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Directions: Study the two; pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled "On the Relationshi...
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Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: A.Studythetwopicturesgivenbelowcarefu
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: A.Studythetwopicturesgivenbelowcarefu
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions:Studythetwo;picturesabovecarefullyandwr
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions: A.Studythetwopicturesgivenbelowcarefu
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefully
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Nuclearfissionisthesplittingofthenucleusofanatom.OnlyafewelementsaresuitableforuseinthiswaythemostimportantonesbeingUranium-235Uranium-233andPlutonium-239.Whenanucleusofoneoftheseelementsisstruckbyafreeneutronitbreaksdownintotwolighternucleiwhichflyapartathighspeedcollidingwithsurroundingatoms.Theirkineticenergyisconvertedintoheatenergy.Atthesametimetwoorthreefreeneutronsarereleasedandoneofthementersthenucleusofaneighbouringatomcausingfissiontooccuragain;andsoon.Thereactionspreadsveryquicklywithmoreandmoreheatenergyreleased.Thisiscalledachainreactionbecausethesplittingofeachnucleusislinkedtoanotherandanotherandanother.Ifthisreactiontakesplaceinanatomicbombwherenothingisdonetoslowitdowntheresultisaviolentexplosionthatcandestroyatowninafewseconds.Fissioncanalsohowevertakeplacewithinaconstructioncalledanuclearreactororatomicpile.HerethehighlyfissilematerialU-235U-233Pu-239issurroundedbyasubstancethatisnon-fissileforinstancegraphite.Thismaterialiscalledamoderator.Theneutronslosesomeoftheirenergyandspeedthroughcollidingwiththeatomsofthemoderator.Energy—heatenergy—isstillcreatedonanenormousscalebutnoexpansiontakesplace.Themoderatorhasanotherfunction:byslowingdownthespeedofthefreeneutronsitmakesitmorelikelythatoneofthemwillcollidewiththenucleusofaneighbouringatomtocontinuethechainreaction.Thechiefadvantageofnuclearenergyisthatitdoesnotdependonanylocalfactors.Anuclearreactorunlikeanoil-welloracoalminedoesnothavetobesitedontopofafossil-fuelsource;unlikethesolarenergyunititdoesnothavetogooutofproductionwhenthesunisnotshining;unlikehydro-electricpoweritdoesnotdependonalargeflowofwaterwhichmaybereducedduringsomeseasonsoftheyear.Withanatomicpowerstationtheonlylimitingfactoristhatofsafety.Intheoppositeprocessnuclearfusiontwonucleicometogethertoformanewnucleusofadifferentkindandthisprocessalsoreleasesenergyonanenormousscale.Fusioncanonlyoccurunderconditionsofverygreatheat—atleast50000000degreesCelsius.Thetemperatureatthecentreofthesunisestimatedas130000000degreesCelsius.Afusionreactiononearthhasalreadybeencreated—thehydrogenbomb.Thisisanuncontrolledreaction.Itisnotyetpossibletoproduceacontrolledfusionreactionthatcanbeusedfortheproductionofusefulenergy.NuclearenergycanbethoughtofasakindofsquareThreeofthequartersofthesquareareknownandusedbutthefourthcannotyetbeused.Theaimofanuclearreactoris______.
Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP——thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’Sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients.AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectations.Nowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. IncontrasttoBritainFranceisfundingtheirmedicalcare
[A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 44
[A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 42
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualeuuinmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmoreeontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.47Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofaiournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.48ButtheideathattheJournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.49InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.50WhilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownJudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.
Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP——thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’Sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients.AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectations.Nowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. Thebasicproblemofhealth-caresystemsinBritainaspointedoutbythewriterseemstoliein
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 10
Ithasbeenjustlysaidthatwhile"wespeakwithourvocalorganswe1withourwholebodies."Allofuscommunicatewithoneanother2aswellaswithwords.Sometimesweknowwhatwe’redoingaswiththeuseofgesturessuchasthethumbs-upsigntoindicatethatwe3.Butmostofthetimewe’renotawarethatwe’redoingit.Wegesturewitheyebrowsorahandmeetsomeoneelse’seyesand4.Theseactionswe5arerandomandincidental.Butresearchers6thatthereisasystemofthemalmostasconsistentandcomprehensibleaslanguageandtheyconcludethatthereisawhole7ofbodylanguage8thewaywemovethegesturesweemploythepostureweadoptthefacialexpressionwe9theextenttowhichwetouchanddistancewestand10eachother. Bodylanguageservesavarietyofpurposes.Firstlyitcanreplaceverbalcommunication11withtheuseofgesture.Secondlyitcanmodifyverbalcommunication.Loudnessand12ofvoiceisanexamplehere.Thirdlyitregulatessocialinteraction:turntakingislargelygovernedbynon-verbal13.Fourthlyitconveysouremotionsandattitude.Thisis14importantforsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication. Everyculturehasitsownbodylanguageandchildrenabsorbitsnuances15withspokenlanguage.ThewayanEnglishmancrosseshislegsis16likethewayamaleAmericandoesit.Whenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromotherculturesthebodylanguagesometimeshelpmakethecommunicationeasyand17suchasshakinghandissucha18gesturethatpeopleallovertheworldknowthatitisasignalforgreeting.Butsometimesthebodylanguagecancausecertainmisunderstanding19peopleofdifferentculturesoftenhavedifferentformsofbehaviorforsendingthesamemessageorhavedifferent20towardsthesamebodysignals. 2
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’sGoldenStairswherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisanawesomeresponsibilityMr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim.AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals.Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasanamnestythatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedassolimitedit’salmostajoke.Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced.Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployersareadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotectionsforeveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear.Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages--illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand.Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyisaboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues.SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess.Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave.Thewordstonedparagraph3mostprobablymeans
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutryyourunintotrouble.46Thereissomuchcontradictorysometimesincorrectadviceaboutexercisingthatyoubecomeconfused.Testyourselfonthefollowingtruefalsequiz.Itwilltellyouwhatyouneedtoknow.1.Thebestwaytoreducethemid-sectionistodoabdominalexercise.False.Manypeoplebelievethatwhenspecificmusclesareexercisedthefattytissuesintheimmediateareaareburnedup.47Thetruth-isthatexerciseburnsfatfromalloverthebodyandnotfromonespecificarearegardlessofthetypeofexercise.Ofcourseifyoureducethefatthroughoutyourbodyyouwillcertainlyseeresultsaroundyourwaistlinetoo!2.Tomaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitnessyouneedtoexerciseonlytwiceaweek.False.StudiesconductedbyNASAtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationshowthatunexercisedmuscleslosetheirstrengthveryquickly.After48to72hoursyoumustusethemusclesagaintoreestablishthegoodphysicaleffect.Andwhatdoesthatmeantoyou48NASAscientistsconcludedthatwhiledailyexerciseismostbeneficialthreealternatingdayseachweekwillmaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitness.3.Toloseweightyoushouldalwaysworkupagoodsweatwhenexercising.False.Sweatingonlylowersbodytemperaturetopreventoverheating;itdoesnothelpyoureduceweight.Youmayweighlessimmediatelyafteraworkoutbutthisisduetowaterloss.Onceyoureplacetheliquidyoureplacetheweight.4.Ifyourbreathingdoesn’treturntonormalwithinminutesafteryoufinishexercisingyou’veexercisedtoomuch.True.Fiveminutesorsoafterexercisingyourbreathingshouldbenormalyourheartshouldn’tbepoundingandyoushouldn’tbeexhausted.49Beneficialexerciseisnotoverlydifficultunpleasantandexhausting;itismoderateenjoyableandrefreshing.5.Walkingisoneofthebestexercises.True.Walkinghelpscirculationofbloodthroughoutthebodyandthushasadirecteffectoryouroverallfeelingofhealth.6.Theminimumamountoftimeyoushouldspendexercisinginadayis20minutes.True.Therearemorethan400musclesthatattachtoyourskeleton.50Agoodexerciseroutineshouldcontractandstretchallthesemusclesandthissimplycannotbedonewithfourorfiveexercisesinfivetotenminutes.FromexperienceI’vefoundthatabout20minutesistheminimumamountoftimeneededforanadequateworkout.
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutryyourunintotrouble.46Thereissomuchcontradictorysometimesincorrectadviceaboutexercisingthatyoubecomeconfused.Testyourselfonthefollowingtruefalsequiz.Itwilltellyouwhatyouneedtoknow.1.Thebestwaytoreducethemid-sectionistodoabdominalexercise.False.Manypeoplebelievethatwhenspecificmusclesareexercisedthefattytissuesintheimmediateareaareburnedup.47Thetruth-isthatexerciseburnsfatfromalloverthebodyandnotfromonespecificarearegardlessofthetypeofexercise.Ofcourseifyoureducethefatthroughoutyourbodyyouwillcertainlyseeresultsaroundyourwaistlinetoo!2.Tomaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitnessyouneedtoexerciseonlytwiceaweek.False.StudiesconductedbyNASAtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationshowthatunexercisedmuscleslosetheirstrengthveryquickly.After48to72hoursyoumustusethemusclesagaintoreestablishthegoodphysicaleffect.Andwhatdoesthatmeantoyou48NASAscientistsconcludedthatwhiledailyexerciseismostbeneficialthreealternatingdayseachweekwillmaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitness.3.Toloseweightyoushouldalwaysworkupagoodsweatwhenexercising.False.Sweatingonlylowersbodytemperaturetopreventoverheating;itdoesnothelpyoureduceweight.Youmayweighlessimmediatelyafteraworkoutbutthisisduetowaterloss.Onceyoureplacetheliquidyoureplacetheweight.4.Ifyourbreathingdoesn’treturntonormalwithinminutesafteryoufinishexercisingyou’veexercisedtoomuch.True.Fiveminutesorsoafterexercisingyourbreathingshouldbenormalyourheartshouldn’tbepoundingandyoushouldn’tbeexhausted.49Beneficialexerciseisnotoverlydifficultunpleasantandexhausting;itismoderateenjoyableandrefreshing.5.Walkingisoneofthebestexercises.True.Walkinghelpscirculationofbloodthroughoutthebodyandthushasadirecteffectoryouroverallfeelingofhealth.6.Theminimumamountoftimeyoushouldspendexercisinginadayis20minutes.True.Therearemorethan400musclesthatattachtoyourskeleton.50Agoodexerciseroutineshouldcontractandstretchallthesemusclesandthissimplycannotbedonewithfourorfiveexercisesinfivetotenminutes.FromexperienceI’vefoundthatabout20minutesistheminimumamountoftimeneededforanadequateworkout.
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualeuuinmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmoreeontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.47Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofaiournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.48ButtheideathattheJournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.49InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.50WhilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownJudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’sGoldenStairswherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisanawesomeresponsibilityMr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim.AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals.Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasanamnestythatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedassolimitedit’salmostajoke.Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced.Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployersareadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotectionsforeveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear.Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages--illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand.Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyisaboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues.SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess.Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave.TedKennedyismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 6
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 12
Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP——thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’Sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients.AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectations.Nowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. TheproposedalternativefundingmodelsParagraph2mightbemoreclearlybasedon
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 18
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 14
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 20
Directions. A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Interpretthefollowingpicture 2analyzepossiblereasonsforthissituationand 3suggestcounter-measures.
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment.
WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded.Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus.Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whoshouldpayfortheexpensesofthemeetingsandwhy
WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded.Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus.Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whatseemstobethemostimportantthingyouhavetodecideonbeforeameetingstarts
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 4
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 16
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 8
WhenTedKennedygazesfromthewindowsofhisofficeinBostonhecanseetheharbor’sGoldenStairswherealleightofhisgreat-grandparentsfirstsetfootinAmerica.ItremindshimhetoldhisSenatecolleaguesthisweekthatreformingAmerica’simmigrationlawsisanawesomeresponsibilityMr.KennedyistheDemocratmostprominentlypushingabipartisanbilltosecurethebordereasethenationalskillsshortageandofferapathtocitizenshipfortheestimated12millegalaliensalreadyinthecountry.Hehasasteepclimbaheadofhim.AsdraftedthebillseekstomendAmerica’sbrokenimmigrationsysteminseveralways.Firstandbeforeitsothermainprovisionscomeintoeffectitwouldtightenbordersecurity.Itprovidesfor200miles320kmofvehiclebarriers370milesoffencingand18000newborderpatrolagents.Itcallsforanelectronicidentificationsystemtoensureemployersverifythatalltheiremployeesarelegallyallowedtowork.Anditstiffenspunishmentsforthosewhoknowinglyhireillegals.Assoonasthebillwasunveileditwasstonedfromallsides.ChristansmostlyRepublicansdenounceditasanamnestythatwouldencouragefurtherwavesofillegalimmigration.TomTancredoaRepublicancongressmanrunningforpresidentwithouthopeofsuccessonananti-illegal-immigrationplatformdemandedthatallbuttheborder-securityclausesbescrapped.Eventhesehederidedassolimitedit’salmostajoke.Conservativetalk-radioechoedhiscall.NooneisseriouslyproposingmassdeportationbutMr.Tancredosaystheillegalswillallgohomeifthelawsagainsthiringthemarevigorouslyenforced.Mostlaborunionsareskepticaltoo.TheAFL-CIOdenouncedtheguest-workerprogramwhichitsaidwouldgiveemployersareadypooloflaborthattheycanexploittodrivedownwagesbenefitshealthandsafetyprotectionsforeveryoneelse.TwoDemocraticsenatorstriedtoguttheprogram.Onefailedtoabolishitentirely;anothersucceededinslashingitfrom400000to200000peopleayear.Employersliketheideaofmorelegalmigrantsbutworrythatthenewsystemwillbecumbersome.Manyobjecttotheideathattheywillhavetochecktheimmigrationstatusofalltheiremployees.Theproposedfederalcomputersystemtosortlegalfromillegalworkersisboundtomakemistakes.Evenifonlyoneemployeeinahundredisfalselylabelledillegalthatwillcausealotofheadaches.Andthepointssystemhasdrawbackstoo.Employersarebetterplacedthanbureaucratstojudgewhichskillsareinshortsupply.Thatiswhythecurrentmesshasadvantages--illegalimmigrantsnearlyalwaysgowheretheirlaborisindemand.Othergroupshavecomplaintstoo.Immigrant-rightsgroupssaythatthepathtocitizenshipwouldbetoolongandarduousandtoofewHispanicswouldqualify.NancyPelositheDemocraticspeakeroftheHousefrettedthatthenewstressonskillswouldhurtfamiliesaddingthatherpartyisaboutfamiliesandfamilyvalues.SomepeopleworrythatHouseDemocratswillkillittopreventMr.Bushfromenjoyingadomesticsuccess.Despitetheindignationpublicopinionfavorstheunderlyingprinciples.Atleast60%ofAmericanswanttogiveillegalsachancetobecomecitizensiftheyworkhardandbehave.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisimmigrationreformseemstobe
Untilaboutfourdecadesagocropyieldsinagriculturalsystemsdependedon1resourcesrecyclingorganicmatterbuilt-inbiologicalcontrolmechanismsandrainfallpatterns.Agriculturalyieldswere2butstable.Productionwas3bygrowingmorethanonecroporvarietyinspaceandtimeinafieldasinsuranceagainstpest4orsevereweather.Inputsofnitrogenwere5byrotatingmajorfieldcropswithlegumes.Inturnrotationssuppressedinsectsweedsanddiseasesbyeffectively6thelifecyclesofthesepests.Atypicalcornbeltfarmergrewcorn7withseveralcropsincludingsoybeansandsmallgrainproductionwasintrinsictomaintainlivestock.Mostofthelaborwasdonebythefamilywithoccasionalhiredhelpandno8equipmentorserviceswerepurchasedfromoff4armsources.Inthesetypeoffarmingsystemsthelinkbetweenagricultureandecologywasquite9andsignsofenvironmentdegradationwereseldomevident. Butasagriculturemodernization10theecology-farminglinkagewasoftenbrokenasecologicalprincipleswere11.Infactseveralagriculturalscientistshavearrivedata12consensusthatmodemagricultureconfrontsanenvironmentcrisis.Agrowingnumberofpeoplehavebecomeconcernedaboutthelong-term13ofexistingfoodproductionsystems.Evidencehasshownthat14thepresentcapital-and-technology-intensivefanningsystemshavebeenextremelyproductiveandcompetitivetheyalsobringa15ofeconomicenvironmentalandsocialproblems. Evidencealsoshowsthattheverynatureoftheagriculturalstructureandprevailingpoliceshaveledtothisenvironmental16byfavoringlargefarmsizespecializedproductioncropmonoculturesandmechanization.Todayasmoreandmorefarmersareintegrated17internationaleconomiesimperativesto18disappearandmonoculturesarerewardedbyeconomiesofscale.Inturnlackofrotationsanddiversification19keyself-regulatingmechanismsturningmonoculturesintohighly20agro-ecosystemsdependentonhighchemicalinputs. 2
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.46Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualeuuinmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmoreeontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.47Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofaiournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.48ButtheideathattheJournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.49InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.50WhilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownJudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.
Nuclearfissionisthesplittingofthenucleusofanatom.OnlyafewelementsaresuitableforuseinthiswaythemostimportantonesbeingUranium-235Uranium-233andPlutonium-239.Whenanucleusofoneoftheseelementsisstruckbyafreeneutronitbreaksdownintotwolighternucleiwhichflyapartathighspeedcollidingwithsurroundingatoms.Theirkineticenergyisconvertedintoheatenergy.Atthesametimetwoorthreefreeneutronsarereleasedandoneofthementersthenucleusofaneighbouringatomcausingfissiontooccuragain;andsoon.Thereactionspreadsveryquicklywithmoreandmoreheatenergyreleased.Thisiscalledachainreactionbecausethesplittingofeachnucleusislinkedtoanotherandanotherandanother.Ifthisreactiontakesplaceinanatomicbombwherenothingisdonetoslowitdowntheresultisaviolentexplosionthatcandestroyatowninafewseconds.Fissioncanalsohowevertakeplacewithinaconstructioncalledanuclearreactororatomicpile.HerethehighlyfissilematerialU-235U-233Pu-239issurroundedbyasubstancethatisnon-fissileforinstancegraphite.Thismaterialiscalledamoderator.Theneutronslosesomeoftheirenergyandspeedthroughcollidingwiththeatomsofthemoderator.Energy—heatenergy—isstillcreatedonanenormousscalebutnoexpansiontakesplace.Themoderatorhasanotherfunction:byslowingdownthespeedofthefreeneutronsitmakesitmorelikelythatoneofthemwillcollidewiththenucleusofaneighbouringatomtocontinuethechainreaction.Thechiefadvantageofnuclearenergyisthatitdoesnotdependonanylocalfactors.Anuclearreactorunlikeanoil-welloracoalminedoesnothavetobesitedontopofafossil-fuelsource;unlikethesolarenergyunititdoesnothavetogooutofproductionwhenthesunisnotshining;unlikehydro-electricpoweritdoesnotdependonalargeflowofwaterwhichmaybereducedduringsomeseasonsoftheyear.Withanatomicpowerstationtheonlylimitingfactoristhatofsafety.Intheoppositeprocessnuclearfusiontwonucleicometogethertoformanewnucleusofadifferentkindandthisprocessalsoreleasesenergyonanenormousscale.Fusioncanonlyoccurunderconditionsofverygreatheat—atleast50000000degreesCelsius.Thetemperatureatthecentreofthesunisestimatedas130000000degreesCelsius.Afusionreactiononearthhasalreadybeencreated—thehydrogenbomb.Thisisanuncontrolledreaction.Itisnotyetpossibletoproduceacontrolledfusionreactionthatcanbeusedfortheproductionofusefulenergy.NuclearenergycanbethoughtofasakindofsquareThreeofthequartersofthesquareareknownandusedbutthefourthcannotyetbeused.Innuclearfusiontwonucleicometogetherand______.
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