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Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got...
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阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最
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阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最
阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1-4段每段选择1个最
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PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 53
VocationalEducation Vocationaleducationreferstoeducationforaparticularoccupation.Industrializedcountrieshaveseenafallindemandforunskilledworkersandanincreaseinjobsintheprofessionaltechnicalcommercialandadministrativesector.Vocationaleducationistraditionallyassociatedwithtradesandcrafts:youngpeoplewereapprenticetoemployersforanumberofyearsandlearnedonthejob.Todaythefocushasshiftedfromtheworkplacetosecondaryandhighereducationinstitutionsandfromemployers’togovernmentprovisionandfinance.Traineesinmostoccupationscombineworkplacetrainingwithstudyatatechnicaloracademicinstitution.IntheformerSovietUnionschoolandworkwerealwaysstronglylinkedfromprimaryschool.Germanyprovidesnineoutoftenyoungpeoplenotenteringhighereducationwithvocationaltrainingandtrainingisplannedfromnationaldowntolocatelevelthroughjointcommitteesofgovernmentrepresentativesemployersandtradeunions.Insomecountriesskillsarebeinggroupedand"jobfamilies"createdsothatindividualscanmovebetweenjobswithsimilartechnicalrequirements.Inothers"competency-basededucation"isadvocatedtoequipindividualswith"transferable"aswellasspecificskills.Indevelopingcountrieswhereitistraditionalforchildrentoworkfromanearlyageonlyatinyproportionofstudentsfollowaformalvocationalprogramwhilethelongspecialisttrainingofprofessionalssuchasdoctorslawyersandengineersisacostlyburden.Trainingplacesfortechniciansnursesteachersandtheessentialworkersareoftenlimited.Worldwidethereisaslowbutsteadyincreaseinthenumbersofwomentrainingforoccupationsofinfluenceinsciencetechnologylawandbusiness.Itisalsobecomingclearthatonecourseofvocationaleducationisnotenoughforalifetime.Retrainingthroughcontinuingeducationisessential. Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethatmorevocationaleducationhastobeprovidedinthefuture.
ANewBookAlldaylongyouareaffectedbylargeforces.Genesinfluenceyourintelligenceandwillingnesstotakerisks.Socialdynamicsunconsciouslyshapeyourchoices.Instantaneousperceptionssetoffneutralreactionsinyourheadwithoutyouevenbeingawareofthem.Overthepastfewyearsscientistshavemadeaseriesofexcitingdiscoveriesabouthowthesedeeppatternsinfluencedailylife.NobodyhasdonemoretobringthesediscoveriestopublicattentionthanMalcolmGladwell.Gladwell’snewbookOutliersseemsatfirstglancetobeadescriptionofexceptionallytalentedindividuals.Butinfactit’sanotherbookaboutdeeppatterns.Exceptionallysuccessfulpeoplearenotlonepioneerswhocreatedtheirownsuccessheargues.Theyaretheluckybeneficiariesofsocialarrangements.Gladwell’snoncontroversialclaimisthatsomepeoplehavemoreopportunitiesthanothers.BillGateswasluckytogotoagreatprivateschoolwithitsowncomputeratthedawnoftheinformationrevolution.Gladwell’sbookisbeingreceivedbyreviewersasacalltoactionfortheObamaAge.Itcouldleadpolicymakerstofinallyrejectpoliciesbuiltontheassumptionthatpeoplearecoldlyrationalprofit-maximizingindividuals.Itcouldcausethemtofocusmoreonpoliciesthatfosterrelationshipssocialbondsandculturesofachievement.YetIcan’thelpbutfeelthatGladwellandotherswhosharehisemphasisarepreoccupiedwiththecoolnessofthediscoveries.They’velostsightofthepointatwhichtheinfluenceofsocialforcesendsandtheinfluenceoftheself-initiatingindividualbegins.Mostsuccessfulpeoplebeginwithtwobeliefs:thefuturecanbebetterthanthepresentandIhavethepowertomakeitso.Theywereoftenshoweredbygoodfortunesbutreliedatcrucialmomentsuponachievementsofindividualwill.Thesepeoplealsohaveanextraordinaryabilitytoconsciouslyfocustheirattention.Controlofattentionistheultimateindividualpower.Peoplewhocandothatarenotprisonersofthestimuliaroundthem.Theycanchoosefromthepatternsintheworldandlengthentheirtimehorizons.Gladwell’ssocialdeterminismoverlookstheimportanceofindividualcharacterandindividualcreativity.Anditdoesn’tfullyexplainthegenuinegreatnessofhumanity’stalents.Astheclassicalphilosophersunderstoodexamplesofindividualgreatnessinspireachievementmorereliablythananyotherformofeducation.Accordingtotheauthorthemostfundamentalindividualpoweris______.
{{*HTML*}}A?theyareuseless??B?inpaperchase??C?thatitiseasilyreached??D?thatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements??E?theyarenotcomfortable??F?ininvestingincouponsYoucanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulikeoncondition______
Thetowersofasuspensionbridgeserveasarigidframeworktowhichthecablesareattached.
PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 57
ANewBook Alldaylongyouareaffectedbylargeforces.Genesinfluenceyourintelligenceandwillingnesstotakerisks.Socialdynamicsunconsciouslyshapeyourchoices.Instantaneousperceptionssetoffneutralreactionsinyourheadwithoutyouevenbeingawareofthem. Overthepastfewyearsscientistshavemadeaseriesofexcitingdiscoveriesabouthowthesedeeppatternsinfluencedailylife.NobodyhasdonemoretobringthesediscoveriestopublicattentionthanMalcolmGladwell. Gladwell’snewbookOutliersseemsatfirstglancetobeadescriptionofexceptionallytalentedindividuals.Butinfactit’sanotherbookaboutdeeppatterns.Exceptionallysuccessfulpeoplearenotlonepioneerswhocreatedtheirownsuccessheargues.Theyaretheluckybeneficiariesofsocialarrangements. Gladwell’snoncontroversialclaimisthatsomepeoplehavemoreopportunitiesthanothers.BillGateswasluckytogotoagreatprivateschoolwithitsowncomputeratthedawnoftheinformationrevolution. Gladwell’sbookisbeingreceivedbyreviewersasacalltoactionfortheObamaAge.Itcouldleadpolicymakerstofinallyrejectpoliciesbuiltontheassumptionthatpeoplearecoldlyrationalprofit-maximizingindividuals.Itcouldcausethemtofocusmoreonpoliciesthatfosterrelationshipssocialbondsandculturesofachievement. YetIcan’thelpbutfeelthatGladwellandotherswhosharehisemphasisarepreoccupiedwiththecoolnessofthediscoveries.They’velostsightofthepointatwhichtheinfluenceofsocialforcesendsandtheinfluenceoftheself-initiatingindividualbegins. Mostsuccessfulpeoplebeginwithtwobeliefs:thefuturecanbebetterthanthepresentandIhavethepowertomakeitso.Theywereoftenshoweredbygoodfortunesbutreliedatcrucialmomentsuponachievementsofindividualwill.Thesepeoplealsohaveanextraordinaryabilitytoconsciouslyfocustheirattention.Controlofattentionistheultimateindividualpower.Peoplewhocandothatarenotprisonersofthestimuliaroundthem.Theycanchoosefromthepatternsintheworldandlengthentheirtimehorizons. Gladwell’ssocialdeterminismoverlookstheimportanceofindividualcharacterandindividualcreativity.Anditdoesn’tfullyexplainthegenuinegreatnessofhumanity’stalents.Astheclassicalphilosophersunderstoodexamplesofindividualgreatnessinspireachievementmorereliablythananyotherformofeducation. Thispassageisprobablya.
VocationalEducation Vocationaleducationreferstoeducationforaparticularoccupation.Industrializedcountrieshaveseenafallindemandforunskilledworkersandanincreaseinjobsintheprofessionaltechnicalcommercialandadministrativesector.Vocationaleducationistraditionallyassociatedwithtradesandcrafts:youngpeoplewereapprenticetoemployersforanumberofyearsandlearnedonthejob.Todaythefocushasshiftedfromtheworkplacetosecondaryandhighereducationinstitutionsandfromemployers’togovernmentprovisionandfinance.Traineesinmostoccupationscombineworkplacetrainingwithstudyatatechnicaloracademicinstitution.IntheformerSovietUnionschoolandworkwerealwaysstronglylinkedfromprimaryschool.Germanyprovidesnineoutoftenyoungpeoplenotenteringhighereducationwithvocationaltrainingandtrainingisplannedfromnationaldowntolocatelevelthroughjointcommitteesofgovernmentrepresentativesemployersandtradeunions.Insomecountriesskillsarebeinggroupedand"jobfamilies"createdsothatindividualscanmovebetweenjobswithsimilartechnicalrequirements.Inothers"competency-basededucation"isadvocatedtoequipindividualswith"transferable"aswellasspecificskills.Indevelopingcountrieswhereitistraditionalforchildrentoworkfromanearlyageonlyatinyproportionofstudentsfollowaformalvocationalprogramwhilethelongspecialisttrainingofprofessionalssuchasdoctorslawyersandengineersisacostlyburden.Trainingplacesfortechniciansnursesteachersandtheessentialworkersareoftenlimited.Worldwidethereisaslowbutsteadyincreaseinthenumbersofwomentrainingforoccupationsofinfluenceinsciencetechnologylawandbusiness.Itisalsobecomingclearthatonecourseofvocationaleducationisnotenoughforalifetime.Retrainingthroughcontinuingeducationisessential. Vocationaleducationreferstoeducationforausualvocation.
{{*HTML*}}A?theyareuseless??B?inpaperchase??C?thatitiseasilyreached??D?thatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements??E?theyarenotcomfortable??F?ininvestingincouponsMentallyflexibleindicatesthefact______
Thereisatrendtowardsequalopportunitiesformenandwomen.
VocationalEducation Vocationaleducationreferstoeducationforaparticularoccupation.Industrializedcountrieshaveseenafallindemandforunskilledworkersandanincreaseinjobsintheprofessionaltechnicalcommercialandadministrativesector.Vocationaleducationistraditionallyassociatedwithtradesandcrafts:youngpeoplewereapprenticetoemployersforanumberofyearsandlearnedonthejob.Todaythefocushasshiftedfromtheworkplacetosecondaryandhighereducationinstitutionsandfromemployers’togovernmentprovisionandfinance.Traineesinmostoccupationscombineworkplacetrainingwithstudyatatechnicaloracademicinstitution.IntheformerSovietUnionschoolandworkwerealwaysstronglylinkedfromprimaryschool.Germanyprovidesnineoutoftenyoungpeoplenotenteringhighereducationwithvocationaltrainingandtrainingisplannedfromnationaldowntolocatelevelthroughjointcommitteesofgovernmentrepresentativesemployersandtradeunions.Insomecountriesskillsarebeinggroupedand"jobfamilies"createdsothatindividualscanmovebetweenjobswithsimilartechnicalrequirements.Inothers"competency-basededucation"isadvocatedtoequipindividualswith"transferable"aswellasspecificskills.Indevelopingcountrieswhereitistraditionalforchildrentoworkfromanearlyageonlyatinyproportionofstudentsfollowaformalvocationalprogramwhilethelongspecialisttrainingofprofessionalssuchasdoctorslawyersandengineersisacostlyburden.Trainingplacesfortechniciansnursesteachersandtheessentialworkersareoftenlimited.Worldwidethereisaslowbutsteadyincreaseinthenumbersofwomentrainingforoccupationsofinfluenceinsciencetechnologylawandbusiness.Itisalsobecomingclearthatonecourseofvocationaleducationisnotenoughforalifetime.Retrainingthroughcontinuingeducationisessential. Itisstatedinthepassagethatthetwomajorchangesinvocationaleducationareintheplaceandthesourceoffinanceitisprovided.
Sheonlyneedsaminuteamountofmoney
{{*HTML*}}GoalofAmericanEducation??DifferencesinAmericanschoolscomparedwiththosefoundinthemajorityofothercountrieslieinthefactthateducationherehaslongbeenintendedforeveryone—notjustforaprivilegedelite.Schoolsareexpectedtomeettheneedsofeverychildregardlessofabilityandalsotheneedsofsocietyitself.?46?Itsurprisesmanypeoplewhentheycomeheretofindhighschoolsofferingsuchcoursesastypingsewingradiorepaircomputerprogrammingordrivertrainingalongwithtraditionalacademicsubjectssuchasmathematicshistoryandlanguages.?47?TheunderlyinggoalofAmericaneducationistodevelopeverychildtotheutmostofhisorherownpossibilitiesandtogiveeachoneasenseofcivicandcommunityconsciousness.???48?Schoolsstillplayalargeroleinthecommunityespeciallyinthesmalltowns.??Theapproachtoteachingmayseemunfamiliartomanynotonlybecauseitisinformalbutalsobecausethereisnotmuchemphasisonlearningfacts.?49?Studentsspendmuchtimelearninghowtouseresourcematerialslibrariesstatisticsandcomputers.Americansbelievethatifchildrenaretaughttoreasonwellandtoresearchwelltheywillbeabletofindwhateverfactstheyneedthroughouttherestoftheirlives.?50???ThisisAmerica’sanswertothesearchingquestionthatthoughtfulparentsallovertheworldareaskingthemselvesinthefast-movingtime:Howcanonepreparetoday’schildforatomorrowthatonecanneitherpredictnorunderstand???A.Knowinghowtosolveproblemsisconsideredmoreimportantthantheaccumulationoffacts.??B.Studentschoosetheircurricula课程dependingontheirinterestsfuturegoalsandlevelofability.??C.InsteadAmericanstrytoteachtheirchildrentothinkforthemselvesandtodeveloptheirownintellectualandcreativeabilities.??D.Thismeansthatpublicschoolsoffermorethanacademicsubjects.??E.SchoolshavetraditionallyplayedanimportantroleincreatingnationalunityandAmericanizingthemillionsofimmigrantswhohavepouredintothiscountryfrommanydifferentbackgroundsandorigins.??F.EducationisanenormousandexpensivepartofAmericanlife.Itssizeismatchedbyitsvariety.
{{*HTML*}}GoalofAmericanEducation??DifferencesinAmericanschoolscomparedwiththosefoundinthemajorityofothercountrieslieinthefactthateducationherehaslongbeenintendedforeveryone—notjustforaprivilegedelite.Schoolsareexpectedtomeettheneedsofeverychildregardlessofabilityandalsotheneedsofsocietyitself.?46?Itsurprisesmanypeoplewhentheycomeheretofindhighschoolsofferingsuchcoursesastypingsewingradiorepaircomputerprogrammingordrivertrainingalongwithtraditionalacademicsubjectssuchasmathematicshistoryandlanguages.?47?TheunderlyinggoalofAmericaneducationistodevelopeverychildtotheutmostofhisorherownpossibilitiesandtogiveeachoneasenseofcivicandcommunityconsciousness.???48?Schoolsstillplayalargeroleinthecommunityespeciallyinthesmalltowns.??Theapproachtoteachingmayseemunfamiliartomanynotonlybecauseitisinformalbutalsobecausethereisnotmuchemphasisonlearningfacts.?49?Studentsspendmuchtimelearninghowtouseresourcematerialslibrariesstatisticsandcomputers.Americansbelievethatifchildrenaretaughttoreasonwellandtoresearchwelltheywillbeabletofindwhateverfactstheyneedthroughouttherestoftheirlives.?50???ThisisAmerica’sanswertothesearchingquestionthatthoughtfulparentsallovertheworldareaskingthemselvesinthefast-movingtime:Howcanonepreparetoday’schildforatomorrowthatonecanneitherpredictnorunderstand???A.Knowinghowtosolveproblemsisconsideredmoreimportantthantheaccumulationoffacts.??B.Studentschoosetheircurricula课程dependingontheirinterestsfuturegoalsandlevelofability.??C.InsteadAmericanstrytoteachtheirchildrentothinkforthemselvesandtodeveloptheirownintellectualandcreativeabilities.??D.Thismeansthatpublicschoolsoffermorethanacademicsubjects.??E.SchoolshavetraditionallyplayedanimportantroleincreatingnationalunityandAmericanizingthemillionsofimmigrantswhohavepouredintothiscountryfrommanydifferentbackgroundsandorigins.??F.EducationisanenormousandexpensivepartofAmericanlife.Itssizeismatchedbyitsvariety.
PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 61
PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 55
PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 59
TheBookofLifeSofarscientistshavenamedabout1.8millionlivingspecies特种andthat’sjustasmallpartofwhatprobablyexistsonEarth.Withsomanyplantsanimalsandothercreaturescoveringtheplanetitcanbetoughtofigureoutwhattypeofspiderismovingupyourlegorwhatkindofbirdisflyingby.Asoon-to-be-launchedWebsitemighthelp.AninternationalteamofresearchershasannouncedthecreationofaWeb-basedEncyclopedia百科全书ofLifeEoL.TheprojectaimstocatalogeveryspeciesonEarthinasingleeasy-to-usereferenceguide.Togettheencyclopediastartedthecreatorswilluseinformationfromscientificdatabases数据库thatalreadyexist.Andeventuallyinspecialsectionsofthesitenon-scientistswithspecialized专门的knowledgewillgettojoinin.Bird-watchersforexamplewillbeabletoinputwhichbirdsthey’veseenandwhere.Thetechnologyforthiskindoftoolhasonlyrecentlybecomeavailable.AstheEoLdevelopsyoumightfinditusefulforschoolprojects.Thesitewillfeaturespecialpagesforkidswhoarestudyingecosystems生态系统intheirneighborhoods.Tomakesuretheencyclopediaisaccuratescientistswillreviewmuchoftheinformationaddedtoit.Peoplewhovisitthesitewillbeabletochoosetoleaveoutpagesthathaven’tbeenreviewed.AnotherconvenientfeatureoftheEoListhatyou’llbeabletopickthelevelofdetailyouseetomatchyourinterestsageandcurrentknowledge.Ifyouwantedtolearnaboutbearsforascienceclassreportforexampleyoucouldusethenovicesettingtogetbasicinformationabouttheanimals.Ontheexpertsettingontheotherhandyoucouldgetmuchmoredetailedinformationaboutthehistoryliteratureandexplorationofbears.Itnowtakesyearsforscientiststocollectallthedatatheyneedtodescribeandanalyzespecies.ThecreatorsoftheEncyclopediaofLifehopethattheirnewtoolwillspeedthatprocess.Thewordnoviceinparagraph5couldbebestreplacedby
{{*HTML*}}MuseumsintheModernWorld??Museumshavechanged.Theyarenolongerplacesfortheprivilegedfeworforboredvacationerstovisitonrainydays.Actionanddemocracyarewordsusedindescriptionsofmuseumsnow.??AtasciencemuseuminOntarioCanadayoucanfeelyourhairstandonendasharmlesselectricitypassesthroughyourbody.AttheMetropolitanMuseumofArtinNewYorkCityyoucanlookat17thcenturyinstrumentswhilelisteningtotheirmusic.AttheModemMuseuminSwedenyoucanputoncostumesprovidedbytheStockholmOpera.Astheseexamplesshowmuseumsarereachingouttonewaudiencesparticularlytheyoungthepoorandthelesseducatedmembersofthepopulation.Asaresultattendanceisincreasing.??Moreandmoremuseumsdirectorsarerealizingthatpeoplelearnbestwhentheycansomehowbecomepartofwhattheyareseeing.Inmanysciencemuseumsforexampletherearenoguidedtours.Thevisitorisencouragedtotouchlistenoperateandexperimentsoastodiscoverscientificprinciplesforhimself.Hecanhavetheexperienceofoperatingaspaceshiporacomputer.Hecanexperimentwithglassblowingandpapermaking.Thepurposeisnotonlytoprovidefunbutalsotohelppeoplefeelathomeintheworldofscience.Thetheoryisthatpeoplewhodonotunderstandsciencewillprobablyfearitandthosewhofearsciencewillnotuseittothebestadvantage.Manymuseumsnowprovideeducationalservicesandchildren’sdepartments.Inadditiontotheusualdisplaystheyalsoofferfilmshowingsanddanceprograms.Insteadofbeingplacesthatoneshouldvisittheyareplacestoenjoy.??Onecauseofallthesechangesistheincreaseinwealthandleisuretime.Anothercauseistherisingpercentageofyoungpopulation.Manyoftheseyoungpeoplearecollegestudentsorcollegegraduatestheyarebettereducatedthantheirparents.Theyseethingsinanewanddifferentway.Theyarenotcontenttostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.Thesameistrueofscienceandhistory.IntheUScertaingroupswhoformerlyweretoopoortocareaboutanythingbeyondthebasicneedsofdailylifearenowbecomingcuriousabouttheworldaroundthem.Theyoungpeopleinthesegroupslikeyoungpeopleingeneralhavebenefitedfromabettereducationthantheirparentsreceived.Allthesegroupsandtherestofthepopulationaswellhavebeeninfluencedbytelevisionwhichhastaughtthemaboutplacesandothertimes.??Theeffectofallthishasbeentochangeexistingmuseumsandtoencouragethebuildingofnewones.IntheUSandCanadaalonetherearenowmorethan6000museumsalmosttwiceasmanyastherewere25yearsago.Abouthalfofthemaredevotedtohistoryandtherestareevenlydividedbetweentheartsandsciences.ThenumberofvisitorsaccordingtotheAmericanAssociationofmuseumshasrisentomorethan700millionayear.??Infactthecrowdsofvisitorsatsomemuseumsarecreatingamajorproblemadmissiontomuseumshasalwaysbeeneitherfreeorveryinexpensivebutnowsomemuseumsarechargingentrancefeesforthefirsttimeorraisingtheirprices.Evenwhenraisedhoweverentrancefeesaregenerallytoolowtosupportamuseumwithitsusuallylargebuildinganditshighlytrainedstaff.{{*HTML*}}Twomajorproblemsformuseumsarethattheyhavetoomanyvisitorsandthey______.??A.havehigherdemandsofmuseums??B.areopentomorepeoplewithdifferentsocialbackground??C.tolengthentheiropeninghours??D.chargetoolittleforadmission??E.havebeenbuiltandopentopublic??F.bylowingtheadmissionfees
Thetownisfamousforitsmagnificentchurchtowers.
{{*HTML*}}MuseumsintheModernWorld??Museumshavechanged.Theyarenolongerplacesfortheprivilegedfeworforboredvacationerstovisitonrainydays.Actionanddemocracyarewordsusedindescriptionsofmuseumsnow.??AtasciencemuseuminOntarioCanadayoucanfeelyourhairstandonendasharmlesselectricitypassesthroughyourbody.AttheMetropolitanMuseumofArtinNewYorkCityyoucanlookat17thcenturyinstrumentswhilelisteningtotheirmusic.AttheModemMuseuminSwedenyoucanputoncostumesprovidedbytheStockholmOpera.Astheseexamplesshowmuseumsarereachingouttonewaudiencesparticularlytheyoungthepoorandthelesseducatedmembersofthepopulation.Asaresultattendanceisincreasing.??Moreandmoremuseumsdirectorsarerealizingthatpeoplelearnbestwhentheycansomehowbecomepartofwhattheyareseeing.Inmanysciencemuseumsforexampletherearenoguidedtours.Thevisitorisencouragedtotouchlistenoperateandexperimentsoastodiscoverscientificprinciplesforhimself.Hecanhavetheexperienceofoperatingaspaceshiporacomputer.Hecanexperimentwithglassblowingandpapermaking.Thepurposeisnotonlytoprovidefunbutalsotohelppeoplefeelathomeintheworldofscience.Thetheoryisthatpeoplewhodonotunderstandsciencewillprobablyfearitandthosewhofearsciencewillnotuseittothebestadvantage.Manymuseumsnowprovideeducationalservicesandchildren’sdepartments.Inadditiontotheusualdisplaystheyalsoofferfilmshowingsanddanceprograms.Insteadofbeingplacesthatoneshouldvisittheyareplacestoenjoy.??Onecauseofallthesechangesistheincreaseinwealthandleisuretime.Anothercauseistherisingpercentageofyoungpopulation.Manyoftheseyoungpeoplearecollegestudentsorcollegegraduatestheyarebettereducatedthantheirparents.Theyseethingsinanewanddifferentway.Theyarenotcontenttostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.Thesameistrueofscienceandhistory.IntheUScertaingroupswhoformerlyweretoopoortocareaboutanythingbeyondthebasicneedsofdailylifearenowbecomingcuriousabouttheworldaroundthem.Theyoungpeopleinthesegroupslikeyoungpeopleingeneralhavebenefitedfromabettereducationthantheirparentsreceived.Allthesegroupsandtherestofthepopulationaswellhavebeeninfluencedbytelevisionwhichhastaughtthemaboutplacesandothertimes.??Theeffectofallthishasbeentochangeexistingmuseumsandtoencouragethebuildingofnewones.IntheUSandCanadaalonetherearenowmorethan6000museumsalmosttwiceasmanyastherewere25yearsago.Abouthalfofthemaredevotedtohistoryandtherestareevenlydividedbetweentheartsandsciences.ThenumberofvisitorsaccordingtotheAmericanAssociationofmuseumshasrisentomorethan700millionayear.??Infactthecrowdsofvisitorsatsomemuseumsarecreatingamajorproblemadmissiontomuseumshasalwaysbeeneitherfreeorveryinexpensivebutnowsomemuseumsarechargingentrancefeesforthefirsttimeorraisingtheirprices.Evenwhenraisedhoweverentrancefeesaregenerallytoolowtosupportamuseumwithitsusuallylargebuildinganditshighlytrainedstaff.Withthedevelopmentofsocietypeopleespeciallytheyoungpeople______.
PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 51
CanyoulendmesomedollarsIjustlackcash.
ANewBookAlldaylongyouareaffectedbylargeforces.Genesinfluenceyourintelligenceandwillingnesstotakerisks.Socialdynamicsunconsciouslyshapeyourchoices.Instantaneousperceptionssetoffneutralreactionsinyourheadwithoutyouevenbeingawareofthem.Overthepastfewyearsscientistshavemadeaseriesofexcitingdiscoveriesabouthowthesedeeppatternsinfluencedailylife.NobodyhasdonemoretobringthesediscoveriestopublicattentionthanMalcolmGladwell.Gladwell’snewbookOutliersseemsatfirstglancetobeadescriptionofexceptionallytalentedindividuals.Butinfactit’sanotherbookaboutdeeppatterns.Exceptionallysuccessfulpeoplearenotlonepioneerswhocreatedtheirownsuccessheargues.Theyaretheluckybeneficiariesofsocialarrangements.Gladwell’snoncontroversialclaimisthatsomepeoplehavemoreopportunitiesthanothers.BillGateswasluckytogotoagreatprivateschoolwithitsowncomputeratthedawnoftheinformationrevolution.Gladwell’sbookisbeingreceivedbyreviewersasacalltoactionfortheObamaAge.Itcouldleadpolicymakerstofinallyrejectpoliciesbuiltontheassumptionthatpeoplearecoldlyrationalprofit-maximizingindividuals.Itcouldcausethemtofocusmoreonpoliciesthatfosterrelationshipssocialbondsandculturesofachievement.YetIcan’thelpbutfeelthatGladwellandotherswhosharehisemphasisarepreoccupiedwiththecoolnessofthediscoveries.They’velostsightofthepointatwhichtheinfluenceofsocialforcesendsandtheinfluenceoftheself-initiatingindividualbegins.Mostsuccessfulpeoplebeginwithtwobeliefs:thefuturecanbebetterthanthepresentandIhavethepowertomakeitso.Theywereoftenshoweredbygoodfortunesbutreliedatcrucialmomentsuponachievementsofindividualwill.Thesepeoplealsohaveanextraordinaryabilitytoconsciouslyfocustheirattention.Controlofattentionistheultimateindividualpower.Peoplewhocandothatarenotprisonersofthestimuliaroundthem.Theycanchoosefromthepatternsintheworldandlengthentheirtimehorizons.Gladwell’ssocialdeterminismoverlookstheimportanceofindividualcharacterandindividualcreativity.Anditdoesn’tfullyexplainthegenuinegreatnessofhumanity’stalents.Astheclassicalphilosophersunderstoodexamplesofindividualgreatnessinspireachievementmorereliablythananyotherformofeducation.AccordingtotheauthorGladwell’snewbookOutliersismainly______.
TheBookofLifeSofarscientistshavenamedabout1.8millionlivingspecies特种andthat’sjustasmallpartofwhatprobablyexistsonEarth.Withsomanyplantsanimalsandothercreaturescoveringtheplanetitcanbetoughtofigureoutwhattypeofspiderismovingupyourlegorwhatkindofbirdisflyingby.Asoon-to-be-launchedWebsitemighthelp.AninternationalteamofresearchershasannouncedthecreationofaWeb-basedEncyclopedia百科全书ofLifeEoL.TheprojectaimstocatalogeveryspeciesonEarthinasingleeasy-to-usereferenceguide.Togettheencyclopediastartedthecreatorswilluseinformationfromscientificdatabases数据库thatalreadyexist.Andeventuallyinspecialsectionsofthesitenon-scientistswithspecialized专门的knowledgewillgettojoinin.Bird-watchersforexamplewillbeabletoinputwhichbirdsthey’veseenandwhere.Thetechnologyforthiskindoftoolhasonlyrecentlybecomeavailable.AstheEoLdevelopsyoumightfinditusefulforschoolprojects.Thesitewillfeaturespecialpagesforkidswhoarestudyingecosystems生态系统intheirneighborhoods.Tomakesuretheencyclopediaisaccuratescientistswillreviewmuchoftheinformationaddedtoit.Peoplewhovisitthesitewillbeabletochoosetoleaveoutpagesthathaven’tbeenreviewed.AnotherconvenientfeatureoftheEoListhatyou’llbeabletopickthelevelofdetailyouseetomatchyourinterestsageandcurrentknowledge.Ifyouwantedtolearnaboutbearsforascienceclassreportforexampleyoucouldusethenovicesettingtogetbasicinformationabouttheanimals.Ontheexpertsettingontheotherhandyoucouldgetmuchmoredetailedinformationaboutthehistoryliteratureandexplorationofbears.Itnowtakesyearsforscientiststocollectallthedatatheyneedtodescribeandanalyzespecies.ThecreatorsoftheEncyclopediaofLifehopethattheirnewtoolwillspeedthatprocess.ThegoalofthecreationoftheEoListo
Theweatherwascrispandclearandyoucouldseethemountainsfiftymilesaway.
PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 65
Thereisenoughspacehertoputthebigtable.
VocationalEducation Vocationaleducationreferstoeducationforaparticularoccupation.Industrializedcountrieshaveseenafallindemandforunskilledworkersandanincreaseinjobsintheprofessionaltechnicalcommercialandadministrativesector.Vocationaleducationistraditionallyassociatedwithtradesandcrafts:youngpeoplewereapprenticetoemployersforanumberofyearsandlearnedonthejob.Todaythefocushasshiftedfromtheworkplacetosecondaryandhighereducationinstitutionsandfromemployers’togovernmentprovisionandfinance.Traineesinmostoccupationscombineworkplacetrainingwithstudyatatechnicaloracademicinstitution.IntheformerSovietUnionschoolandworkwerealwaysstronglylinkedfromprimaryschool.Germanyprovidesnineoutoftenyoungpeoplenotenteringhighereducationwithvocationaltrainingandtrainingisplannedfromnationaldowntolocatelevelthroughjointcommitteesofgovernmentrepresentativesemployersandtradeunions.Insomecountriesskillsarebeinggroupedand"jobfamilies"createdsothatindividualscanmovebetweenjobswithsimilartechnicalrequirements.Inothers"competency-basededucation"isadvocatedtoequipindividualswith"transferable"aswellasspecificskills.Indevelopingcountrieswhereitistraditionalforchildrentoworkfromanearlyageonlyatinyproportionofstudentsfollowaformalvocationalprogramwhilethelongspecialisttrainingofprofessionalssuchasdoctorslawyersandengineersisacostlyburden.Trainingplacesfortechniciansnursesteachersandtheessentialworkersareoftenlimited.Worldwidethereisaslowbutsteadyincreaseinthenumbersofwomentrainingforoccupationsofinfluenceinsciencetechnologylawandbusiness.Itisalsobecomingclearthatonecourseofvocationaleducationisnotenoughforalifetime.Retrainingthroughcontinuingeducationisessential. InGermanyvocationaleducationistheonethateverybodycantakevoluntarily.
PaperorPlastic TakeawalkalongtheChesapeakeBayandyouarelikelytoseeplasticbagsfloatinginthewater.Theyhavemadetheir51intolocalwaterwaysandfromthereintothebaywheretheycan52wildlife.Pilesofthemshowupinlandfills垃圾填埋地andoncitystreets.Plasticbagsalsotakeanenvironmentaltoll代价inthe53ofmillionsofbarrelsofoilexpendedeveryyeartoproducethem. EnterAnnapolisandyouwillseeplasticbags54freeindepartmentstoresandsupermarkets.Alderman市议员SamShropshirehasintroducedawell-meaning55tobanretailersfromdistributingplasticshoppingbagsinMaryland’scapital.insteadretailerswouldberequiredto56bagsmadeofrecycledpaperandtosellreusablebags.ThecityofBaltimoreis57asimilarmeasure.Opponentsofthe58howeverarguethatpaperbagsareharmfultoo:Theycostmoretomakethey59moreresourcestotransportandrecyclingthemcausesmorepollutionthanrecyclingplastic.TheargumentfordeprivingAnnapolisresidents60theirplasticbagsisfarfromaccepted.Everyoneinthis61isrightaboutonething:Disposableshoppingbagsofanytypearewastefulandthebestoutcomewouldbeforcustomersto62bagsinstead.Annapolis’smayorisinvestigatinghowtohandoutfreereusableshoppingbagstocityresidentsaproposalthatcanproceed63ofwhetherotherbagsarebanned.Aless-expensivealternativewouldbetoencourageretailerstogive64tocustomersWhobringtheirownreusablebags.Andthispolicywouldbemore65ifstoresimitatedfurnituremega-retailer超大零售商.Ikeaandchargedfordisposablebagsatthecheckoutcounter.Abroadbanontheuseofplasticshoppingbagsisnottheanswer. 63
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