavetheBlindIfyoucannotseeyoumaynotbeabletofindyourwayoutofaburningbuilding-andthatcouldbefatalA．companyinLeedscould51allthatwithdirectional定向的soundalarmscapableofguidingyoutotheexitSoundAlertacompanyrun52theUniversityofLeedsisinstallingthealarmsinaresidentialhomefor53peopleinSommersetandaresourcecentrefortheblindinCumbria.Thealarmsproducea54rangeoffrequenciesthatenablethebrainto55wherethesoundiscomingfrom.DeborahWithingtonofSoundAlertsaysthatthealarmsusemostofthefrequenciesthatcanbe56byhumans.Itisaburstofwhitenoisethatpeoplesaysoundslikestatic静电噪声ontheradioshesays.Itslife-savingpotentialis57.Sheconductedanexperimentinwhichpeoplewerefilmedbythermal-imaging热效应成像camerastryingtofindtheir58outofalargesmoke-filledroom.It59themnearlyfourminutestofindthedoorwithoutasoundalarm60only15secondswithone.Withingtonstudieshowthebrain61soundsattheuniversity.Shesaysthatthe62ofawidebandoffrequenciescanbepinpointed精确地确定moreeasilythanthesourceofanarrowband.Alarms63onthesameconcepthavealreadybeeninstalledonemergencyvehicles.Thealarmswillalsoincluderisingorfallingfrequenciesto64whetherpeopleshouldgoupordownstairs.Theywere65withtheaidofalargegrantfromBritishNuclearFuels.
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