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The witch hazel plants tolerate poor soil, dust and limited sun.
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SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Whenanordinarycomputermousegetsdirtyithastobereplacedwithanewone.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
A.diseasesofthecardiovascularB.haveabodyshapethatallpeopleWilladmireC.longerlife-timeD.digestivesystemdiseaseE.ashorterlifespanF.pneumoniaandinfluenzaThethinnestgroupofmenarelesslikelytosufferfrom______.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
In1861itseemedinevitablethattheSouthernstateswouldbreakawayfromtheUnion.
PlantGasScientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment.Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantamountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming.InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves.Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degrees.At30degreestheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled.Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight.Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes.ThenewfindingisaninterestingobservationsaysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes.Totestwhetherplantsareasourceofmethanethescientistscreated______.
America'semphasisontheimportanceofeducationforeveryonehasspurredscientificresearch.
ABitGoodNewsforFatPeople1Certainlytherearemillionswhoneedtoloseweight.Buttherearealsomillionswhoonlyimaginetheyneedto.Compulsiveandcontinuousdietingnottomentioneatingdisordersshowsthatsomeofuswilldoanythingtoreduceourbodiesdowntothecurrentlydesirableshape.Butisbeingunderweightreallydesirable2Scientistshavelongbeenlookingintotheeffectsofunder-nutrition.Thesestudiesratsandmicehavebeenthesubjectsnothumansindicatethatcarefullycontrolledfoodrestrictionwithadequatevitaminsandmineralsslowstheagingprocess.Inexperimentafterexperimentthinanimalsconsistentlyoutlivetheirall-you-caneatcousinssometimesdoublingtheiraveragelifespan.Theyseemtoagemoreslowlytoo.Thelevelofcholesterol胆固醇intheirbloodstayslowerlonger.Theirbodiesstayresponsivetocertainhormoneslonger.Theirimmunesystemsstayhealthierlonger.Underfedratsandmicearealsolesslikelytosufferfromage-relateddiseaseslikecancerkidneyandheartdiseases.3Butwestillknowlittleabouttheeffectofscientificallycontrolledtindernutritiononpeople.Researchershavekeptstudyinglargenumberofpeoplelinkingtheirweightwiththeirhealthoverlongperiodsoftime.Indirectcontrasttothelaboratoryexperimentsthesepopulationstudiessuggestthatbeingunderweightcanactuallybedangeroustoyourhealth.4InamajorNationalInstitutesofHealthstudythatfollowedmorethan5000menandwomenfor24yearsscientistsdiscoveredthatthethinnestpeopleranthehighestrateofdying.Thethinnestgroupofmenhadthehighestdeathratesfromcancerandallotherdiseasesexceptthoseofthecardiovascular心血管的system.Itisalsofoundthatthinnessdoesnotmeanwellness.Men15percentbelowaverageweightdiemoreoftenfrompneumonia肺炎influenzaheartdiseaseandsuicidethantheirweightiercounterparts.Women15percentlessthanaverageweightareeasytogetpneumoniainfluenzaanddigestivesystemdiseases.AnAmericanCancerSocietystudyfoundthatthose20percentunderweightdiedmoreoftenfromstrokesanddigestivediseasethantheiraverageweightcounterparts.InaCaliforniastudyof7000menandwomenthehighestdeathrateswereamongthose10percentunderweight.5Converselytheseandetherstudiesarefindingthatbeingslightlyormoderatelyoverweightevenasmuchas35percentabovestandardweightisgoodforyourhealth.A.GoodthinsshoutbeingalittleoverweightB.FashionofbeingunderweightC.Experimentsonanimalsregardingunder-nutaitionD.SomenegativeeffectsofbeingunderweightE.ContrastsbetweenexperimentsonanimalsandonpeopleF.HealthofwomenundernutritionParagraph5______.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
Tmnotmeddling.Marysaidmildly.Tinjustcurious.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
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A.diseasesofthecardiovascularB.haveabodyshapethatallpeopleWilladmireC.longerlife-timeD.digestivesystemdiseaseE.ashorterlifespanF.pneumoniaandinfluenzaThoseall-you-can-eatanimalsoftenhave______.
SeeingHandsIntheSovietUnionseveralcaseshavebeenreportedrecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolorswiththeirfingers46.Onecaseconcernsaneleven-year-oldschoolgirlVeraPetrovawhohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskinandthroughsolidwails.47.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputheirhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere48.Vera’scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsknearwheresheliveandinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenandstrangerstillbymovingherelbowoverachild’sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcolorsprintedonit;andinanotherinstancewearingstockingsandslipperstomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcolorsofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.49.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;andindeedexceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingers50.A.andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.B.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.C.andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.D.AntherRussiangirlRosaKuleshovacouldreadblindfold.E.thisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.F.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.
ThirstforOilWorldwideeverydaywedevourtheenergyequivalentofabout200millionbarrelsofoil.MostoftheenergyonEarthcomesfromtheSun.InfactenoughenergyfromtheSunhitstheplanet’ssurfaceeachminutetocoverourneedsforanentireyearwejustneedtofindanefficientwaytouseit.Sofartheenergyinoilhasbeencheaperandeasiertogetat.Butassuppliesdwindlethiswillchangeandwewillneedtocureouraddictiontooil.Burningwoodsatisfiedmostenergyneedsuntilthesteam-drivenindustrialrevolutionwhenenergy-densecoalbecamethefuelofchoice.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoveronequarterofourenergyneedsbutitsusehasbeendecliningsincewestartedpumpingupoil.Coalistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuelbutcouldmakeacomebackassuppliesarestillple.ntiful;itsreservesarefivetimeslargerthanoil’s.TodaypetroleumamineraloilobtainedfrombelowthesurfaceoftheEarthandusedtoproducepetroldieseloilandvariousotherchemicalsubstancesprovidesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.TheUSconsumesaquarterofalloilandgeneratesasimilarproportionofgreenhousegasemissions.ThemajorityofoilComesfromtheMiddleEastwhichhashalfofknownreserves.ButothersignificantsourcesincludeRussiaNorthAmericaNorwayVenezuelaandtheNorthSea.Alaska’sArcticNationalWildlifeRefugecouldbeamajornewUSsourcetoreducerelianceonforeignimports.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50yearsthoughopinionsandestimatesvary.Wecouldfastreachanenergycrisisinthenextfewdecadeswhendemandexceedssupply.Asconventionalreservesbecomemoredifficulttoaccessotherssuchasoilshalesandtarsandsmaybeusedinstead.Petrolcouldalsobeobtainedfromcoal.Sincewestartedusingfossilfuelswehavereleased400billiontonsofcarbonandburningtheentirereservescouldeventuallyraiseworldtemperaturesby13~C.AmongotherhorrorsthiswouldresultinthedestructionofallrainforestsandtileinchingofallArcticice.Whichcountryisthebiggestconsumerofpetroleum
ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Mostcomputeruserswanttoknowhowthecomputermouseworks.
Below600feetoceanwatersrangefromdimlylittocompletelydark.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
ThirstforOilWorldwideeverydaywedevourtheenergyequivalentofabout200millionbarrelsofoil.MostoftheenergyonEarthcomesfromtheSun.InfactenoughenergyfromtheSunhitstheplanet’ssurfaceeachminutetocoverourneedsforanentireyearwejustneedtofindanefficientwaytouseit.Sofartheenergyinoilhasbeencheaperandeasiertogetat.Butassuppliesdwindlethiswillchangeandwewillneedtocureouraddictiontooil.Burningwoodsatisfiedmostenergyneedsuntilthesteam-drivenindustrialrevolutionwhenenergy-densecoalbecamethefuelofchoice.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoveronequarterofourenergyneedsbutitsusehasbeendecliningsincewestartedpumpingupoil.Coalistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuelbutcouldmakeacomebackassuppliesarestillple.ntiful;itsreservesarefivetimeslargerthanoil’s.TodaypetroleumamineraloilobtainedfrombelowthesurfaceoftheEarthandusedtoproducepetroldieseloilandvariousotherchemicalsubstancesprovidesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.TheUSconsumesaquarterofalloilandgeneratesasimilarproportionofgreenhousegasemissions.ThemajorityofoilComesfromtheMiddleEastwhichhashalfofknownreserves.ButothersignificantsourcesincludeRussiaNorthAmericaNorwayVenezuelaandtheNorthSea.Alaska’sArcticNationalWildlifeRefugecouldbeamajornewUSsourcetoreducerelianceonforeignimports.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50yearsthoughopinionsandestimatesvary.Wecouldfastreachanenergycrisisinthenextfewdecadeswhendemandexceedssupply.Asconventionalreservesbecomemoredifficulttoaccessotherssuchasoilshalesandtarsandsmaybeusedinstead.Petrolcouldalsobeobtainedfromcoal.Sincewestartedusingfossilfuelswehavereleased400billiontonsofcarbonandburningtheentirereservescouldeventuallyraiseworldtemperaturesby13~C.AmongotherhorrorsthiswouldresultinthedestructionofallrainforestsandtileinchingofallArcticice....wewillneedtocureouraddictiontooil.Whydoestheauthorsayso
ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Thecomputermousederivesitsnamefromthecablethatgoesoutitsbodywhichlookslikethetailofamouse.
ABitGoodNewsforFatPeople1Certainlytherearemillionswhoneedtoloseweight.Buttherearealsomillionswhoonlyimaginetheyneedto.Compulsiveandcontinuousdietingnottomentioneatingdisordersshowsthatsomeofuswilldoanythingtoreduceourbodiesdowntothecurrentlydesirableshape.Butisbeingunderweightreallydesirable2Scientistshavelongbeenlookingintotheeffectsofunder-nutrition.Thesestudiesratsandmicehavebeenthesubjectsnothumansindicatethatcarefullycontrolledfoodrestrictionwithadequatevitaminsandmineralsslowstheagingprocess.Inexperimentafterexperimentthinanimalsconsistentlyoutlivetheirall-you-caneatcousinssometimesdoublingtheiraveragelifespan.Theyseemtoagemoreslowlytoo.Thelevelofcholesterol胆固醇intheirbloodstayslowerlonger.Theirbodiesstayresponsivetocertainhormoneslonger.Theirimmunesystemsstayhealthierlonger.Underfedratsandmicearealsolesslikelytosufferfromage-relateddiseaseslikecancerkidneyandheartdiseases.3Butwestillknowlittleabouttheeffectofscientificallycontrolledtindernutritiononpeople.Researchershavekeptstudyinglargenumberofpeoplelinkingtheirweightwiththeirhealthoverlongperiodsoftime.Indirectcontrasttothelaboratoryexperimentsthesepopulationstudiessuggestthatbeingunderweightcanactuallybedangeroustoyourhealth.4InamajorNationalInstitutesofHealthstudythatfollowedmorethan5000menandwomenfor24yearsscientistsdiscoveredthatthethinnestpeopleranthehighestrateofdying.Thethinnestgroupofmenhadthehighestdeathratesfromcancerandallotherdiseasesexceptthoseofthecardiovascular心血管的system.Itisalsofoundthatthinnessdoesnotmeanwellness.Men15percentbelowaverageweightdiemoreoftenfrompneumonia肺炎influenzaheartdiseaseandsuicidethantheirweightiercounterparts.Women15percentlessthanaverageweightareeasytogetpneumoniainfluenzaanddigestivesystemdiseases.AnAmericanCancerSocietystudyfoundthatthose20percentunderweightdiedmoreoftenfromstrokesanddigestivediseasethantheiraverageweightcounterparts.InaCaliforniastudyof7000menandwomenthehighestdeathrateswereamongthose10percentunderweight.5Converselytheseandetherstudiesarefindingthatbeingslightlyormoderatelyoverweightevenasmuchas35percentabovestandardweightisgoodforyourhealth.A.GoodthinsshoutbeingalittleoverweightB.FashionofbeingunderweightC.Experimentsonanimalsregardingunder-nutaitionD.SomenegativeeffectsofbeingunderweightE.ContrastsbetweenexperimentsonanimalsandonpeopleF.HealthofwomenundernutritionParagraph3______.
PlantGasScientistshavebeenstudyingnaturalsourcesofmethanefordecadesbuthadn’tregardedplantsasaproducernotesFrankKepplerageochemistattheMaxPlanckInstituteforNuclearPhysicsinHeidelbergGermany.NowKepplerandhiscolleaguesfindthatplantsfromgrassestotreesmayalsobesourcesofthegreenhousegas.Thisisreallysurprisingbecausemostscientistsassumedthatmethaneproductionrequiresanoxygen-freeenvironment.Previouslyresearchershadthoughtthatitwasimpossibleforplantstomakesignificantamountsofthegas.Theyhadassumedthatmicrobesneedtobeinenvironmentswithoutoxygentoproducemethane.Methaneisagreenhousegaslikecarbondioxide.GasessuchasmethaneandcarbondioxidetrapheatinEarth’satmosphereandcontributetoglobalwarming.InitsexperimentsKeppler’steamusedsealedchambersthatcontainedthesameconcentrationofoxygenthatEarth’satmospherehas.Theymeasuredtheamountsofmethanethatwerereleasedbybothlivingplantsanddriedplantmaterialsuchasfallenleaves.Withthedriedplantstheresearcherstookmeasurementattemperaturesrangingfrom30degreesCelsiusto70degrees.At30degreestheyfoundagramofdriedplantmaterialreleasedupto3nanogramsofmethaneperhour.Onenanogramisabillionthofagram.Withevery10-degreeriseintemperaturetheamountofmethanereleasedeachhourroughlydoubled.Livingplantsgrowingattheirnormaltemperaturesreleasedasmuchas370nanogramsofmethanepergramofplanttissueperhour.Methaneemissionstripledwhenlivinganddeadplantwasexposedtosunlight.Becausetherewasplentyofoxygenavailableit’sunlikelythatthetypesofbacteriathatnormallymakemethanewereinvolved.Experimentsonplantsthatweregrowninwaterratherthansoilalsoresultedinmethaneemissions.That’sanotherstrongsignthatthegascamefromtheplantsandnotsoilmicrobes.ThenewfindingisaninterestingobservationsaysJenniferY.KingabiogeochemistattheUniversityofMinnesotainSt.Paul.Becausesometypesofsoilmicrobesconsumemethanetheymaypreventplant-producedmethanefromreachingtheatmosphere.Fieldtestswillbeneededtoassesstheplant’sinfluenceshenotes.WhatofthefollowingaboutmethaneisNotmentionedinthepassage
ComputermouseThebasiccomputermouseisanamazinglycleverinventionwitharelativelysimpledesignthatallowsustopointatthingsonthecomputeranditisveryproductive.Thinkofallthethingsyoucandowithamouselikeselectingtextforcopyingandpastingdrawingandevenscrollingonthepagewiththenewermicewiththewheel.Mostofususethecomputermousedailywithoutstoppingtothinkhowitworksuntilitgetsdirtyandwehavetolearnhowtocleanit.Welearntopointatthingbeforewelearntospeaksothemouseisaverynaturalpointingdevice.Othercomputerpointingdevicesincludelightpensgraphicstabletsandtouchscreenbutthemousestillourworkhorse.Thecomputermousewasinventedin1964byDouglasEnglehartofStanfordUniversity.Ascomputerscreensbecamepopularandarrowkeyswereusedtomorearoundabodyoftextitbecameclearthatapointingdevicethatallowedeasiermotionthroughthetextandevenselectionoftextwouldbeveryuseful.TheintroductionofthemousewiththeAppleLisacomputerin1983reallystartedthecomputerpublicontheroadtorelyingonthemouseforroutinecomputertasks.HowdoesthemouseworkWehavetostartatthebottomsothinkupsidedownfornow.Itallstartswithmouseball.Asthemouseballinthebottomofthemouserollsoverthemousepaditpressesagainstandturnstwoshafts.Theshaftsareconnectedtowheelswithseveralsmallholesinthem.Thewheelshaveapairofsmallelectroniclight-emittingdevicescalledlightemittingdiodesLEDmountedoneitherside.OneLEDsendsalightbeamtotheLEDontheotherside.AsthewheelsspinandaholerotatesbythelightbeamgetsthroughtotheLEDontheotherside.Butamomentlaterthelightbeamisblockeduntilthenextholeisinplace.TheLEDdetectsachangingpatternoflightconvertsthepatternintoanelectronicsignalandsendsthesignaltothecomputerthroughwiresinacablethatgoesoutthemousebody.Thiscableisthetailthathelpsgivethemouseitsname.Thecomputerinterpretsthesignaltotellitwheretopositionthecursoronthecomputerscreen.Sofarwehaveonlydiscussedthebasiccomputermousethatmostofyouprobablyhaveorhaveused.Oneproblemwiththisdesignisthatthemousegetsdirtyastheballrollsoverthesurfaceandpicksupthedirt.Eventuallyyouhavetocleanyourmouse.Theneweropticalmiceavoidthisproblembyhavingnomovingparts.Theopticalmouseissuperiortothebasiconeinthattheformerhasnomovingparts.
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
ThirstforOilWorldwideeverydaywedevourtheenergyequivalentofabout200millionbarrelsofoil.MostoftheenergyonEarthcomesfromtheSun.InfactenoughenergyfromtheSunhitstheplanet’ssurfaceeachminutetocoverourneedsforanentireyearwejustneedtofindanefficientwaytouseit.Sofartheenergyinoilhasbeencheaperandeasiertogetat.Butassuppliesdwindlethiswillchangeandwewillneedtocureouraddictiontooil.Burningwoodsatisfiedmostenergyneedsuntilthesteam-drivenindustrialrevolutionwhenenergy-densecoalbecamethefuelofchoice.Coalisstillusedmostlyinpowerstationstocoveronequarterofourenergyneedsbutitsusehasbeendecliningsincewestartedpumpingupoil.Coalistheleastefficientunhealthiestandmostenvironmentallydamagingfossilfuelbutcouldmakeacomebackassuppliesarestillple.ntiful;itsreservesarefivetimeslargerthanoil’s.TodaypetroleumamineraloilobtainedfrombelowthesurfaceoftheEarthandusedtoproducepetroldieseloilandvariousotherchemicalsubstancesprovidesaround40%oftheworld’senergyneedsmostlyfuellingautomobiles.TheUSconsumesaquarterofalloilandgeneratesasimilarproportionofgreenhousegasemissions.ThemajorityofoilComesfromtheMiddleEastwhichhashalfofknownreserves.ButothersignificantsourcesincludeRussiaNorthAmericaNorwayVenezuelaandtheNorthSea.Alaska’sArcticNationalWildlifeRefugecouldbeamajornewUSsourcetoreducerelianceonforeignimports.Mostexpertspredictwewillexhausteasilyaccessiblereserveswithin50yearsthoughopinionsandestimatesvary.Wecouldfastreachanenergycrisisinthenextfewdecadeswhendemandexceedssupply.Asconventionalreservesbecomemoredifficulttoaccessotherssuchasoilshalesandtarsandsmaybeusedinstead.Petrolcouldalsobeobtainedfromcoal.Sincewestartedusingfossilfuelswehavereleased400billiontonsofcarbonandburningtheentirereservescouldeventuallyraiseworldtemperaturesby13~C.AmongotherhorrorsthiswouldresultinthedestructionofallrainforestsandtileinchingofallArcticice.WhatisNOTtheresultofconsumingfossilfuelsaccordingtothelastparagraph
SportorSpectacleMuhammadAliisprobablythemostfamoussportsfigureonearth:heisrecognizedoneverycontinentandbyallgenerations.Thediagnosisofhisillness51Parlonson’sdiseaseafterhisretirementfuelledthedebateaboutthedangersofboxingandcriticism52thesport.Thatplushisoutspokenopposition53women’sboxingmadepeoplewonderhowhewouldreactwhenoneofhisdaughtersdecidedtotake54thesport.HispresenceatLaila’sfirstprofessionalfight55_seemedtobroadcastherfather’ssupport.OfcourseMuhammnadAliwantedtowatchhisdaughterfight.Theringannouncerintroducedhimasthethegreatestandashesatdownattheringsidethecrowdchanted.Twenty-one-year-oldLaila’sdebutfightwasahugesuccessandtherewasasmuchpublicityforthefight56herfather’sfightsonceattracted.57Laila’sopponentwasmuchweakerthanshewasandthefightlastedjust31seconds.SincethenLailahaswonmostofherfightsbyknockingoutheropponent.Sheknows58she’sdoingallfightsaidonerefereeabouther.Sheknowsaboutmovingwell.Youcanseesomeofherdad’smoves.LailaAliwouldrathernotcompareherself59herfather.Shepreferstomakeherown60.Herfathersupportsherdecisiontoenterthesportbuthehasnotsparedherthedetailsofwhatcanhappen.Lailarealizesthatherfatherwantshertounderstandthe61possiblescenariotosee62shestillwantstogoforwardwithit.Sheknowsshe’sgoingtogethithardattimesthatshemaygetabrokennoseoraswollenfacebutatleastsheispreparedforit.Laila’sdecisiontostartboxing63herfather’sstrugglewiththesymptomsofParkinson’sdiseasehasofcoursesparkedamixtureofdebateand64.ButLailaisafeistyanddeterminedindividualanditisthatasmuchasherfamouslastnamethathasmadeheramagnetforworldwidemediaattention.Ofcoursethe65ontheboxingsceneofawomanwithherfamilyhistoryattractsevenmorequestionsaboutwhetherwomen’sboxingissportorspectacle．
SeeingHandsIntheSovietUnionseveralcaseshavebeenreportedrecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolorswiththeirfingers46.Onecaseconcernsaneleven-year-oldschoolgirlVeraPetrovawhohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskinandthroughsolidwails.47.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputheirhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Suddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere48.Vera’scurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsknearwheresheliveandinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoftheRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenandstrangerstillbymovingherelbowoverachild’sgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcolorsprintedonit;andinanotherinstancewearingstockingsandslipperstomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcolorsofapicturehiddenunderacarpet.49.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;andindeedexceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingers50.A.andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.B.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.C.andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.D.AntherRussiangirlRosaKuleshovacouldreadblindfold.E.thisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewet.F.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.
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