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Scotland: A Land of Wisdom In the 1740s, the famous French philosopher Voltaire said, "We l...
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Scotland:ALandofWisdom Inthe1740sthefamousFrenchp
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Scotland:ALandofWisdom Inthe1740sthefamousFre
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Scotland:ALandofWisdomInthe1740sthefamousFrenchphi
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Scotland:ALandofWisdomInthe1740sthefamousFrenchphi
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Shouldwestayorshouldwego?ThisisaquestionthatScotti
Britainisdividedinto______.
England, Britain, and Wales
England, Scotland, and Wales
Wales, Scotland, and Great Britain
Great Britain, Wales, and Scotland
GreatBritainistraditionallymadeupofthreeparts:Engl
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______isagreatvirtue.
The wisdom
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Wisdoms
A wisdom
ScotlandhaslongbeencharacterizedasalandofromancE.I
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Itisvirtuallyimpossibletopersuadehimtoapplyforthejob.
TheOperationofInternationalAirlinesInternationalairlineshaverediscovered重新发现thebusinesstravelerthemanorwomanwhoregularlyjetsfromcountrytocountryaspartofthejob.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatairlineseverabandonedtheirbusinesstravelers.InsteadcompanieslikeLufthansaandSwissairwouldrightarguethattheyhavealwayscateredbestfortheexecutiveclasspassengers.Butmanyairlinescouldbeaccusedofconcentratingtooheavilyintherecentpastonattractingpassengersbyvolumeoftenattheexpenseoftheregulartraveler.Toooftentheyhaveseemedgearedforquantityratherthanquality.Operatingamajorairlineisessentiallyamatteroffindingtherightmixofpassengers.Theairlinesneedtofillupthebackendoftheirwide-bodiedjetswithlowfarepassengerswithoutforgettingthatthefrontendshouldbefilledwithpeoplewhopaysubstantiallymorefortheirtickets.Itisnocoincidencethatthetwomajorairlinebankruptcies破产wereamongthecompaniesspecializingincheapflights.Butlowfaresrequireconsistentlyfullaircrafttomakeflightseconomicallyviableandintherecentrecessionthevolumeoftraffichasnotgrown.Equallythelargenumberofairlinesjostlingfortheavailablepassengershascreatedahugeexcessofcapacity.Thenetresultofexcesscapacityandcut-throatcompetition卡脖子竞争drivingdownfareshadbeentopushsomeairlinesintocollapseandleavemanyothershoveringonthebrink.Againstthisgrim严酷backgrounditisnosurprisethatairlinesareturningincreasinglytowardsthebusinesstravelerstoimprovetheirratesofreturn.Theyhaveinvestedmuchtimeandefforttoestablishexactlywhattheexecutivedemandsforsittingapartfromthetourists.Highonthelistofprioritiesispunctuality;anexecutive’stimeismoney.In-flightserviceisanotherareawheretheairlinesarejostlingfortheexecutive’sattention.Thefreedrinksandheadsetsandbetterfoodareallpartofthelure.Anotherdevelopmenthasbeentheaccentofseatingarrangements.Regulartravelershavebecomewellversedinthedebateaboutseatpitch—theamountofroombetweeneachpassenger.Andfirst-classpassengersarenowofferedsleeperetteseatswhichforlongjourneysmakeitpossibletosnatchapropernight’ssleep.Sleeperetteshaveprovedsopopularthattheywillsoonbecomeuniversalinthefrontendofmostaircraft.Theairlinesarealsotryingtoimprovethingsontheground.Executiveloungesarecommonplaceandintendedtomaketheinevitablewaitingbetweenflightsalittlemorebearable.Luggagehandlingisbeingimproved.Regrettably遗憾地thereislittletheairlinescandotospeeduptheboringimmigrationandcustomsprocesswhichmanagestoupsetandfrustratepassengersofallclassesineverycontinent.Althoughitistheairlines’intentiontoattractexecutivepassengersfromtheirrivalstheairlinesthemselveswouldnonethelessliketochangeonebadhabitofthiskindoftraveler—theexpensivehabitofbookingaflightandthenfailingtoturnup.ThepracticeisparticularlywidespreadinEuropewherebusinessmenfrequentlybookreturnjourneyshomeoneonseveralflights.Thereisnotmuchtheairlinescandowhenitcomesto
Theirsolefaultwasafailuretorecognizeallthefactorsinvolved.
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.Youmustbeconsiderateandthinkofthetroubles______.
EatMoreWeighLessLiveLonger Clevergeneticdetectiveworkmayhavefoundoutthereasonwhyanear-starvationdietprolongsthelifeofmanyanimals. RonaldKahnatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBostonUSandhiscolleagueshavebeenabletoextendthelifespan寿命ofmiceby18percentbyblockingtherodent’s啮齿动物increaseoffatinspecificcells.Thissuggeststhatthinness—andnotnecessarilydiet—promoteslonglifein"calorie热量卡restricted"animals. "It’sverycoalwork"saysagingresearcherCynthiaKenyonoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco."Thesemiceeatalltheywantloseweightandlivelonger.It’slikeheaven." Calorierestriction.dramaticallyextendsthelifespanoforganismsasdifferentaswormsandrodents.Whetherthisworksinhumansisstillunknownpartlybecausefewpeoplearewillingtosubmittosuchastrictdiet. Butmanyresearchershopetheywillbeabletotriggerthesameeffectwithadrugoncetheyunderstandhowless.foodleadstoalongerlife.Onetheoryisthateatinglessreducestheincreaseofharmfulthingsthatcandamagecells.Butkahn’steamwonderedwhethertheanimalssimplybenefitbybecomingthin: Tofindouttheyusedbiologytrickstodisrupttheinsulin胰岛素receptor受体geneinlabmice—butonlyintheirfatcells."Sinceinsulinisneededtohelpfatcellsstorefattheseanimalswereprotectedagainstbecomingfat"explainsKahn. Thisslightgeneticchangeinasingletissuehaddramaticeffects.BythreemonthsofageKahn’smodifiedmicehadupto70percentlessbodyfatthannormalcontrolmicedespitethefactthattheyate55percentmorefoodpergramofbodyweight. Inadditiontheirlifespanincreased.Theaveragecontrolmouselived753dayswhilethethinrodentsaveragedalifespanof887days.Afterthreeyearsallthecontrolmicehaddiedbutone-quarterofthemodifiedrodentswerestillalive. "Thattheygettheseeffectsbyjustmanipulatingthefatcellsiscontroversial"saysLeonardGuarenteoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywhostudiescalorierestrictionandaging.. ButGuarentesaysKahnhasyettoprovethatthesameeffectisresponsibleforincreasedlifespanincalorie-restrictedanimals."Itmightbethesameeffectortheremightbetworoutestolonglife"hepointsout"andthatwouldbeveryinteresting./ Accordingtothepassagewedonotknowwhetherhumanswillbenefitfromtakinginfewercaloriespartlybecause.
Itishighlyunlikelythatshewillarrivetoday.
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.Paragraph3______
Ford’sAssemblyLine WhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars—onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses屠宰场. Backintheearly1900%slaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalleda"disassemblyline".Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercompletelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidHounshelloftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened: "Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson." Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowed拖拉pastworkerswhocompletedthem’onepieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecutthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakersovertheworldcopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomation自动化everythingfromtoasterstoperfumesismadeonassemblylines. TheinventionoftheassemblylineenabledHenryFord.
TheWorkers’RoleinManagement Traditionallyithasbeentheworkers’roletoworkandmanagement’sroletomanage.Managershaveplannedanddirectedthefirm’soperationswithlittlethoughttoconsultingthelaborforce.Managershaverarelyfeltcompelledtoobtaintheworkers’opinionsortoexplaintheirdecisionstotheiremployees.Atmostcompanieshaveprovided"suggestionboxes"inwhichworkerscouldplaceideasforimprovingprocedures.Inrecentyearshowevermanymanagementspecialistshavebeenarguingthatworkersaremorethansellersoflabor--theyhaveavitalstakeinthecompanyandmaybeabletomakesignificantcontributionstoitsmanagement.Furthermoremajorcompanydecisionsprofoundlyaffectworkersandtheirdependents.Thisisparticularlytrueofplantclosingswhichmayputthousandsontheunemploymentlines.Shouldworkersthenplayastrongerroleinmanagement Workersshouldhavearoleinmanagement.Attheveryleastthelaborforceshouldbeinformedofmajorpolicydecisions.Acommoncomplaintamongrank-and-fileworkersisthelackofinformationaboutcompanypoliciesandactions.Between1980and1985aboutfivemillionworkerswerethevictimsofplantclosingsandpermanentlayoffsoftenwithnowarning.Atleast90days’noticeoughttobegiveninsuchinstancessothatworkershavetimetoadjust.Managementshouldconsultworkersbeforeclosingaplantbecausetheworkersmightbeabletosuggestwaysofimprovingproductivityandreducingcostsandmightbewillingtomakeconcessionsthatwillhelpkeeptheplantoperating. Itshouldbecomeageneralpracticetoincludeworkersinsomemanagerialdecisionmaking.Thereoughttoberepresentativesoftheworkersonthefirm’sboardofdirectorsorothermajorpolicymakinggroups.Ifrank-and-fileworkersaregivenavoiceintheplanningandmanagementoftheworkflowtheywillhelptomakeimprovementstheirmoralewillriseandtheirproductivitywillincrease.Asafurtherincentivetheymustbegivenashareinthecompany’sprofits.Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplansbonusesorrewardsforefficiencyandproductivity.Finallywhenaplantcannolongeroperateataprofittheworkersshouldbegiventheopportunitytopurchasetheplantandrunitthemselves. Anefficientandproductiveworkershouldberewardedwithanythingbutsharesofaplant.
TheWorkers’RoleinManagement Traditionallyithasbeentheworkers’roletoworkandmanagement’sroletomanage.Managershaveplannedanddirectedthefirm’soperationswithlittlethoughttoconsultingthelaborforce.Managershaverarelyfeltcompelledtoobtaintheworkers’opinionsortoexplaintheirdecisionstotheiremployees.Atmostcompanieshaveprovided"suggestionboxes"inwhichworkerscouldplaceideasforimprovingprocedures.Inrecentyearshowevermanymanagementspecialistshavebeenarguingthatworkersaremorethansellersoflabor--theyhaveavitalstakeinthecompanyandmaybeabletomakesignificantcontributionstoitsmanagement.Furthermoremajorcompanydecisionsprofoundlyaffectworkersandtheirdependents.Thisisparticularlytrueofplantclosingswhichmayputthousandsontheunemploymentlines.Shouldworkersthenplayastrongerroleinmanagement Workersshouldhavearoleinmanagement.Attheveryleastthelaborforceshouldbeinformedofmajorpolicydecisions.Acommoncomplaintamongrank-and-fileworkersisthelackofinformationaboutcompanypoliciesandactions.Between1980and1985aboutfivemillionworkerswerethevictimsofplantclosingsandpermanentlayoffsoftenwithnowarning.Atleast90days’noticeoughttobegiveninsuchinstancessothatworkershavetimetoadjust.Managementshouldconsultworkersbeforeclosingaplantbecausetheworkersmightbeabletosuggestwaysofimprovingproductivityandreducingcostsandmightbewillingtomakeconcessionsthatwillhelpkeeptheplantoperating. Itshouldbecomeageneralpracticetoincludeworkersinsomemanagerialdecisionmaking.Thereoughttoberepresentativesoftheworkersonthefirm’sboardofdirectorsorothermajorpolicymakinggroups.Ifrank-and-fileworkersaregivenavoiceintheplanningandmanagementoftheworkflowtheywillhelptomakeimprovementstheirmoralewillriseandtheirproductivitywillincrease.Asafurtherincentivetheymustbegivenashareinthecompany’sprofits.Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplansbonusesorrewardsforefficiencyandproductivity.Finallywhenaplantcannolongeroperateataprofittheworkersshouldbegiventheopportunitytopurchasetheplantandrunitthemselves. Sincepolicydecisionsarebusinesssecretsofafirmworkersshouldnotbeinformedofthem.
EatMoreWeighLessLiveLonger Clevergeneticdetectiveworkmayhavefoundoutthereasonwhyanear-starvationdietprolongsthelifeofmanyanimals. RonaldKahnatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBostonUSandhiscolleagueshavebeenabletoextendthelifespan寿命ofmiceby18percentbyblockingtherodent’s啮齿动物increaseoffatinspecificcells.Thissuggeststhatthinness—andnotnecessarilydiet—promoteslonglifein"calorie热量卡restricted"animals. "It’sverycoalwork"saysagingresearcherCynthiaKenyonoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco."Thesemiceeatalltheywantloseweightandlivelonger.It’slikeheaven." Calorierestriction.dramaticallyextendsthelifespanoforganismsasdifferentaswormsandrodents.Whetherthisworksinhumansisstillunknownpartlybecausefewpeoplearewillingtosubmittosuchastrictdiet. Butmanyresearchershopetheywillbeabletotriggerthesameeffectwithadrugoncetheyunderstandhowless.foodleadstoalongerlife.Onetheoryisthateatinglessreducestheincreaseofharmfulthingsthatcandamagecells.Butkahn’steamwonderedwhethertheanimalssimplybenefitbybecomingthin: Tofindouttheyusedbiologytrickstodisrupttheinsulin胰岛素receptor受体geneinlabmice—butonlyintheirfatcells."Sinceinsulinisneededtohelpfatcellsstorefattheseanimalswereprotectedagainstbecomingfat"explainsKahn. Thisslightgeneticchangeinasingletissuehaddramaticeffects.BythreemonthsofageKahn’smodifiedmicehadupto70percentlessbodyfatthannormalcontrolmicedespitethefactthattheyate55percentmorefoodpergramofbodyweight. Inadditiontheirlifespanincreased.Theaveragecontrolmouselived753dayswhilethethinrodentsaveragedalifespanof887days.Afterthreeyearsallthecontrolmicehaddiedbutone-quarterofthemodifiedrodentswerestillalive. "Thattheygettheseeffectsbyjustmanipulatingthefatcellsiscontroversial"saysLeonardGuarenteoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywhostudiescalorierestrictionandaging.. ButGuarentesaysKahnhasyettoprovethatthesameeffectisresponsibleforincreasedlifespanincalorie-restrictedanimals."Itmightbethesameeffectortheremightbetworoutestolonglife"hepointsout"andthatwouldbeveryinteresting./ Theaveragemodifiedmouselived.
TheStreetViolinistIgotupanddressedstuckmyviolinundermyjacketandwentoutintothestreetstotrymyluck.IwanderedaboutforanhourlookingforalikelyspotfeelingasthoughIwereabouttocommitacrime.ThenIstoppedatlastunderabridgenearthestationanddecidedtohaveatry.Ifelttenseandnervous.Itwasthefirsttimeafterall.Idrewtheviolinfromundermycoatlikeagun.ItwashereinSouthamptonwithtrainsrattlingoverheadthatIwasabouttodeclaremyself.OnemorningIwaspartofthehurryingcrowdsthenextIstoodapartmybacktothewallmyhatonthepavementbeforemetheviolinundermychin.ThefistnotesIplayedwereloudandrawlikeadeclarationofprotest.Thentheysettleddownandbegantorunmoresmoothlyandtostaymoreorlessinturn.TomysurpriseIwasneitherarrestednortoldtoshutup.Indeednobodytookanynoticeatall.Thenanoldmanwithoutstoppingsurreptitiouslytossedapennyintomyhatasthoughgettingoutofsomeguiltyevidence.IworkedthestreetsofSouthamptonforseveraldaysgraduallyacquiringthetruthsofthetradebytrialanderror.Itwasnotagoodthingforinstancetoletthehatfillupwithmoney—thesightcoulddiscouragethepatron.Norwasitwisetoemptyitcompletelywhichcouldalsoconfusehimgivinghimnohintastowheretodrophismoney.Placingacoupleofpenniesinthehattostartthethinggoingsoonbecamearegularritualmakingsurebetweentunestohidemostoftheearningsbutalwaysleavingtwopenniesbehind.Oldladiesweremostgenerousandsowerewomenwithchildrenshopgirlstypistsandbarmaids.Asforthemanheavydrinkerswerealwayswillinglistenersandsowerebigguyswithmuscles.Butneveramanwithagentleman’shatbriefcaseordog.Respectabletypeswerethemeanestofall.Exceptforretiredarmyofficerswhowouldtellwhyaren’tyouworkingyoungmanandthentosssomemoneyintothehattohidetheirconfusion.Theretiredarmyofficersgavehimmoney______.
TheOperationofInternationalAirlinesInternationalairlineshaverediscovered重新发现thebusinesstravelerthemanorwomanwhoregularlyjetsfromcountrytocountryaspartofthejob.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatairlineseverabandonedtheirbusinesstravelers.InsteadcompanieslikeLufthansaandSwissairwouldrightarguethattheyhavealwayscateredbestfortheexecutiveclasspassengers.Butmanyairlinescouldbeaccusedofconcentratingtooheavilyintherecentpastonattractingpassengersbyvolumeoftenattheexpenseoftheregulartraveler.Toooftentheyhaveseemedgearedforquantityratherthanquality.Operatingamajorairlineisessentiallyamatteroffindingtherightmixofpassengers.Theairlinesneedtofillupthebackendoftheirwide-bodiedjetswithlowfarepassengerswithoutforgettingthatthefrontendshouldbefilledwithpeoplewhopaysubstantiallymorefortheirtickets.Itisnocoincidencethatthetwomajorairlinebankruptcies破产wereamongthecompaniesspecializingincheapflights.Butlowfaresrequireconsistentlyfullaircrafttomakeflightseconomicallyviableandintherecentrecessionthevolumeoftraffichasnotgrown.Equallythelargenumberofairlinesjostlingfortheavailablepassengershascreatedahugeexcessofcapacity.Thenetresultofexcesscapacityandcut-throatcompetition卡脖子竞争drivingdownfareshadbeentopushsomeairlinesintocollapseandleavemanyothershoveringonthebrink.Againstthisgrim严酷backgrounditisnosurprisethatairlinesareturningincreasinglytowardsthebusinesstravelerstoimprovetheirratesofreturn.Theyhaveinvestedmuchtimeandefforttoestablishexactlywhattheexecutivedemandsforsittingapartfromthetourists.Highonthelistofprioritiesispunctuality;anexecutive’stimeismoney.In-flightserviceisanotherareawheretheairlinesarejostlingfortheexecutive’sattention.Thefreedrinksandheadsetsandbetterfoodareallpartofthelure.Anotherdevelopmenthasbeentheaccentofseatingarrangements.Regulartravelershavebecomewellversedinthedebateaboutseatpitch—theamountofroombetweeneachpassenger.Andfirst-classpassengersarenowofferedsleeperetteseatswhichforlongjourneysmakeitpossibletosnatchapropernight’ssleep.Sleeperetteshaveprovedsopopularthattheywillsoonbecomeuniversalinthefrontendofmostaircraft.Theairlinesarealsotryingtoimprovethingsontheground.Executiveloungesarecommonplaceandintendedtomaketheinevitablewaitingbetweenflightsalittlemorebearable.Luggagehandlingisbeingimproved.Regrettably遗憾地thereislittletheairlinescandotospeeduptheboringimmigrationandcustomsprocesswhichmanagestoupsetandfrustratepassengersofallclassesineverycontinent.Althoughitistheairlines’intentiontoattractexecutivepassengersfromtheirrivalstheairlinesthemselveswouldnonethelessliketochangeonebadhabitofthiskindoftraveler—theexpensivehabitofbookingaflightandthenfailingtoturnup.ThepracticeisparticularlywidespreadinEuropewherebusinessmenfrequentlybookreturnjourneyshomeoneonseveralflights.ThefollowingareallmentionedasreasonswhytheairlinesarehavingahardtimeEXCEPTthat
TheWorkers’RoleinManagement Traditionallyithasbeentheworkers’roletoworkandmanagement’sroletomanage.Managershaveplannedanddirectedthefirm’soperationswithlittlethoughttoconsultingthelaborforce.Managershaverarelyfeltcompelledtoobtaintheworkers’opinionsortoexplaintheirdecisionstotheiremployees.Atmostcompanieshaveprovided"suggestionboxes"inwhichworkerscouldplaceideasforimprovingprocedures.Inrecentyearshowevermanymanagementspecialistshavebeenarguingthatworkersaremorethansellersoflabor--theyhaveavitalstakeinthecompanyandmaybeabletomakesignificantcontributionstoitsmanagement.Furthermoremajorcompanydecisionsprofoundlyaffectworkersandtheirdependents.Thisisparticularlytrueofplantclosingswhichmayputthousandsontheunemploymentlines.Shouldworkersthenplayastrongerroleinmanagement Workersshouldhavearoleinmanagement.Attheveryleastthelaborforceshouldbeinformedofmajorpolicydecisions.Acommoncomplaintamongrank-and-fileworkersisthelackofinformationaboutcompanypoliciesandactions.Between1980and1985aboutfivemillionworkerswerethevictimsofplantclosingsandpermanentlayoffsoftenwithnowarning.Atleast90days’noticeoughttobegiveninsuchinstancessothatworkershavetimetoadjust.Managementshouldconsultworkersbeforeclosingaplantbecausetheworkersmightbeabletosuggestwaysofimprovingproductivityandreducingcostsandmightbewillingtomakeconcessionsthatwillhelpkeeptheplantoperating. Itshouldbecomeageneralpracticetoincludeworkersinsomemanagerialdecisionmaking.Thereoughttoberepresentativesoftheworkersonthefirm’sboardofdirectorsorothermajorpolicymakinggroups.Ifrank-and-fileworkersaregivenavoiceintheplanningandmanagementoftheworkflowtheywillhelptomakeimprovementstheirmoralewillriseandtheirproductivitywillincrease.Asafurtherincentivetheymustbegivenashareinthecompany’sprofits.Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplansbonusesorrewardsforefficiencyandproductivity.Finallywhenaplantcannolongeroperateataprofittheworkersshouldbegiventheopportunitytopurchasetheplantandrunitthemselves. Theworkers’participationinmanagementmightsaveaplantfromclosingdown.
{{*HTML*}}SomeUnusualCelebrations??Someholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.Eachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinitshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.?46?Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.??Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries—FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.?47?Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.Doescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyou???DyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.??Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.?48?Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.??August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtradition.PeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.?49???Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDay?ThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.?50???Doyouliketheideaofinventinganewholiday?IfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.??A.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.??B.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.??C.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.??D.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.??E.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.??F.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.
{{*HTML*}}SomeUnusualCelebrations??Someholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.Eachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinitshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.?46?Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.??Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries—FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.?47?Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.Doescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyou???DyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.??Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.?48?Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.??August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtradition.PeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.?49???Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDay?ThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.?50???Doyouliketheideaofinventinganewholiday?IfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.??A.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.??B.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.??C.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.??D.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.??E.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.??F.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.
Thethiefwasfinallycapturedtwomilesawayfromthevillage．
FeastonTurkeyandGoodWishesatThanksgivingFourweeksagoUSchildrendressedasmonstersandaskedforsweets.ThatwasHalloweenInafewweeksAmericanhouseswillberedandgreenandfilledwithpresentsforChristmas.Asifallthisisn’tenoughonThursdaythisweekAmericawillenjoyanotherfestival-Thanksgiving.Childrenwillhavetwodaysoffschoolshopswillcloseandhouseswillbefilledwithfamiliesenjoyingmountainsoffood.EveryyearinGainesvilleFloridaanentireclasscelebrateThanksgivingtogether.Theclassdressesupandputsonplaysfortheirfamilies.AftertheplaysthefamiliesshareafeastoftraditionalThanksgivingfoodsliketurkeyandpumpkinpie.DeanFosteranIl-year-oldboywilltakepartinthiscelebration.Hesaid:IloveThanksgivingbecauseitmeanstimeoffschoollotsofnicefoodandahappyfamily.HisbrotherBenninesaid:ThebestthingaboutThanksgivingisthatwhenitisfinisheditistimetostartChristmas.Butbehindthefoodandthelargeamountofmoneyspentthereisanothermessage.OnThursdayeveningDeanandBen’sfamilywillmakeabasketandputitonthetableastheyeattheireveningmeal.Eachofthemwillwritealistofthingsthattheyarethankfulforandplacethepaperinthebasket.ThefamilywillreadthepiecesofpaperandtaketimetothankGodandeachotherforprovidingthemwithcomfortableandhappylives.Thanksgivingisatraditionalfestivalthatstartedin1621whenthefirstpilgrimsarrivedinAmericatostartanewlife.Afterahardyeartheyhadabigautumnharvest.TheyheldafeastandinvitedthenativeAmericanIndiansalongtothankGodforgivingthemenoughfood.ManycountriescelebrateThanksgiving.Theyoftenfallafterthefieldshavebeenharvestedandthecropscollectedforwinter.ManychildrenintheUnitedStateslikeThanksgivingbecause
TheWorkers’RoleinManagement Traditionallyithasbeentheworkers’roletoworkandmanagement’sroletomanage.Managershaveplannedanddirectedthefirm’soperationswithlittlethoughttoconsultingthelaborforce.Managershaverarelyfeltcompelledtoobtaintheworkers’opinionsortoexplaintheirdecisionstotheiremployees.Atmostcompanieshaveprovided"suggestionboxes"inwhichworkerscouldplaceideasforimprovingprocedures.Inrecentyearshowevermanymanagementspecialistshavebeenarguingthatworkersaremorethansellersoflabor--theyhaveavitalstakeinthecompanyandmaybeabletomakesignificantcontributionstoitsmanagement.Furthermoremajorcompanydecisionsprofoundlyaffectworkersandtheirdependents.Thisisparticularlytrueofplantclosingswhichmayputthousandsontheunemploymentlines.Shouldworkersthenplayastrongerroleinmanagement Workersshouldhavearoleinmanagement.Attheveryleastthelaborforceshouldbeinformedofmajorpolicydecisions.Acommoncomplaintamongrank-and-fileworkersisthelackofinformationaboutcompanypoliciesandactions.Between1980and1985aboutfivemillionworkerswerethevictimsofplantclosingsandpermanentlayoffsoftenwithnowarning.Atleast90days’noticeoughttobegiveninsuchinstancessothatworkershavetimetoadjust.Managementshouldconsultworkersbeforeclosingaplantbecausetheworkersmightbeabletosuggestwaysofimprovingproductivityandreducingcostsandmightbewillingtomakeconcessionsthatwillhelpkeeptheplantoperating. Itshouldbecomeageneralpracticetoincludeworkersinsomemanagerialdecisionmaking.Thereoughttoberepresentativesoftheworkersonthefirm’sboardofdirectorsorothermajorpolicymakinggroups.Ifrank-and-fileworkersaregivenavoiceintheplanningandmanagementoftheworkflowtheywillhelptomakeimprovementstheirmoralewillriseandtheirproductivitywillincrease.Asafurtherincentivetheymustbegivenashareinthecompany’sprofits.Thiscanbedonethroughemployeestockownershipplansbonusesorrewardsforefficiencyandproductivity.Finallywhenaplantcannolongeroperateataprofittheworkersshouldbegiventheopportunitytopurchasetheplantandrunitthemselves. Traditionalworkersshowednointerestinmanagement.
Ford’sAssemblyLine WhenitcomestosinglingoutthosewhohavemadeadifferenceinallourlivesyoucannotoverlookHenryFord.AhistorianacenturyfromnowmightwellconcludethatitwasFordwhomostinfluencedallmanufacturingeverywhereeventothisdaybyintroducinganewwaytomakecars—onestrangetosaythatoriginatedinslaughterhouses屠宰场. Backintheearly1900%slaughterhousesusedwhatcouldhavebeencalleda"disassemblyline".Fordreversedthisprocesstoseeifitwouldspeedupproductionofapartofanautomobileenginecalledamagneto.Ratherthanhaveeachworkercompletelyassembleamagnetooneofitselementswasplacedonaconveyerandeachworkerasitpassedaddedanothercomponenttoitthesameoneeachtime.ProfessorDavidHounshelloftheUniversityofDelawareanexpertonindustrialdevelopmenttellswhathappened: "Thepreviousdayworkerscarryingouttheentireprocesshadaveragedoneassemblyevery20minutes.Butonthatdayonthelinetheassemblyteamaveragedoneevery13minutesand10secondsperperson." Withinayearthetimehadbeenreducedtofiveminutes.In1913Fordwentalltheway.Hookedtogetherbyropespartiallyassembledvehiclesweretowed拖拉pastworkerswhocompletedthem’onepieceatatime.Itwasn’tlongbeforeFordwasturningoutseveralhundredthousandcarsayeararemarkableachievementthen.Andsoefficientandeconomicalwasthisnewsystemthathecutthepriceofhiscarsinhalfto$260puttingthemwithinreachofallthosewhoupuntilthattimecouldnotaffordthem.Soonautomakersovertheworldcopiedhim.InfactheencouragedthemtodosobywritingabookaboutallofhisinnovationsentitledTodayandTomorrow.TheAgeoftheAutomobilehasarrived.Todayaidedbyrobotsandotherformsofautomation自动化everythingfromtoasterstoperfumesismadeonassemblylines. Amagnetoisatechnicaltermfor
TheStreetViolinistIgotupanddressedstuckmyviolinundermyjacketandwentoutintothestreetstotrymyluck.IwanderedaboutforanhourlookingforalikelyspotfeelingasthoughIwereabouttocommitacrime.ThenIstoppedatlastunderabridgenearthestationanddecidedtohaveatry.Ifelttenseandnervous.Itwasthefirsttimeafterall.Idrewtheviolinfromundermycoatlikeagun.ItwashereinSouthamptonwithtrainsrattlingoverheadthatIwasabouttodeclaremyself.OnemorningIwaspartofthehurryingcrowdsthenextIstoodapartmybacktothewallmyhatonthepavementbeforemetheviolinundermychin.ThefistnotesIplayedwereloudandrawlikeadeclarationofprotest.Thentheysettleddownandbegantorunmoresmoothlyandtostaymoreorlessinturn.TomysurpriseIwasneitherarrestednortoldtoshutup.Indeednobodytookanynoticeatall.Thenanoldmanwithoutstoppingsurreptitiouslytossedapennyintomyhatasthoughgettingoutofsomeguiltyevidence.IworkedthestreetsofSouthamptonforseveraldaysgraduallyacquiringthetruthsofthetradebytrialanderror.Itwasnotagoodthingforinstancetoletthehatfillupwithmoney—thesightcoulddiscouragethepatron.Norwasitwisetoemptyitcompletelywhichcouldalsoconfusehimgivinghimnohintastowheretodrophismoney.Placingacoupleofpenniesinthehattostartthethinggoingsoonbecamearegularritualmakingsurebetweentunestohidemostoftheearningsbutalwaysleavingtwopenniesbehind.Oldladiesweremostgenerousandsowerewomenwithchildrenshopgirlstypistsandbarmaids.Asforthemanheavydrinkerswerealwayswillinglistenersandsowerebigguyswithmuscles.Butneveramanwithagentleman’shatbriefcaseordog.Respectabletypeswerethemeanestofall.Exceptforretiredarmyofficerswhowouldtellwhyaren’tyouworkingyoungmanandthentosssomemoneyintothehattohidetheirconfusion.Thefirstpersonwhogavehimmoney______.
{{*HTML*}}SomeUnusualCelebrations??Someholidaysarewell-knownallaroundtheworld.AmongthemareNewYear’sEvecelebrations.AlsocommonaredaysinhonorofloveandfriendshiplikeValentine’sDay.Eachcountryhasitsownspecialholidaystoooftentomarkimportanteventsinitshistory.Schoolsbanksandgovernmentofficesallcloseondayslikethese.?46?Afewofthemarereallyverystrange.??Ofcoursetheyarenotstrangetothepeoplewhocelebratethem.Perhapsthatisbecausethecelebrationshavelongtraditions.ConsiderAprilFool’sDayforexample.Nooneknowswhenorwhyitbegan.Todayitiscelebratedinmanycountries—FranceEnglandandAustraliaamongothers.Onthisdaypeopleplaypracticaljokes.?47?Theoneswholaugharetheonesplayingthejokes.Thepeopletheyfooloftengetangry.Doescelebratingthisdaymakesensetoyou???DyngusDayinPolandseemsstrangetoo.Onthisdayitistraditionalforboystopourwaterovertheheadsofgirls.Hereisthestrangestpart:Theydoittogirlstheylike.??Otherunusualcelebrationstakeplaceinasinglecityortown.AholidaycalledLaTomatinaiscelebratedinBunolSpain.EveryyearinlateAugustbigtruckscarrymorethan200000poundsoftomatoesintothislittletown.?48?Fortwohourspeopleinthestreetsthrowtomatoesateachother.Everyoneendsupredfromheadtotoe.??August10marksthestartofthePuckFairanIrishfestivalwithaveryunusualtradition.PeoplefromthetownofKillorglingoupintothemountainsandcatchawildgoat.?49???Therearealsosomecelebrationsthatarereallystrange.IntheUnitedStatessometimesonepersongetsanideaforanewholidayandtriestogetotherstoacceptit.WhoseideawasPublicSleepingDay?ThatoneisonFebruary28.ItmayseemstrangebutitsoundslikemorefunthantheoneonFebruary9.?50???Doyouliketheideaofinventinganewholiday?IfyoudothenyouwillwanttomarkMarch26onyourcalendar.ThatisMakeUpYourOwnHolidayDay.??A.Theybringhimbacktotownputacrownonhisheadandmakehimkingforthreedays.??B.Someofthedayspeoplecelebratehoweverarelessserious.??C.ThatissupposedtobeToothacheDay.??D.Thenbeginstheworld’sbiggestfoodfight.??E.Somepeoplehavefunimaginingnewholidays.??F.Jokesaresupposedtobefunnybutthesejokesdonotmakeeveryonelaugh.
WithimmensereliefIstoppedrunning
FeastonTurkeyandGoodWishesatThanksgivingFourweeksagoUSchildrendressedasmonstersandaskedforsweets.ThatwasHalloweenInafewweeksAmericanhouseswillberedandgreenandfilledwithpresentsforChristmas.Asifallthisisn’tenoughonThursdaythisweekAmericawillenjoyanotherfestival-Thanksgiving.Childrenwillhavetwodaysoffschoolshopswillcloseandhouseswillbefilledwithfamiliesenjoyingmountainsoffood.EveryyearinGainesvilleFloridaanentireclasscelebrateThanksgivingtogether.Theclassdressesupandputsonplaysfortheirfamilies.AftertheplaysthefamiliesshareafeastoftraditionalThanksgivingfoodsliketurkeyandpumpkinpie.DeanFosteranIl-year-oldboywilltakepartinthiscelebration.Hesaid:IloveThanksgivingbecauseitmeanstimeoffschoollotsofnicefoodandahappyfamily.HisbrotherBenninesaid:ThebestthingaboutThanksgivingisthatwhenitisfinisheditistimetostartChristmas.Butbehindthefoodandthelargeamountofmoneyspentthereisanothermessage.OnThursdayeveningDeanandBen’sfamilywillmakeabasketandputitonthetableastheyeattheireveningmeal.Eachofthemwillwritealistofthingsthattheyarethankfulforandplacethepaperinthebasket.ThefamilywillreadthepiecesofpaperandtaketimetothankGodandeachotherforprovidingthemwithcomfortableandhappylives.Thanksgivingisatraditionalfestivalthatstartedin1621whenthefirstpilgrimsarrivedinAmericatostartanewlife.Afterahardyeartheyhadabigautumnharvest.TheyheldafeastandinvitedthenativeAmericanIndiansalongtothankGodforgivingthemenoughfood.ManycountriescelebrateThanksgiving.Theyoftenfallafterthefieldshavebeenharvestedandthecropscollectedforwinter.Whenareturkeyandpumpkinpieeaten
TheStreetViolinistIgotupanddressedstuckmyviolinundermyjacketandwentoutintothestreetstotrymyluck.IwanderedaboutforanhourlookingforalikelyspotfeelingasthoughIwereabouttocommitacrime.ThenIstoppedatlastunderabridgenearthestationanddecidedtohaveatry.Ifelttenseandnervous.Itwasthefirsttimeafterall.Idrewtheviolinfromundermycoatlikeagun.ItwashereinSouthamptonwithtrainsrattlingoverheadthatIwasabouttodeclaremyself.OnemorningIwaspartofthehurryingcrowdsthenextIstoodapartmybacktothewallmyhatonthepavementbeforemetheviolinundermychin.ThefistnotesIplayedwereloudandrawlikeadeclarationofprotest.Thentheysettleddownandbegantorunmoresmoothlyandtostaymoreorlessinturn.TomysurpriseIwasneitherarrestednortoldtoshutup.Indeednobodytookanynoticeatall.Thenanoldmanwithoutstoppingsurreptitiouslytossedapennyintomyhatasthoughgettingoutofsomeguiltyevidence.IworkedthestreetsofSouthamptonforseveraldaysgraduallyacquiringthetruthsofthetradebytrialanderror.Itwasnotagoodthingforinstancetoletthehatfillupwithmoney—thesightcoulddiscouragethepatron.Norwasitwisetoemptyitcompletelywhichcouldalsoconfusehimgivinghimnohintastowheretodrophismoney.Placingacoupleofpenniesinthehattostartthethinggoingsoonbecamearegularritualmakingsurebetweentunestohidemostoftheearningsbutalwaysleavingtwopenniesbehind.Oldladiesweremostgenerousandsowerewomenwithchildrenshopgirlstypistsandbarmaids.Asforthemanheavydrinkerswerealwayswillinglistenersandsowerebigguyswithmuscles.Butneveramanwithagentleman’shatbriefcaseordog.Respectabletypeswerethemeanestofall.Exceptforretiredarmyofficerswhowouldtellwhyaren’tyouworkingyoungmanandthentosssomemoneyintothehattohidetheirconfusion.Howlongdidtheauthorwanderaboutinthestreetsbeforehestoppedunderabridge
Evidentlyhehasmadeabigmistakethistime.
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.Paragraph5______
Theboyalwayslooksthroughhishomeworkbeforehandingitin.
{{*HTML*}}Brands??Thewordbrandisacomprehensivetermthatencompasses包含othernarrowerterms.?46?Abranddifferentiatesonesener’sproductsfromthoseofcompetitors.Abrandnameconsistsofwordslettersand/ornumbersthatcanbevocalized.Abrandmarkisthepartofthebrandthatappearsintheformofasymboldesignordistinctivecoloringorlettering.?47???Atrademarkisabrandthatisgivenlegalprotectionbecauseunderthelawithasbeenappropriatedbyoneseller.?48?Alltrademarksarebrandsandthusincludethewordslettersornumbersthatcanbepronounced.Theymayalsoincludeapictorialdesign.Somepeopleerroneouslybelievethatthetrademarkisonlythepictorialpartofthebrand.??Onemajormethodofclassifyingbrandsisonthebasisofwhoownsthem—producersormiddlemen.?49???Thetermsnationalandprivatehavebeenusedtodescribeproducerandmiddlemanbrandownershiprespectively.?50?Tosaythatthebrandofpoultry家禽feedmarketedinthreestatesbyasmallBirminghamAlabamamanufacturerisanationalbrandwhereasthebrandsofPenhey’sorSearsareprivatebrandsstretchesthemeaningofthetermsnationalandprivate.??A.Itisrecognizedbysightbutmaynotbeexpressedwhenapersonpronouncesthebrandname.??B.Thustrademarkisessentiallyalegalterm.??C.Howevermarketingpeopleprefertheproducermiddlemanterminology.??D.Abrandisanametermsymboland/orspecialdesignthatisintendedtoidentifythegoodsorservicesofonesellerorgroupofsellers.??E.SunbeamFlorsheimSpaldingathleticproductsandSaraLeeareproducers’brandswhileAllstateShurfineSyscoCraftsmanandPenncrestaremiddlemen’sbrands.??F.Amongvariousmethodsofclassifyingbrandstheonebasedonownershipiswidelyaccepted.
{{*HTML*}}???????????HowtoGetalongWellwithYourBoss??1．Beforeyouarguewithyourbosscheckwiththeboss’ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfastitisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss’ssecretarytherearekeystotimingdon’tapproachthebosswhenhe’sondeadllnedon’tgoinrightbeforelunchwhenheisapttobedistractedandrusheddon’tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastokenavacation.??2．Ifyou’remadthatwillonlymakeyourbossmad.Calmclownfirst.Anddon’tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration.Thebosswillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopelesstryingtochangeyourmind.Thenmaybehewilldismissyou.??3．Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacrossclearlyinordertomakethebossunderstandit.4．Yourbosshasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore.Ifyoucan’tputforwardanimmediatesolutionatleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblemPeoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan’tgetpastthesecretary.?5．Todealeffectivelywithabossit’simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertothebossthenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals.Itisnecessarytomakecleartotheboss______.
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