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Pain ? ?All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headach...
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????????????????????Pain??Allofushavefeltpain.weha
? ?阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原
Pain??Allofushavefeltpain.Wehavecutourselves.Wehav
? ?阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原
PainAllofushavefeltpain.Wehavecutourselves.Wehaveb
PainAllofushavefeltpain.Wehavecutourselves.Wehaveb
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Youshouldcultivatethehabitofreadingcarefully.
Youdon'tneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;actuallyallfinancialbusinesseswillbeconductedbycomputers.
{{*HTML*}}TheDrinkYourBodyNeedsMost1?Ourbodiesareestimatedtobeabout60to70%water.Bloodismostlywaterandourmuscleslungsandbrainallcontainalotofwater.Waterisneededtoregulatebodytemperatureandtoprovidethemeansfornutrients滋养物totraveltoallourorgans.Wateralsotransportsoxygentoourcellsremoveswasteandprotectsourjointsandorgans.2?Welosewaterthroughurination排尿respiration呼吸andbysweating.Ifyouareveryactiveyoulosemorewaterthanifyoudonottakemuchexercise.Symptomsofmilddehydration脱水includechronicpainsinjointsandmuscleslowerbackpainheadachesandconstipation便秘.Astrongsmelltoyoururinealongwithayellowcolorindicatesthatyouarenotgettingenoughwater.Thirstisanobvioussignofdehydrationandinfactyouneedwaterlongbeforeyoufeelthirsty.3?Agoodruleofthumb好的做法istotakeyourbodyweightinpoundsanddividethatnumberinhalf.Thatgivesyouthenumberofounces盎司ofwaterperdaythatyouneed.Forexampleifyouweigh160poundsyoushoulddrinkatleast80ouncesofwaterperday.Ifyouexerciseyoushoulddrinkanother8-ounceglassofwaterforevery20minutesyouareactive.Ifyoudrinkcoffeeoralcoholyoushouldaddatleastanequalamountofwater.Whenyouaretravelingonanairplaneitisgoodtohave8ouncesofwaterforeveryhouryouareonboardtheplane.4?’Itmaybedifficulttodrinkenoughwateronabusyday.Besureyouhavewaterhandyatalltimesbykeepingabottleforwaterwithyouwhenyouareworkingtravelingorexercising.Ifyougetboredwithplainwateraddabitoflemonforatouchofflavor.Therearesomebrandsofflavoredwateravailablebutsomeofthemhavesugarorartificialsweetenersthatyoudon’tneed.Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmallerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50???A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.??B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.??C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.??D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.??E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard＆Company.??F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
ProblemsofAnxiety Trainingasmental-healthprofessionalsissupposedtobe"colorblind".Thatsoundsfinebutinpracticeitmeansthatpeoplefromblackandethnicgroupsgetanunfairtreatmentbecausetheirparticularproblemsareseldomacknowledged. SoaprojectwaspilotedinvolvingBangladeshiwomenininner-cityLondonmostofwhommigratedtotheU.K.inthe1960sand1970sfromaruralbackground.Manyofthesewomenturnedtotheirdoctorswithcommonsymptomsofanxietysuchasheadachessleepingdifficultieslossofappetiteandlackofenergy.TheywereusuallyprescribedtranquillizersorevenVitaminC.Sincetheunderlyingcausesremainedthewomenvisitedtheirdoctorswithincreasingfrequencyandsomewerereferredontomental-healthprofessionals. ThepsychologistswantedtoseehownormalWesternapproachestoanxietyproblemsmightworkwhenappliedacrosscultures.Howevertheyfoundthatmanythingsinthestandardapproachhadtobechanged.Theyhadtotranslatemanyoftheusualexamplestheywouldnormallycomparelearningtorelaxwithlearningtodriveforinstancewhichwouldnothavebeenculturallyappropriate.Atfirsttheyaskedthewomentorateonascaleonetotentheeffectofrelaxationontheirlevelofanxiety.Theyfoundnumbersanoddwayofexpressinghowtheywerefeeling.Sopsychologistsshiftedtheirfocustowordsandtalkedoffivestagesform"verygood"to"verybad". Asitwasapilotprojecttherewereshortcomings.Psychologistslookedfortoolittleback-upanddidnotcollectasmuchobjectivedataastheymighthavedonewithawhitegroup.TheyfellintothewhitestereotypeofassumingthatBangladeshiwomenwouldfindtheuseofvariouschecklistsandwrittenrecordsforeign.Perhapsracismhasconditionedtheprofessionalstoagreaterextentthantheyexpected.PsychologistsfoundthatusingaWesternmodelacrosscultureshaspotential.Butitneedspoliticalfinancialandpersonalcommitment. TheBangladeshiwomencontinuedtovisittheirdoctorsbecause
{{*HTML*}}TheDrinkYourBodyNeedsMost1?Ourbodiesareestimatedtobeabout60to70%water.Bloodismostlywaterandourmuscleslungsandbrainallcontainalotofwater.Waterisneededtoregulatebodytemperatureandtoprovidethemeansfornutrients滋养物totraveltoallourorgans.Wateralsotransportsoxygentoourcellsremoveswasteandprotectsourjointsandorgans.2?Welosewaterthroughurination排尿respiration呼吸andbysweating.Ifyouareveryactiveyoulosemorewaterthanifyoudonottakemuchexercise.Symptomsofmilddehydration脱水includechronicpainsinjointsandmuscleslowerbackpainheadachesandconstipation便秘.Astrongsmelltoyoururinealongwithayellowcolorindicatesthatyouarenotgettingenoughwater.Thirstisanobvioussignofdehydrationandinfactyouneedwaterlongbeforeyoufeelthirsty.3?Agoodruleofthumb好的做法istotakeyourbodyweightinpoundsanddividethatnumberinhalf.Thatgivesyouthenumberofounces盎司ofwaterperdaythatyouneed.Forexampleifyouweigh160poundsyoushoulddrinkatleast80ouncesofwaterperday.Ifyouexerciseyoushoulddrinkanother8-ounceglassofwaterforevery20minutesyouareactive.Ifyoudrinkcoffeeoralcoholyoushouldaddatleastanequalamountofwater.Whenyouaretravelingonanairplaneitisgoodtohave8ouncesofwaterforeveryhouryouareonboardtheplane.4?’Itmaybedifficulttodrinkenoughwateronabusyday.Besureyouhavewaterhandyatalltimesbykeepingabottleforwaterwithyouwhenyouareworkingtravelingorexercising.Ifyougetboredwithplainwateraddabitoflemonforatouchofflavor.Therearesomebrandsofflavoredwateravailablebutsomeofthemhavesugarorartificialsweetenersthatyoudon’tneed.Paragraph4______
Laughter ThereisanoldsayinginEnglish:"Laughteristhebestmedicine".Untilrecentlyfewpeopletookthesayingveryseriously.Nowhoweverdoctorshavebeguntoinvestigatelaughterandtheeffectsithasonthehumanbody.Theyhavefoundevidencethatlaughterreallycanimprovepeople’shealth. Testswerecarriedouttostudytheeffectsoflaughteronthebody.Peoplewatchedfunnyfilmswhiledoctorscheckedtheirheartratebloodpressurebreathingandmuscles.Itwasfoundthatlaughterhassimilareffectstophysicalexercise.Itincreasesbloodpressuretheheartrateandtherateofbreathing;italsoworksseveralgroupsofmusclesinthefacethestomachandeventhefeet.Iflaughterexercisesthebodyitmustbebeneficial. Othertestshaveshownthatlaughterappearstobecapableofreducingtheeffectofpainonthebody.Inoneexperimentdoctorsproducedpainingroupsofstudentswholistenedtodifferentradioprograms.Thegroupwhichtoleratedthepainforthelongesttimewasthegroupwhichlistenedtoafunnyprogram.Thereasonwhylaughtercanreducepainseemstobethatithelpstoproduceendorphins内啡肽inthebrain.Thesearenaturalchemicalswhichdiminishbothstressandpain Thereisalsosomeevidencetosuggestthatlaughterhelpsthebody’simmunesystemthatisthesystemwhichfightsinfection.Inanexperimentonegroupofstudentswatchedafunnyvideowhileanothergroupservedasthecontrolgroup-inotherwordsagroupwithwhichtocomparethefirstgroup.Doctorscheckedthebloodofthestudentsinbothgroupsandfoundthatthepeopleinthegroupthatwatchedthevideohadanincreaseintheactivityoftheirwhitebloodcellsthatisthecellswhichfightinfection. Asaresultofthesediscoveriessomedoctorsandpsychiatrists精神病学家intheUnitedStatesnowholdlaughterclinicsinwhichtheytrytoimprovetheirpatients’conditionbyencouragingthemtolaughTheyhavefoundthateveniftheirpatientsdonotreallyfeellikelaughingmakingthemsmileisenoughtoproducebeneficialeffectssimilartothosecausedbylaughter. Thewriter’sattitudetowardslaughteris
Tebbut’sownproductcalledBrainstormisasophisticatedsoftware’ideasorganizer’thatischeapeasytouseandquitehelpful.
ThenumberoftheUnitedStatescitizenswhoareeligibletovotecontinuestoincrease.
{{*HTML*}}TheDrinkYourBodyNeedsMost1?Ourbodiesareestimatedtobeabout60to70%water.Bloodismostlywaterandourmuscleslungsandbrainallcontainalotofwater.Waterisneededtoregulatebodytemperatureandtoprovidethemeansfornutrients滋养物totraveltoallourorgans.Wateralsotransportsoxygentoourcellsremoveswasteandprotectsourjointsandorgans.2?Welosewaterthroughurination排尿respiration呼吸andbysweating.Ifyouareveryactiveyoulosemorewaterthanifyoudonottakemuchexercise.Symptomsofmilddehydration脱水includechronicpainsinjointsandmuscleslowerbackpainheadachesandconstipation便秘.Astrongsmelltoyoururinealongwithayellowcolorindicatesthatyouarenotgettingenoughwater.Thirstisanobvioussignofdehydrationandinfactyouneedwaterlongbeforeyoufeelthirsty.3?Agoodruleofthumb好的做法istotakeyourbodyweightinpoundsanddividethatnumberinhalf.Thatgivesyouthenumberofounces盎司ofwaterperdaythatyouneed.Forexampleifyouweigh160poundsyoushoulddrinkatleast80ouncesofwaterperday.Ifyouexerciseyoushoulddrinkanother8-ounceglassofwaterforevery20minutesyouareactive.Ifyoudrinkcoffeeoralcoholyoushouldaddatleastanequalamountofwater.Whenyouaretravelingonanairplaneitisgoodtohave8ouncesofwaterforeveryhouryouareonboardtheplane.4?’Itmaybedifficulttodrinkenoughwateronabusyday.Besureyouhavewaterhandyatalltimesbykeepingabottleforwaterwithyouwhenyouareworkingtravelingorexercising.Ifyougetboredwithplainwateraddabitoflemonforatouchofflavor.Therearesomebrandsofflavoredwateravailablebutsomeofthemhavesugarorartificialsweetenersthatyoudon’tneed.Dehydrationmayoccurifthereisashortageofwater______.
Laughter ThereisanoldsayinginEnglish:"Laughteristhebestmedicine".Untilrecentlyfewpeopletookthesayingveryseriously.Nowhoweverdoctorshavebeguntoinvestigatelaughterandtheeffectsithasonthehumanbody.Theyhavefoundevidencethatlaughterreallycanimprovepeople’shealth. Testswerecarriedouttostudytheeffectsoflaughteronthebody.Peoplewatchedfunnyfilmswhiledoctorscheckedtheirheartratebloodpressurebreathingandmuscles.Itwasfoundthatlaughterhassimilareffectstophysicalexercise.Itincreasesbloodpressuretheheartrateandtherateofbreathing;italsoworksseveralgroupsofmusclesinthefacethestomachandeventhefeet.Iflaughterexercisesthebodyitmustbebeneficial. Othertestshaveshownthatlaughterappearstobecapableofreducingtheeffectofpainonthebody.Inoneexperimentdoctorsproducedpainingroupsofstudentswholistenedtodifferentradioprograms.Thegroupwhichtoleratedthepainforthelongesttimewasthegroupwhichlistenedtoafunnyprogram.Thereasonwhylaughtercanreducepainseemstobethatithelpstoproduceendorphins内啡肽inthebrain.Thesearenaturalchemicalswhichdiminishbothstressandpain Thereisalsosomeevidencetosuggestthatlaughterhelpsthebody’simmunesystemthatisthesystemwhichfightsinfection.Inanexperimentonegroupofstudentswatchedafunnyvideowhileanothergroupservedasthecontrolgroup-inotherwordsagroupwithwhichtocomparethefirstgroup.Doctorscheckedthebloodofthestudentsinbothgroupsandfoundthatthepeopleinthegroupthatwatchedthevideohadanincreaseintheactivityoftheirwhitebloodcellsthatisthecellswhichfightinfection. Asaresultofthesediscoveriessomedoctorsandpsychiatrists精神病学家intheUnitedStatesnowholdlaughterclinicsinwhichtheytrytoimprovetheirpatients’conditionbyencouragingthemtolaughTheyhavefoundthateveniftheirpatientsdonotreallyfeellikelaughingmakingthemsmileisenoughtoproducebeneficialeffectssimilartothosecausedbylaughter. Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthatlaughter
Ashipwasreportedtobeindistressafewmilesoutatsea.
RegenerationofLimbs Mostpeoplewouldagreethatitwouldbewonderfulifhumanscouldregeneratelimbs.Thesewhohavelosttheirarmsorlegswouldbecompleteagain.Thedayisstillfaroffwhenthismighthappen.Butinthelast10yearsdoctorshavereportedregenerationinsmallerpartsofthebodymostoftenfingers. Regenerationisnotanewly-discoveredprocess.Forcenturiesscientistshaveseenitworkinsomekindsofanimals.Breakoffalizard’s蜥蜴的tailforexampleanditwillgrowanewtail.Scientistsnowarelookingforawaytoturnonthisexcitingabilityinmorehighly-developedanimalsincludinghumans.Theirexperimentsshowthatnervescellchemistryandthenaturalelectriccurrentsinthebodyallseemtohaveapartinthisprocess. Thebodyofeveryanimalcontainsgeneralpurposecellsthatchangeintowhateverkindofcellsthebodyneeds.Animalssuchasthelizardorsalamander蝾螈usethesecellstoregenerateanewtailorlegwhentheoldoneisbrokenoff.Thesecellscollectaroundthewound.Theyformamasscalledablastama胚基.Thecellsoftheblastemabegintochange.Somebecomebonecellssomemusclecellssomeskincells.Slowlyanewpartregrowsfromthebodyoutward.Whencompletedthenewpartisjustliketheoldone. Motethan200yearsagoItalianscientistLuigiSpallanzanishowedthatyoungeranimalshaveagreaterabilitytoregeneratelostpartsthanolderanimals.Sodoanimalslowerontheladderofevolutionarydevelopment.Themajordifferenceseemstobethatless-developedanimalshavemorenervesintheirtailsandlegsthanhumansdointheirarmsandlegs. Anotherhelpfulpieceofinformationwasdiscoveredinthelate1600s.Scientistsfoundthatwhenacreatureisinjuredanelectricalcurrentflowsaroundthewound.Thestrengthofthecurrentdependsonhowseverethewoundisandonhowmuchnervetissueispresent. In1945AmericanscientistMerylRosetestedanotherideaaboutregeneration.Hethoughtanewlimbmightgrowonlyfromanopenwound.DoctorRosecutoffthefrontlegsofsomefrogsbelowtheknee.Hekeptthewoundswetwithastrongsaltyliquid.Thispreventedskinfromgrowingoverthewounds.Theresultsweresurprising.Frogsdonotregeneratenewlegsnaturally.Butthesefrogsbegantogrownewlimbs.Abouthalfofeachcut-offleggrewbackagain.Newbonesandmusclesdeveloped. Thisresearchhasleddoctorstonewwaysoftreatingcut-offfingers.Doctorshaveobservedforexamplethatmanychildrenandsomeadultswillregrowthetopofafingerifthewoundisleftopen. Whatkindofanimalhasagreaterabilitytoregeneratealostpart
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem."HagenKnafsays."13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600Patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 2
{{*HTML*}}TheDrinkYourBodyNeedsMost1?Ourbodiesareestimatedtobeabout60to70%water.Bloodismostlywaterandourmuscleslungsandbrainallcontainalotofwater.Waterisneededtoregulatebodytemperatureandtoprovidethemeansfornutrients滋养物totraveltoallourorgans.Wateralsotransportsoxygentoourcellsremoveswasteandprotectsourjointsandorgans.2?Welosewaterthroughurination排尿respiration呼吸andbysweating.Ifyouareveryactiveyoulosemorewaterthanifyoudonottakemuchexercise.Symptomsofmilddehydration脱水includechronicpainsinjointsandmuscleslowerbackpainheadachesandconstipation便秘.Astrongsmelltoyoururinealongwithayellowcolorindicatesthatyouarenotgettingenoughwater.Thirstisanobvioussignofdehydrationandinfactyouneedwaterlongbeforeyoufeelthirsty.3?Agoodruleofthumb好的做法istotakeyourbodyweightinpoundsanddividethatnumberinhalf.Thatgivesyouthenumberofounces盎司ofwaterperdaythatyouneed.Forexampleifyouweigh160poundsyoushoulddrinkatleast80ouncesofwaterperday.Ifyouexerciseyoushoulddrinkanother8-ounceglassofwaterforevery20minutesyouareactive.Ifyoudrinkcoffeeoralcoholyoushouldaddatleastanequalamountofwater.Whenyouaretravelingonanairplaneitisgoodtohave8ouncesofwaterforeveryhouryouareonboardtheplane.4?’Itmaybedifficulttodrinkenoughwateronabusyday.Besureyouhavewaterhandyatalltimesbykeepingabottleforwaterwithyouwhenyouareworkingtravelingorexercising.Ifyougetboredwithplainwateraddabitoflemonforatouchofflavor.Therearesomebrandsofflavoredwateravailablebutsomeofthemhavesugarorartificialsweetenersthatyoudon’tneed.Don’tforgettodrinkenoughwatereven______.
ProblemsofAnxiety Trainingasmental-healthprofessionalsissupposedtobe"colorblind".Thatsoundsfinebutinpracticeitmeansthatpeoplefromblackandethnicgroupsgetanunfairtreatmentbecausetheirparticularproblemsareseldomacknowledged. SoaprojectwaspilotedinvolvingBangladeshiwomenininner-cityLondonmostofwhommigratedtotheU.K.inthe1960sand1970sfromaruralbackground.Manyofthesewomenturnedtotheirdoctorswithcommonsymptomsofanxietysuchasheadachessleepingdifficultieslossofappetiteandlackofenergy.TheywereusuallyprescribedtranquillizersorevenVitaminC.Sincetheunderlyingcausesremainedthewomenvisitedtheirdoctorswithincreasingfrequencyandsomewerereferredontomental-healthprofessionals. ThepsychologistswantedtoseehownormalWesternapproachestoanxietyproblemsmightworkwhenappliedacrosscultures.Howevertheyfoundthatmanythingsinthestandardapproachhadtobechanged.Theyhadtotranslatemanyoftheusualexamplestheywouldnormallycomparelearningtorelaxwithlearningtodriveforinstancewhichwouldnothavebeenculturallyappropriate.Atfirsttheyaskedthewomentorateonascaleonetotentheeffectofrelaxationontheirlevelofanxiety.Theyfoundnumbersanoddwayofexpressinghowtheywerefeeling.Sopsychologistsshiftedtheirfocustowordsandtalkedoffivestagesform"verygood"to"verybad". Asitwasapilotprojecttherewereshortcomings.Psychologistslookedfortoolittleback-upanddidnotcollectasmuchobjectivedataastheymighthavedonewithawhitegroup.TheyfellintothewhitestereotypeofassumingthatBangladeshiwomenwouldfindtheuseofvariouschecklistsandwrittenrecordsforeign.Perhapsracismhasconditionedtheprofessionalstoagreaterextentthantheyexpected.PsychologistsfoundthatusingaWesternmodelacrosscultureshaspotential.Butitneedspoliticalfinancialandpersonalcommitment. Whathasledtothefailureofthemental-healthprofessionals’collectingsufficientdata
JohnHansonhelpeddraftinstructionsforMaryland'sdelegatestotheStampActCongress.
Ourlivesareintimatelyboundupwiththeirs.
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem."HagenKnafsays."13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600Patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 14
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem."HagenKnafsays."13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600Patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 12
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmallerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50???A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.??B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.??C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.??D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.??E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard＆Company.??F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem."HagenKnafsays."13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600Patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 10
RegenerationofLimbs Mostpeoplewouldagreethatitwouldbewonderfulifhumanscouldregeneratelimbs.Thesewhohavelosttheirarmsorlegswouldbecompleteagain.Thedayisstillfaroffwhenthismighthappen.Butinthelast10yearsdoctorshavereportedregenerationinsmallerpartsofthebodymostoftenfingers. Regenerationisnotanewly-discoveredprocess.Forcenturiesscientistshaveseenitworkinsomekindsofanimals.Breakoffalizard’s蜥蜴的tailforexampleanditwillgrowanewtail.Scientistsnowarelookingforawaytoturnonthisexcitingabilityinmorehighly-developedanimalsincludinghumans.Theirexperimentsshowthatnervescellchemistryandthenaturalelectriccurrentsinthebodyallseemtohaveapartinthisprocess. Thebodyofeveryanimalcontainsgeneralpurposecellsthatchangeintowhateverkindofcellsthebodyneeds.Animalssuchasthelizardorsalamander蝾螈usethesecellstoregenerateanewtailorlegwhentheoldoneisbrokenoff.Thesecellscollectaroundthewound.Theyformamasscalledablastama胚基.Thecellsoftheblastemabegintochange.Somebecomebonecellssomemusclecellssomeskincells.Slowlyanewpartregrowsfromthebodyoutward.Whencompletedthenewpartisjustliketheoldone. Motethan200yearsagoItalianscientistLuigiSpallanzanishowedthatyoungeranimalshaveagreaterabilitytoregeneratelostpartsthanolderanimals.Sodoanimalslowerontheladderofevolutionarydevelopment.Themajordifferenceseemstobethatless-developedanimalshavemorenervesintheirtailsandlegsthanhumansdointheirarmsandlegs. Anotherhelpfulpieceofinformationwasdiscoveredinthelate1600s.Scientistsfoundthatwhenacreatureisinjuredanelectricalcurrentflowsaroundthewound.Thestrengthofthecurrentdependsonhowseverethewoundisandonhowmuchnervetissueispresent. In1945AmericanscientistMerylRosetestedanotherideaaboutregeneration.Hethoughtanewlimbmightgrowonlyfromanopenwound.DoctorRosecutoffthefrontlegsofsomefrogsbelowtheknee.Hekeptthewoundswetwithastrongsaltyliquid.Thispreventedskinfromgrowingoverthewounds.Theresultsweresurprising.Frogsdonotregeneratenewlegsnaturally.Butthesefrogsbegantogrownewlimbs.Abouthalfofeachcut-offleggrewbackagain.Newbonesandmusclesdeveloped. Thisresearchhasleddoctorstonewwaysoftreatingcut-offfingers.Doctorshaveobservedforexamplethatmanychildrenandsomeadultswillregrowthetopofafingerifthewoundisleftopen. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
Thetraincametoanabruptstopmakinguswonderwherewewere.
Laughter ThereisanoldsayinginEnglish:"Laughteristhebestmedicine".Untilrecentlyfewpeopletookthesayingveryseriously.Nowhoweverdoctorshavebeguntoinvestigatelaughterandtheeffectsithasonthehumanbody.Theyhavefoundevidencethatlaughterreallycanimprovepeople’shealth. Testswerecarriedouttostudytheeffectsoflaughteronthebody.Peoplewatchedfunnyfilmswhiledoctorscheckedtheirheartratebloodpressurebreathingandmuscles.Itwasfoundthatlaughterhassimilareffectstophysicalexercise.Itincreasesbloodpressuretheheartrateandtherateofbreathing;italsoworksseveralgroupsofmusclesinthefacethestomachandeventhefeet.Iflaughterexercisesthebodyitmustbebeneficial. Othertestshaveshownthatlaughterappearstobecapableofreducingtheeffectofpainonthebody.Inoneexperimentdoctorsproducedpainingroupsofstudentswholistenedtodifferentradioprograms.Thegroupwhichtoleratedthepainforthelongesttimewasthegroupwhichlistenedtoafunnyprogram.Thereasonwhylaughtercanreducepainseemstobethatithelpstoproduceendorphins内啡肽inthebrain.Thesearenaturalchemicalswhichdiminishbothstressandpain Thereisalsosomeevidencetosuggestthatlaughterhelpsthebody’simmunesystemthatisthesystemwhichfightsinfection.Inanexperimentonegroupofstudentswatchedafunnyvideowhileanothergroupservedasthecontrolgroup-inotherwordsagroupwithwhichtocomparethefirstgroup.Doctorscheckedthebloodofthestudentsinbothgroupsandfoundthatthepeopleinthegroupthatwatchedthevideohadanincreaseintheactivityoftheirwhitebloodcellsthatisthecellswhichfightinfection. Asaresultofthesediscoveriessomedoctorsandpsychiatrists精神病学家intheUnitedStatesnowholdlaughterclinicsinwhichtheytrytoimprovetheirpatients’conditionbyencouragingthemtolaughTheyhavefoundthateveniftheirpatientsdonotreallyfeellikelaughingmakingthemsmileisenoughtoproducebeneficialeffectssimilartothosecausedbylaughter. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueoflaughteraccordingtothepassage
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem."HagenKnafsays."13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600Patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 4
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem."HagenKnafsays."13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600Patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 6
ScientistsDevelopWaysofDetectingHeartAttack Germanresearchershave1anewgenerationofdefibrillatorsandearlywarningsoftwareaimedatofferingheartpatientsgreaterprotection2suddendeathfromcardiacarrest. InGermanyalonearound100000peopledieannuallyasaresultofcardiacarrestandmanyofthesecases3bydisruptiontotheheart’srhythm.ThosemostatriskarePatientswhohave4sufferedaheartattackandforyearstheuseofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulindiagnosing5disruptionstoheartrhythmsandcorrectingthemautomaticallybyinterveningwithinseconds.Thesedevices6arangeoffunctionssuchasthatofpacemaker. HeartspecialistsatFreiburg’sUniversityClinichavenowachievedabreakthroughwithallimplanteddefibrillator7ofgeneratingasix-channelelectrocardiogramECGwithinthebody.Thisintegratedsystemallowsearlydiagnosisof8blood-flowproblemsandapendingheartattack.Itwillbeimplantedinpatientsforthefirsttimethisyear.MeanwhileresearchersattheFraunhoferInstituteforAppliedMathematicsinKaiserslauternhavedevelopednewcomputersoftwarethatrenderstheevaluationofECGdata9. Theoverwhelming10ofpatientsatriskwillnothaveanimplanteddefibrillatorandmustforthisreasonundergoregularECGs."Manyofthecurrentprogramsonly11intoaccountalinearcorrelationofthedata.Wearehowevermakinguse12anon-linearprocessthatrevealsthechaoticpatternsofheartbeatsasanopenandcomplexsystem."HagenKnafsays."13changesintheheartbeatsovertimecanbemonitoredandindividualvariationsinpatientstakenintoaccount."AnoldstudyofECGdatabased14600Patientswhohadsufferedasubsequentheartattackenabledtheresearcherstocomparerisksandtoshow15thenewsoftwareevaluatesthedataconsiderablybetter. 8
ReadingforPleasure ThefirstthingIwanttoinsistonisthatreadingshouldbeenjoyable.Ofcoursetherearemanybooksthatweallhavetoreadeithertopassexaminationsortoacquireinformationfromwhichitisimpossibletoextractenjoyment.Wearereadingthemforinstructionandthebestwecanhopeisthatourneedforitwillenableustogetthroughthemwithouttedium.Suchbookswereadunwillinglyratherthanwillingly.ButthatisnotthesortofreadingIhaveinmind.ThebooksIshallmentioninduecoursewillhelpyouneithertogetadegreenortoearnyourlivingtheywillnotteachyoutosailaboatorrunastoppedmotorbuttheywillhelpyoutolivemorefully.Howevertheycannotdounlessyouenjoyreadingthem. Everymanishisownbestcritic.Whateverthelearnedsayaboutabookhoweverunanimoustheyareintheirpraiseofitunlessitinterestsyouitisnobusinessofyours.Don’tforgetthatcriticsoftenmakemistakes;thehistoryofcriticismisfulloftheseriousmistakessomeofthemhavemadeandyouarethefinaljudgeofthevaluetoyouofthebookyouarereading.ThisofcourseappliestothebooksIamgoingtorecommendtoyourattention. Wearenoneofusexactlylikeeveryoneelseonlyratherlikeanditwouldbeunreasonabletosupposethatthebooksthathavemeantagreatdealtomeshouldbepreciselythosethatwillmeanagreatdealtoyou.IfanyofyouwhoarenotinterestedinthebooksIintroducetoyoujustputthemdown;theywillbeofnoservicetoyouifyoudonotenjoythem.Nooneisunderanobligationtoreadpoetryfictionorliterature.Hemustreadthemforpleasureandwhocanclaimthatwhatpleasesonemanmustnecessarilypleaseanother Whateverthelearnedsayaboutabookhoweverunanimoustheyareintheirpraiseofitunlessitinterestsyouitisnobusinessofyours.
{{*HTML*}}Mergers??Themostcommonkindofconsolidationtodayisthemerger.?46???Withthederegulationofnaturalgasthenation’s20interstatepipelinecompaniesbecamefearfulofcutthroatcompetition.?47?In1985InternorthofOmahapaid$2.3billionforHoustonNaturalGasCorporationtherebygainingcontroloftheworld’slongestpipeline.Thesystemconnectedmarketsfromcoasttocoastandraisedsalesto$10billion.??Onoccasionmergershaveoccurredbetweensmallercompaniesinanindustrydominatedbyafewgiantfirms.Thesesmallercompaniesclaimthattheyneedtomergetobecomemoreefficientandeffectiveincompetingagainstthebiggestcorporations.?48?TheAntitrustDivisionoftheJusticeDepartmenthasnotalwaysagreedwiththem.??Fourmajorwavesofmergershavetakenplaceinthiscountry.Thefirststartedin1887justpriortothepassageoftheShermanAntitrustActandendedin1904.ItinvolvedsuchgiantsasUnitedStatesSteelandStandardOiltryingtocreatemonopoliesintheirindustries.FromtheendofWorldWarIuntilthe1930slargefirmsswallowedsmallerfirmstocreateoligopolies.Themonopolyhasnochanceandtheoligopolylittlechanceofsucceedingtodayunderpresentantitrustpolicy.??Thethirdmajormergermovementbeganinthe1960sreachedapeakin1969andthengraduallydeclined.Manyoftheacquisitionsinvolvedgiantfirmsinoneindustrybuyinguplargecompaniesintotallyunrelatedindustries.Suchmergersarecalledconglomeratemergers?49???Mergersinthelasttenyearswereinthethousands.Moreimportantisthevalueofthetransactionswhichhasrisensharply.Thenumberofmergersandacquisitionsapplyonlytothosevaluedat$100millionormore.Thepetroleumindustryhadmergersandacquisitionsvaluedatcloseto$80billionbetween1981and1984.?50???A.Somefeltthattheycouldincreasetheirefficiencyandimprovetheirmarketflexibilitybymerging.??B.Theymaintainthatsuchactionincreasescompetitioninsteadofreducingit.??C.Otherindustriesexperiencinglargetakeoverswerebankingandfinanceinsuranceminingandmineralandprocessedfoods.??D.Fiercecompetitionontheinternationalmarketresultsincombinationsofsmallfirms.??E.AclassicexampleisMobilOilCorporation’spurchaseofthehugeretailchainMontgomeryWard＆Company.??F.Amergeroccurswhentwoormorecompaniesgettogethertoformonecompany.
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