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{{*HTML*}}ClinicalTrials??1?Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested.??2?Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge.??3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments.??4?Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating.??A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone???B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted???C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy???D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial???E.Whatareclinicaltrials???F.Areclinicaltrialssafe?Paragraph1______
{{*HTML*}}AsmoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailableEuropeanscholarscametorecognizeevengreatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndianandIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-Avesta.Fromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthecharacterofmythsvariedwidelynotonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.?46?.HeagreedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagriculturalcommunitywhereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamoredevelopedsociety.??Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcenturythroughtheearly19thcenturythecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstructionofahypotheticalparentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.TheselanguagesscholarsconcludedbelongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ExpertsonmythologylikewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablystoodbehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropeanpeoples.?47?.Mullerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesquetermsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena.Forexampleanexpressionlikemaidendawnforsunriseresultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawnandtheninmythsabouther.??Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavilyinfluencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythologymuchastheywoulddigfossil-bearinggeologicalformationsforremainsfromthediestanpast.?48?.InPrimitiveCulture1871Tylerorganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinctevolutionarystages.SimilarlyBritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemeinThegoldenbough.AccordingtoFrazer’sschemehumanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrarysupernaturalforcesmagic.laterexplainingthemasthewillofthegodsreligionandfinallysubjectingthemtorationalinvestigationscience..??TheresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmithpublishedinLecturesontheReligionoftheSemites1989alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith’sworkFrazercametowhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereofcentralimportance.?49?.Thisapproachreacheditsmostextremeformintheso-calledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.Radcliffe-Brownwhoheldthateverymythimpliesaritualandeveryritualimpliesamyth.??Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessentialcore-whethertheseasonalcyclesofnaturehistoricalcircumstancesorritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremainedoncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcenturyinvestigatorsbegantopaycloserattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.?50?.A.German-bornBritishscholarMaxMullerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia—theoldestpreservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage-reflectedtheearlieststagesofanIndo-Europeanmythology.B.ThemythandritualtheoryasthisapproachcametobecalledwasdevelopedmostfullybyBritishscholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimHarrisonarguedthatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety.C.AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths-likedreams-condensethematerialofexperienceandrepresentitinsymbols.D.ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTyler.E.ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottlobHeynewhowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmythsinsteadoffabulameaningfabletorefertothetalesofheroesandgods.F.GermanscholarKarlOutfieldmulletfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientificMythology1825.
TheoldladyletherflattoanEnglishcouple.
EscapingfromtheEarth TheEarthhasaforcethatpullsthingstowarditself.Wecallthisforcegravity地心引力.Thisissomethingwelivewithallthetimeandwetakeitforgrantedandhardlyeverthinkaboutit.Butitisamostimportantfactorinrocketoperationandmustbeovercomeifwearetogetanywhereinspaceoroffthegroundatall. Takethethrowingofaballasanexample.Thehardertheballisthrownthefasterandhigheritwillgo.WhatisthesecretItsspeed.Ifwecouldthrowtheballhardenoughitwouldgoupandupforeverandnevercomedown.Thespeedatwhichitwouldhavetobethrowntodothisisknownasescapespeed.OfcoursewecannotthrowaballhardenoughbecausethespeedrequiredtoescapecompletelyfromtheEarth’sgravityissevenmilespersecondorovertwenty-fivethousandmilesperhour. Onceescapespeedhasbeenreachedbyaspacecraft宇宙飞船nofurtherpowerisneeded.ArocketaimedattheMoonforinstancewill"coast"滑行therestofthewaybecausetheEarth’sgravitycannotthenpullitbackandthereisnoairresistance阻力inspacetoslowitdown.This"coasting"isknownas"freefall".ThatdoesnotmeantherocketisfallingdowntowardstheEarthbutthatitistravelingfreelyinspacewithouttheaidofpowerlikeabicyclecoastingdownhill. Freefallisanimportantfeatureofspacetravel:itwouldbeimpossibletocarryenoughfueltoprovidepoweredflightallthetime. WhatisthemostimportantfactorforarockettoescapefromtheEarth
Customersoftendeferpaymentforaslongaspossible.
TheBodyThievesIntheearlynineteenthcenturyinBritainmanyimprovementswerebeingmadeintheworldofmedicine.Doctorsandsurgeonswerebecomingmoreknowledgeableaboutthehumanbody.Illnessesthathadbeenfatalafewyearsbeforewerenowcurable.Howeversurgeonshadoneproblem.Theyneededdeadbodiestocutupordissect解剖.Thiswastheonlywaythattheycouldlearnaboutthefleshandbonesinsidethebodyandtheonlywaytoteachnewsurgeonstocarryoutoperations.Thejoboffindingthesedeadbodieswascarriedoutbyanunpleasantgroupofpeoplecalledbodysnatchers.Theywentintograveyards墓地atnightandusingwoodenshovelstomakelessnoisedugupanyrecentlyburiedbodies.Thentheytookthebodiestothemedicalschoolsandsoldthem.Abodycouldbesoldforbetween￡5and￡10whichwasalotofmoneyatthattime.Thedoctorswhopaidthebodysnatchershadanagreementwiththem—theyneveraskedanyquestions.Theydidnotdesiretoknowwherethebodiescamefromaslongastheykeptarriving.ThemostfamousofthesebodysnatchersweretwomenfromEdinburghcalledWilliamBurkeandWilliamHare.BurkeandHareweredifferentbecausetheydidnotjustdigupbodiesfromgraveyards.Theygotgreedyandthoughtofaneasierwaytofindbodies.InsteadofdiggingthemuptheykilledthepoorerguestsinHare’ssmallhotel.DrKnoxtherespectedsurgeontheyworkedforneveraskedwhyallthebodiestheybroughthimhadbeenstrangled勒死.FormanyyearsBurkeandHarewerenotcaughtbecauseunsurprisinglythebodiesoftheirvictimswereneverfoundbythepolice.Theywereeventuallyarrestedandputontrialin1829.ThejudgeshowedmercytoHareandhewasreleasedbutBurkewasfoundguiltyandhispunishmentwastobehanged.Appropriatelyhisbodywasgiventothemedicalschoolandheendeduponthedissectingtablejustlikehisvictims.Inonesmallwayjusticewasdone.Nowover150yearslatersurgeonsdonotneedthehelpofcriminalstolearntheirskills.Howeverthescienceofsurgerycouldnothavedevelopedwithouttheirrathergruesome令人毛骨悚然的help.Thebodysnatchersusedwoodenshovelsbecause
TheBodyThievesIntheearlynineteenthcenturyinBritainmanyimprovementswerebeingmadeintheworldofmedicine.Doctorsandsurgeonswerebecomingmoreknowledgeableaboutthehumanbody.Illnessesthathadbeenfatalafewyearsbeforewerenowcurable.Howeversurgeonshadoneproblem.Theyneededdeadbodiestocutupordissect解剖.Thiswastheonlywaythattheycouldlearnaboutthefleshandbonesinsidethebodyandtheonlywaytoteachnewsurgeonstocarryoutoperations.Thejoboffindingthesedeadbodieswascarriedoutbyanunpleasantgroupofpeoplecalledbodysnatchers.Theywentintograveyards墓地atnightandusingwoodenshovelstomakelessnoisedugupanyrecentlyburiedbodies.Thentheytookthebodiestothemedicalschoolsandsoldthem.Abodycouldbesoldforbetween￡5and￡10whichwasalotofmoneyatthattime.Thedoctorswhopaidthebodysnatchershadanagreementwiththem—theyneveraskedanyquestions.Theydidnotdesiretoknowwherethebodiescamefromaslongastheykeptarriving.ThemostfamousofthesebodysnatchersweretwomenfromEdinburghcalledWilliamBurkeandWilliamHare.BurkeandHareweredifferentbecausetheydidnotjustdigupbodiesfromgraveyards.Theygotgreedyandthoughtofaneasierwaytofindbodies.InsteadofdiggingthemuptheykilledthepoorerguestsinHare’ssmallhotel.DrKnoxtherespectedsurgeontheyworkedforneveraskedwhyallthebodiestheybroughthimhadbeenstrangled勒死.FormanyyearsBurkeandHarewerenotcaughtbecauseunsurprisinglythebodiesoftheirvictimswereneverfoundbythepolice.Theywereeventuallyarrestedandputontrialin1829.ThejudgeshowedmercytoHareandhewasreleasedbutBurkewasfoundguiltyandhispunishmentwastobehanged.Appropriatelyhisbodywasgiventothemedicalschoolandheendeduponthedissectingtablejustlikehisvictims.Inonesmallwayjusticewasdone.Nowover150yearslatersurgeonsdonotneedthehelpofcriminalstolearntheirskills.Howeverthescienceofsurgerycouldnothavedevelopedwithouttheirrathergruesome令人毛骨悚然的help.ThebodiesofBurke’sandHare’svictimscouldn’tbefoundbythepolicebecause
TheGreatNewspaperWar Upuntilabout100yearsagonewspapersintheUnitedStatesappealedonlytothemostseriousreaders.Theyusednoillustrationsandthearticleswere51politicsorbusiness. Twomen52that–JosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldandWilliamRandolphHearstoftheNewYorkMorningJournal.Pulitzer53theNewYorkWorldin1883.hechangeditformatraditionalnewspaperintoavery54oneovernight一夜之间.He55lotsofillustrationsandcartoons.Andhetoldhisreporterstowritearticleson56crimeorscandaltheycouldfind.Andtheydid.Oneofthemevenpretendedshewascrazyandthenshewas57toamentalhospital.Shethemwroteaseriesofarticlesaboutthepoor58ofpatientsinthosehospitals. In1895Hearst59toNewYorkfromCalifornia.HewantedtheNewYorkMorningJournaltobemoresensational轰动的andmoreexciting60theNewYorkWorld.Healsowantedittobecheapersohe61thepricebyapenny.Hearstattractedattentionbecausehisheadlineswerebiggerthan62.Heoftensaid"Bigprintmakesbignews." PulitzerandHearstdidanythingthey63tosellnewspapers.ForexampleHearstsentFredericRemingtonthefamousillustrator插图画家to64picturesoftheSpanish-AmericanWar.WhenhegottherehetoldHearstthatnofightingwas65.Hearstanswered"Youfurnish提供thepictures.I’llfurnishthewar./ 60
TheGreatNewspaperWar Upuntilabout100yearsagonewspapersintheUnitedStatesappealedonlytothemostseriousreaders.Theyusednoillustrationsandthearticleswere51politicsorbusiness. Twomen52that–JosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldandWilliamRandolphHearstoftheNewYorkMorningJournal.Pulitzer53theNewYorkWorldin1883.hechangeditformatraditionalnewspaperintoavery54oneovernight一夜之间.He55lotsofillustrationsandcartoons.Andhetoldhisreporterstowritearticleson56crimeorscandaltheycouldfind.Andtheydid.Oneofthemevenpretendedshewascrazyandthenshewas57toamentalhospital.Shethemwroteaseriesofarticlesaboutthepoor58ofpatientsinthosehospitals. In1895Hearst59toNewYorkfromCalifornia.HewantedtheNewYorkMorningJournaltobemoresensational轰动的andmoreexciting60theNewYorkWorld.Healsowantedittobecheapersohe61thepricebyapenny.Hearstattractedattentionbecausehisheadlineswerebiggerthan62.Heoftensaid"Bigprintmakesbignews." PulitzerandHearstdidanythingthey63tosellnewspapers.ForexampleHearstsentFredericRemingtonthefamousillustrator插图画家to64picturesoftheSpanish-AmericanWar.WhenhegottherehetoldHearstthatnofightingwas65.Hearstanswered"Youfurnish提供thepictures.I’llfurnishthewar./ 56
Shewasapuzzle.
TheIceAge Twentythousandyearsagotheearthwasheldincontrolbyrelentlessly不宽容地probingfingersoficethatdrewpowerfromfrigidstrongholdsinthenorthandcreptsouthwestwardtoburyforestsfieldsandmountains.Landscapesthatwereviolatedbytheslowlymovingglaciers冰川wouldcarrythescarsofthisadvancefarintothefuture.Temperaturesdroppeddeeplyandlandsurfacesinmanypartsoftheworldweredepressedbytheunrelentingweightofthethrustingice.Atthesametimesomuchwasdrawnfromtheoceanstoformthesehugeglaciersthatsealevelsaroundtheworldfellbythreehundredandfiftyfeetandlargeareasofthecontinentalshelfbecamedryland. ThisperiodoftheEarth’shistoryhadcometobecalledtheIceAge.Inallaboutelevenmillionsquaremilesoflandwerecoveredwithice.TheIceAgeterminatedaboutfourteenthousandyearsagowhentheicesheetsbegantoretreat.Ittookaboutseventhousandyearsfortheicetoretreattoitspresentlevel. Accordingtothepassagetheglaciersmovedfromthenorthdirectlythethesouth.
TheGreatNewspaperWar Upuntilabout100yearsagonewspapersintheUnitedStatesappealedonlytothemostseriousreaders.Theyusednoillustrationsandthearticleswere51politicsorbusiness. Twomen52that–JosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldandWilliamRandolphHearstoftheNewYorkMorningJournal.Pulitzer53theNewYorkWorldin1883.hechangeditformatraditionalnewspaperintoavery54oneovernight一夜之间.He55lotsofillustrationsandcartoons.Andhetoldhisreporterstowritearticleson56crimeorscandaltheycouldfind.Andtheydid.Oneofthemevenpretendedshewascrazyandthenshewas57toamentalhospital.Shethemwroteaseriesofarticlesaboutthepoor58ofpatientsinthosehospitals. In1895Hearst59toNewYorkfromCalifornia.HewantedtheNewYorkMorningJournaltobemoresensational轰动的andmoreexciting60theNewYorkWorld.Healsowantedittobecheapersohe61thepricebyapenny.Hearstattractedattentionbecausehisheadlineswerebiggerthan62.Heoftensaid"Bigprintmakesbignews." PulitzerandHearstdidanythingthey63tosellnewspapers.ForexampleHearstsentFredericRemingtonthefamousillustrator插图画家to64picturesoftheSpanish-AmericanWar.WhenhegottherehetoldHearstthatnofightingwas65.Hearstanswered"Youfurnish提供thepictures.I’llfurnishthewar./ 52
Thissortofthingisboundtohappen.
{{*HTML*}}A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrules??B.toexpandvocabulary??C.tousethetargetlanguage??D.toencourageunsuccessfullanguagelearnerstolearnindependentlyactivelyandpurposefully??E.fromclues??F.tosaystrangethingsActivelanguagelearnersseizeeveryopportunity______.
TheGreatNewspaperWar Upuntilabout100yearsagonewspapersintheUnitedStatesappealedonlytothemostseriousreaders.Theyusednoillustrationsandthearticleswere51politicsorbusiness. Twomen52that–JosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldandWilliamRandolphHearstoftheNewYorkMorningJournal.Pulitzer53theNewYorkWorldin1883.hechangeditformatraditionalnewspaperintoavery54oneovernight一夜之间.He55lotsofillustrationsandcartoons.Andhetoldhisreporterstowritearticleson56crimeorscandaltheycouldfind.Andtheydid.Oneofthemevenpretendedshewascrazyandthenshewas57toamentalhospital.Shethemwroteaseriesofarticlesaboutthepoor58ofpatientsinthosehospitals. In1895Hearst59toNewYorkfromCalifornia.HewantedtheNewYorkMorningJournaltobemoresensational轰动的andmoreexciting60theNewYorkWorld.Healsowantedittobecheapersohe61thepricebyapenny.Hearstattractedattentionbecausehisheadlineswerebiggerthan62.Heoftensaid"Bigprintmakesbignews." PulitzerandHearstdidanythingthey63tosellnewspapers.ForexampleHearstsentFredericRemingtonthefamousillustrator插图画家to64picturesoftheSpanish-AmericanWar.WhenhegottherehetoldHearstthatnofightingwas65.Hearstanswered"Youfurnish提供thepictures.I’llfurnishthewar./ 64
TheGreatNewspaperWar Upuntilabout100yearsagonewspapersintheUnitedStatesappealedonlytothemostseriousreaders.Theyusednoillustrationsandthearticleswere51politicsorbusiness. Twomen52that–JosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldandWilliamRandolphHearstoftheNewYorkMorningJournal.Pulitzer53theNewYorkWorldin1883.hechangeditformatraditionalnewspaperintoavery54oneovernight一夜之间.He55lotsofillustrationsandcartoons.Andhetoldhisreporterstowritearticleson56crimeorscandaltheycouldfind.Andtheydid.Oneofthemevenpretendedshewascrazyandthenshewas57toamentalhospital.Shethemwroteaseriesofarticlesaboutthepoor58ofpatientsinthosehospitals. In1895Hearst59toNewYorkfromCalifornia.HewantedtheNewYorkMorningJournaltobemoresensational轰动的andmoreexciting60theNewYorkWorld.Healsowantedittobecheapersohe61thepricebyapenny.Hearstattractedattentionbecausehisheadlineswerebiggerthan62.Heoftensaid"Bigprintmakesbignews." PulitzerandHearstdidanythingthey63tosellnewspapers.ForexampleHearstsentFredericRemingtonthefamousillustrator插图画家to64picturesoftheSpanish-AmericanWar.WhenhegottherehetoldHearstthatnofightingwas65.Hearstanswered"Youfurnish提供thepictures.I’llfurnishthewar./ 58
TheGreatNewspaperWar Upuntilabout100yearsagonewspapersintheUnitedStatesappealedonlytothemostseriousreaders.Theyusednoillustrationsandthearticleswere51politicsorbusiness. Twomen52that–JosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldandWilliamRandolphHearstoftheNewYorkMorningJournal.Pulitzer53theNewYorkWorldin1883.hechangeditformatraditionalnewspaperintoavery54oneovernight一夜之间.He55lotsofillustrationsandcartoons.Andhetoldhisreporterstowritearticleson56crimeorscandaltheycouldfind.Andtheydid.Oneofthemevenpretendedshewascrazyandthenshewas57toamentalhospital.Shethemwroteaseriesofarticlesaboutthepoor58ofpatientsinthosehospitals. In1895Hearst59toNewYorkfromCalifornia.HewantedtheNewYorkMorningJournaltobemoresensational轰动的andmoreexciting60theNewYorkWorld.Healsowantedittobecheapersohe61thepricebyapenny.Hearstattractedattentionbecausehisheadlineswerebiggerthan62.Heoftensaid"Bigprintmakesbignews." PulitzerandHearstdidanythingthey63tosellnewspapers.ForexampleHearstsentFredericRemingtonthefamousillustrator插图画家to64picturesoftheSpanish-AmericanWar.WhenhegottherehetoldHearstthatnofightingwas65.Hearstanswered"Youfurnish提供thepictures.I’llfurnishthewar./ 54
{{*HTML*}}AsmoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailableEuropeanscholarscametorecognizeevengreatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndianandIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-Avesta.Fromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthecharacterofmythsvariedwidelynotonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.?46?.HeagreedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagriculturalcommunitywhereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamoredevelopedsociety.??Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcenturythroughtheearly19thcenturythecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstructionofahypotheticalparentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.TheselanguagesscholarsconcludedbelongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ExpertsonmythologylikewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablystoodbehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropeanpeoples.?47?.Mullerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesquetermsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena.Forexampleanexpressionlikemaidendawnforsunriseresultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawnandtheninmythsabouther.??Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavilyinfluencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythologymuchastheywoulddigfossil-bearinggeologicalformationsforremainsfromthediestanpast.?48?.InPrimitiveCulture1871Tylerorganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinctevolutionarystages.SimilarlyBritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemeinThegoldenbough.AccordingtoFrazer’sschemehumanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrarysupernaturalforcesmagic.laterexplainingthemasthewillofthegodsreligionandfinallysubjectingthemtorationalinvestigationscience..??TheresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmithpublishedinLecturesontheReligionoftheSemites1989alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith’sworkFrazercametowhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereofcentralimportance.?49?.Thisapproachreacheditsmostextremeformintheso-calledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.Radcliffe-Brownwhoheldthateverymythimpliesaritualandeveryritualimpliesamyth.??Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessentialcore-whethertheseasonalcyclesofnaturehistoricalcircumstancesorritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremainedoncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcenturyinvestigatorsbegantopaycloserattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.?50?.A.German-bornBritishscholarMaxMullerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia—theoldestpreservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage-reflectedtheearlieststagesofanIndo-Europeanmythology.B.ThemythandritualtheoryasthisapproachcametobecalledwasdevelopedmostfullybyBritishscholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimHarrisonarguedthatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety.C.AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths-likedreams-condensethematerialofexperienceandrepresentitinsymbols.D.ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTyler.E.ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottlobHeynewhowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmythsinsteadoffabulameaningfabletorefertothetalesofheroesandgods.F.GermanscholarKarlOutfieldmulletfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientificMythology1825.
TheGreatNewspaperWar Upuntilabout100yearsagonewspapersintheUnitedStatesappealedonlytothemostseriousreaders.Theyusednoillustrationsandthearticleswere51politicsorbusiness. Twomen52that–JosephPulitzeroftheNewYorkWorldandWilliamRandolphHearstoftheNewYorkMorningJournal.Pulitzer53theNewYorkWorldin1883.hechangeditformatraditionalnewspaperintoavery54oneovernight一夜之间.He55lotsofillustrationsandcartoons.Andhetoldhisreporterstowritearticleson56crimeorscandaltheycouldfind.Andtheydid.Oneofthemevenpretendedshewascrazyandthenshewas57toamentalhospital.Shethemwroteaseriesofarticlesaboutthepoor58ofpatientsinthosehospitals. In1895Hearst59toNewYorkfromCalifornia.HewantedtheNewYorkMorningJournaltobemoresensational轰动的andmoreexciting60theNewYorkWorld.Healsowantedittobecheapersohe61thepricebyapenny.Hearstattractedattentionbecausehisheadlineswerebiggerthan62.Heoftensaid"Bigprintmakesbignews." PulitzerandHearstdidanythingthey63tosellnewspapers.ForexampleHearstsentFredericRemingtonthefamousillustrator插图画家to64picturesoftheSpanish-AmericanWar.WhenhegottherehetoldHearstthatnofightingwas65.Hearstanswered"Youfurnish提供thepictures.I’llfurnishthewar./ 62
{{*HTML*}}AsmoreandmorematerialfromotherculturesbecameavailableEuropeanscholarscametorecognizeevengreatercomplexityinmythologicaltraditions.EspeciallyvaluablewastheevidenceprovidedbyancientIndianandIraniantextssuchastheBhagavad-GitaandtheZend-Avesta.Fromthesesourcesitbecameapparentthatthecharacterofmythsvariedwidelynotonlybygeographicalregionbutalsobyhistoricalperiod.?46?.HeagreedthattherelativelysimpleGreekmythofPersephonereflectstheconcernsofabasicagriculturalcommunitywhereasthemoreinvolvedandcomplexmythsfoundlaterinHomeraretheproductofamoredevelopedsociety.??Scholarsalsoattemptedtotievariousmythsoftheworldtogetherinsomeway.Fromthelate18thcenturythroughtheearly19thcenturythecomparativestudyoflanguageshadledtothereconstructionofahypotheticalparentlanguagetoaccountforstrikingsimilaritiesamongthevariouslanguagesofEuropeandtheNearEast.TheselanguagesscholarsconcludedbelongedtoanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ExpertsonmythologylikewisesearchedforaparentmythologythatpresumablystoodbehindthemythologiesofalltheEuropeanpeoples.?47?.Mullerattributedalllatermythstomisunderstandingsthatarosefromthepicturesquetermsinwhichearlypeoplesdescribednaturalphenomena.Forexampleanexpressionlikemaidendawnforsunriseresultedfirstinpersonificationofthedawnandtheninmythsabouther.??Laterinthe19thcenturythetheoryofevolutionputforwardbyEnglishnaturalistCharlesDarwinheavilyinfluencedthestudyofmythology.Scholarsresearchedonthehistoryofmythologymuchastheywoulddigfossil-bearinggeologicalformationsforremainsfromthediestanpast.?48?.InPrimitiveCulture1871Tylerorganizedthereligiousandphilosophicaldevelopmentofhumanityintoseparateanddistinctevolutionarystages.SimilarlyBritishanthropologistSirJamesGeorgeFrazerproposedathree-stageevolutionaryschemeinThegoldenbough.AccordingtoFrazer’sschemehumanbeingsfirstattributednaturalphenomenatoarbitrarysupernaturalforcesmagic.laterexplainingthemasthewillofthegodsreligionandfinallysubjectingthemtorationalinvestigationscience..??TheresearchofBritishscholarWilliamRobertsonSmithpublishedinLecturesontheReligionoftheSemites1989alsoinfluencedFrazer.ThroughSmith’sworkFrazercametowhomtheannualcyclesofvegetationwereofcentralimportance.?49?.Thisapproachreacheditsmostextremeformintheso-calledfunctionalismofBritishanthropologistA.R.Radcliffe-Brownwhoheldthateverymythimpliesaritualandeveryritualimpliesamyth.??Mostanalysesofmythsinthe18thand19thcenturiesshowedatendencytoreducemythstosomeessentialcore-whethertheseasonalcyclesofnaturehistoricalcircumstancesorritual.Thatcoresupposedlyremainedoncethefancifulelementsofthenarrativeshadbeenstrippedaway.Inthe20thcenturyinvestigatorsbegantopaycloserattentiontothecontentofthenarrativesthemselves.?50?.A.German-bornBritishscholarMaxMullerconcludedthattheRig-VedaofancientIndia—theoldestpreservedbodyofliteraturewritteninanIndo-Europeanlanguage-reflectedtheearlieststagesofanIndo-Europeanmythology.B.ThemythandritualtheoryasthisapproachcametobecalledwasdevelopedmostfullybyBritishscholarJaneEllenHarrison.UsinginsightgainedfromtheworkofFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimHarrisonarguedthatallmythshavetheiroriginincollectiveritualsofasociety.C.AustrianpsychoanalystSigmundFreudheldthatmyths-likedreams-condensethematerialofexperienceandrepresentitinsymbols.D.ThisapproachcanbeseenintheworkofBritishanthropologistEdwardBurnettTyler.E.ThestudiesmadeinthisperiodwereconsolidatedintheworkofGermanscholarChristianGottlobHeynewhowasthefirstscholartousetheLatintermmythsinsteadoffabulameaningfabletorefertothetalesofheroesandgods.F.GermanscholarKarlOutfieldmulletfollowedthislineofinquiryinhisProlegomenatoaScientificMythology1825.
{{*HTML*}}ClinicalTrials??1?Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested.??2?Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge.??3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments.??4?Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating.??A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone???B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted???C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy???D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial???E.Whatareclinicaltrials???F.Areclinicaltrialssafe?Paragraph3______
TheIceAge Twentythousandyearsagotheearthwasheldincontrolbyrelentlessly不宽容地probingfingersoficethatdrewpowerfromfrigidstrongholdsinthenorthandcreptsouthwestwardtoburyforestsfieldsandmountains.Landscapesthatwereviolatedbytheslowlymovingglaciers冰川wouldcarrythescarsofthisadvancefarintothefuture.Temperaturesdroppeddeeplyandlandsurfacesinmanypartsoftheworldweredepressedbytheunrelentingweightofthethrustingice.Atthesametimesomuchwasdrawnfromtheoceanstoformthesehugeglaciersthatsealevelsaroundtheworldfellbythreehundredandfiftyfeetandlargeareasofthecontinentalshelfbecamedryland. ThisperiodoftheEarth’shistoryhadcometobecalledtheIceAge.Inallaboutelevenmillionsquaremilesoflandwerecoveredwithice.TheIceAgeterminatedaboutfourteenthousandyearsagowhentheicesheetsbegantoretreat.Ittookaboutseventhousandyearsfortheicetoretreattoitspresentlevel. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatglacierswereprimarilymadeupofseawater.
Duringthe1800'sandearly1900'snewacademicdisciplinessuchaschemistryandphysicsmadegreatheadway.
{{*HTML*}}ClinicalTrials??1?Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested.??2?Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge.??3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments.??4?Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating.??A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone???B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted???C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy???D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial???E.Whatareclinicaltrials???F.Areclinicaltrialssafe?{{*HTML*}}A.forsomepatients??B.beforeparticipation??C.inhumans??D.medicalknowledge??E.duringthetrialF.candidatesforclinicaltrialsNewdrugsordevicesmustbetestedbeforebeingused______.
{{*HTML*}}A.todiscoversentencepatternsandgrammaticalrules??B.toexpandvocabulary??C.tousethetargetlanguage??D.toencourageunsuccessfullanguagelearnerstolearnindependentlyactivelyandpurposefully??E.fromclues??F.tosaystrangethingsSuccessfullanguagelearnersderiveconclusions______.
EscapingfromtheEarth TheEarthhasaforcethatpullsthingstowarditself.Wecallthisforcegravity地心引力.Thisissomethingwelivewithallthetimeandwetakeitforgrantedandhardlyeverthinkaboutit.Butitisamostimportantfactorinrocketoperationandmustbeovercomeifwearetogetanywhereinspaceoroffthegroundatall. Takethethrowingofaballasanexample.Thehardertheballisthrownthefasterandhigheritwillgo.WhatisthesecretItsspeed.Ifwecouldthrowtheballhardenoughitwouldgoupandupforeverandnevercomedown.Thespeedatwhichitwouldhavetobethrowntodothisisknownasescapespeed.OfcoursewecannotthrowaballhardenoughbecausethespeedrequiredtoescapecompletelyfromtheEarth’sgravityissevenmilespersecondorovertwenty-fivethousandmilesperhour. Onceescapespeedhasbeenreachedbyaspacecraft宇宙飞船nofurtherpowerisneeded.ArocketaimedattheMoonforinstancewill"coast"滑行therestofthewaybecausetheEarth’sgravitycannotthenpullitbackandthereisnoairresistance阻力inspacetoslowitdown.This"coasting"isknownas"freefall".ThatdoesnotmeantherocketisfallingdowntowardstheEarthbutthatitistravelingfreelyinspacewithouttheaidofpowerlikeabicyclecoastingdownhill. Freefallisanimportantfeatureofspacetravel:itwouldbeimpossibletocarryenoughfueltoprovidepoweredflightallthetime. Whyisitnotnecessarytoprovidepoweredflightinspaceallthetime
TheIceAge Twentythousandyearsagotheearthwasheldincontrolbyrelentlessly不宽容地probingfingersoficethatdrewpowerfromfrigidstrongholdsinthenorthandcreptsouthwestwardtoburyforestsfieldsandmountains.Landscapesthatwereviolatedbytheslowlymovingglaciers冰川wouldcarrythescarsofthisadvancefarintothefuture.Temperaturesdroppeddeeplyandlandsurfacesinmanypartsoftheworldweredepressedbytheunrelentingweightofthethrustingice.Atthesametimesomuchwasdrawnfromtheoceanstoformthesehugeglaciersthatsealevelsaroundtheworldfellbythreehundredandfiftyfeetandlargeareasofthecontinentalshelfbecamedryland. ThisperiodoftheEarth’shistoryhadcometobecalledtheIceAge.Inallaboutelevenmillionsquaremilesoflandwerecoveredwithice.TheIceAgeterminatedaboutfourteenthousandyearsagowhentheicesheetsbegantoretreat.Ittookaboutseventhousandyearsfortheicetoretreattoitspresentlevel. ThetitlecanbereplacedbyTheGlacialEpoch.
Studentsworkingtowardadegreeinbusinessarelikelycandidatesforcareersinthebankingindustry.
EscapingfromtheEarth TheEarthhasaforcethatpullsthingstowarditself.Wecallthisforcegravity地心引力.Thisissomethingwelivewithallthetimeandwetakeitforgrantedandhardlyeverthinkaboutit.Butitisamostimportantfactorinrocketoperationandmustbeovercomeifwearetogetanywhereinspaceoroffthegroundatall. Takethethrowingofaballasanexample.Thehardertheballisthrownthefasterandhigheritwillgo.WhatisthesecretItsspeed.Ifwecouldthrowtheballhardenoughitwouldgoupandupforeverandnevercomedown.Thespeedatwhichitwouldhavetobethrowntodothisisknownasescapespeed.OfcoursewecannotthrowaballhardenoughbecausethespeedrequiredtoescapecompletelyfromtheEarth’sgravityissevenmilespersecondorovertwenty-fivethousandmilesperhour. Onceescapespeedhasbeenreachedbyaspacecraft宇宙飞船nofurtherpowerisneeded.ArocketaimedattheMoonforinstancewill"coast"滑行therestofthewaybecausetheEarth’sgravitycannotthenpullitbackandthereisnoairresistance阻力inspacetoslowitdown.This"coasting"isknownas"freefall".ThatdoesnotmeantherocketisfallingdowntowardstheEarthbutthatitistravelingfreelyinspacewithouttheaidofpowerlikeabicyclecoastingdownhill. Freefallisanimportantfeatureofspacetravel:itwouldbeimpossibletocarryenoughfueltoprovidepoweredflightallthetime. AsthereisalwaystheEarth’sgravitational地心引力的pullpeople.
{{*HTML*}}ClinicalTrials??1?Manyclinicaltrialsaredonetoseeifanewdrugordeviceissafeandeffectiveforpeopletouse.Sometimesclinicaltrialsareusedtostudydifferentwaystousethestandardtreatmentssotheywillbemoreeffectiveeasiertouseand/ordecreasesideeffects.Sometimesstudiesaredonetolearnhowtobestusethetreatmentinadifferentpopulationsuchaschildreninwhomthetreatmentwasnotpreviouslytested.??2?Itisimportanttotestdrugsandmedicalproductsinthepeopletheyaremeanttohelp.Itisalsoimportanttoconductresearchinavarietyofpeoplebecausedifferentpeoplemayresponddifferentlytotreatments.Somepeopleparticipateinclinicaltrialsbecausetheyhaveexhaustedstandardtreatmentoptions.Otherpeopleparticipateintrimsbecausetheywanttocontributetotheadvancementofmedicalknowledge.??3TheFDA食品及药物管理局workstoprotectparticipantsinclinicaltrialsandtoensurethatpeoplehavereliableinformationastheydecidewhethertojoinaclinicaltrial.Althougheffortsaremadetocontroltheriskstoclinicaltrialparticipantssomerisksmaybeunavoidablebecauseoftheuncertaintyinherent内在的inmedicalresearchstudiesinvolvingnewmedicaltreatments.??4?Peopleshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleabouttheclinicaltrialsthatinterestthem.Theyshouldalsofeelcomfortablediscussingtheirquestionsandconcernswithmembersofthehealthcareteam.Prospective预期的participantsshouldunderstandwhathappensduringthetrialthetypeofhealthcaretheywillreceiveandanycoststothem.Anyoneconsideringaclinicaltrialshouldalsoknowthattherearebenefitsandrisksassociatedwithparticipating.??A.Whyareclinicaltrialsdone???B.Whereareclinicaltrialsconducted???C.Whoshouldconsiderclinicaltrialsandwhy???D.Whatshouldpeopleknowbeforeparticipatinginaclinicaltrial???E.Whatareclinicaltrials???F.Areclinicaltrialssafe?Reliableinformationshouldbeavailableto______.
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