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ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. ConcerningthedrugquininewhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
Instatisticsthemathematicalmeanisobtainedbydividingthe{{U}}sum{{/U}}ofagroupofscoresbythenumberofscores.
CigarsInstead? Smokingoneortwocigarsadaydoublestheriskofcancersoftheliptonguemouthandthroataccordingtoagovernmentstudy. DailycigarsalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerandcanceroftheesophagusandincreasetheriskofcancerofthelarynxvoiceboxsixfoldsayresearchersattheNationalCancerInstituteinBethesdaMaryland. Inadditionthereportrevealedthatsmokingthreeorfourcigarsadayincreasedtheriskoforalcancerto8.5timestheriskfornonsmokersandtheriskofesophagealcancerbyfourtimestheriskofnonsmokers. ThehealtheffectsofsmokingcigarsisoneofeightsectionsofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends.Theresearchersreportthatcomparedwithacigarettealargecigaremitsupto90timesasmuchcarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines ThisarticleprovidesclearandinvaluableinformationaboutthedisturbingincreaseincigaruseandthesignificantpublichealthconsequencesforthecountrysaidDr.RichardKlausnerdirectoroftheNationalCancerInstituteinastatement. Thedataareclear-theharmfulsubstancesandcarcinogensincigarsmokelikecigarettesareassociatedwiththeincreasedrisksofseveralkindsofcancersaswellasheartandlungdiseasesheadded.Inotherwordscigarsarenotsafealternativestocigarettesandmaybeaddictive. Tothoseindividualswhomaybethinkingaboutsmokingcigarsouradvicesis—don’’t.TothosecurrentlysmokingcigarsquittingistheonlywaytoeliminatecompletelythecancerheartandlungdiseaseriskswarnedKlausner. AccordingtoaNationalCancerInstitutepressreleasetherehaven’’tbeenanystudiesonthehealtheffectsonnonsmokersatcigarsocialeventsbut...asignificantbodyofevidenceclearlydemonstratesanincreasedlungcancerriskfromsecondhandsmoke. Inthepassagehowmanycancersarementionedinrelationtosmokingcigarsdaily?
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. Whichofthefollowingmayrefertoanorganization?
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. Accordingtothepassage______.
Theparkisagoodplacefor{{U}}strollers.{{/U}}
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??????? ??????????? ????????Winnersand Losers??Whyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftrade globalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersare mostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfrica?Historyisa partialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionLatelyreinvigorated 给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUniononthe otherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.In Africasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure 基础结构;manycountrieshavelittletotradehutcommoditiesthepricesofwhich havefalleninrecentyears.??Insomeregionscertaincountries havesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefrom InternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly 1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthat makecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusiness lawandanadequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFthe WorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’s regimeprivatizedthestate-ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassof oligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathomesent theirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.??Incontrast ChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.Of theformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungary managedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionary plansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUganda arealsosuccessstories:despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachieved vigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeand implementingreformsthatrancountertoIMF prescriptions.TheSovietUnionwasacapitalistcountry.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Accordingtotheauthorcompetitiondiffersfromconflictinthatitresultsinwarinmostcases.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflictcanbeavoided.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??????? ??????????? ????????Winnersand Losers??Whyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftrade globalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersare mostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfrica?Historyisa partialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionLatelyreinvigorated 给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUniononthe otherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.In Africasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure 基础结构;manycountrieshavelittletotradehutcommoditiesthepricesofwhich havefalleninrecentyears.??Insomeregionscertaincountries havesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefrom InternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly 1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthat makecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusiness lawandanadequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFthe WorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’s regimeprivatizedthestate-ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassof oligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathomesent theirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.??Incontrast ChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.Of theformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungary managedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionary plansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUganda arealsosuccessstories:despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachieved vigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeand implementingreformsthatrancountertoIMF prescriptions.ChinadidnottakeIMFadvice.
Competition Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworldsgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties. Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspeciesonlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandfortheoccupancy占有ofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall. Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandproper繁荣;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis. Competitionisessentiallyastruggleforexistence.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
Thewindchillfactorthecombinationoflowtemperatureandwindspeed{{U}}strikingly{{/U}}increasesthedegreeofcoldfeltbyapersonwhoisoutdoors.
Oncethoughtdoomedtoextinctionsouthernseaottersarenow{{U}}stringently{{/U}}protectedthroughtheeffortsofnaturalistgroups.
BenjaminFranklinwasnotthefirstto{{U}}suggest{{/U}}therelationshipbetweenlightningandelectricitybuthisexperimentwithakitewasoriginal.
Vice-PresidentLyndonJohnsonbecamePresidentoftheUnitedStatesfollowingthedeathofJohnF.Kennedyandwas{{U}}subsequently{{/U}}electedtoafulltermin1964.
ModernDrugs Doctorssixtyyearsagocoulddolittletohelpvictimsofpolio.Seriouscasesusuallyendedindeath.In1955avaccinewasdevelopedthatpreventedthedisease.Todaypolioisnolongeramajorhealthproblem. Manyofthemostimportantdrugsthatdoctorsprescribetodayhavebeendevelopedinthelast30years.Moderndrugsarecomplexspecificandpowerful.Peopleneedtoknowmoreaboutdrugsinordertousethemsafely. Earlypeoplediscoveredbyaccidentthatsomeoftheplantsgrowingaroundthemseemedusefultohealsoresrelievepainorevencurediseases.Theseplantswerethefirstdrugs.Nowplantsarestillthesourceofsomedrugs.Quinineforexampleisabitter-tastingdrugusedtotreatthechillsandfeverofmalariaandtoreduceattacksofthedisease.ItismadefromthebarkofthecinchonatreewhichgrowsintheAndesMountains.TheIndiansofthatregionwerethefirsttousethebarkasamedicine.TheSpanishpeopleprobablybroughtittoEuropeintheearly1600s.Chemistslearnedhowtogetthepuredrugfromthebarkandin1944;itwasmadeartificiallyinthelaboratory. Otherimportantdrugssuchashormonesandvaccinesareobtainedfromanimals.Butmostofthemoderndrugscomefromchemicalcombinationsworkedoutbyresearchscientists.Mostpeopleneverseedrugsintheirsimpleformaschemicals.Insteadtheyareseenastabletscapsulesorliquidsthatcontainthedrugandotheringredients. Peopleusedrugstogetdifferentresults.Somedrugsattacktheorganismthatcausesadisease.Theycurebykillingtheorganism.Otherdrugsrelievewhatwecallthesymptomsofthedisease:theheadachepainfeverorchillsandmakethepatientmorecomfortable.Theseconstitutemostover-the-counterdrugs.Peoplecangetthemindrugstores. Theover-the-counterdrugsarethosethat______.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 ??????? ??????????? ????????Winnersand Losers??Whyarethebiggestwinnersinthepastdecadeoftrade globalizationmostlyinSouthandEastAsiawhereasthebiggestlosersare mostlyintheformerSovietbloc集团andsub-SaharanAfrica?Historyisa partialguide:EastAsiahasalongtradingtraditionLatelyreinvigorated 给以新的活力bytheChineseadoptionofmarketeconomics.TheSovietUniononthe otherhandwasshelteredfromfree-marketforcesformorethan70years.In Africasomecountriesaredisadvantagedbecauseofinadequateinfrastructure 基础结构;manycountrieshavelittletotradehutcommoditiesthepricesofwhich havefalleninrecentyears.??Insomeregionscertaincountries havesufferedbyadoptingmisguidedpoliciesoftenunderpressurefrom InternationalMonetaryFund.FirstamongtheseisRussiawhichintheearly 1990striedtoembracecapitalismbeforefirstbuildingtheinstitutionsthat makecapitalismworksuchasanindependentbanksystemasystemofbusiness lawandanadequatemethodforcollectingtaxes.EncouragedbytheIMFthe WorldBankandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheTreasuryPresidentBorisYeltsin’s regimeprivatizedthestate-ownedindustrialsectorcreatingaclassof oligarchs寡头政治集团成员whoknowinghowunstableconditionswereathomesent theirmoneyabroadinsteadofinvestingitathome.??Incontrast ChinathebiggestwinnerfromglobalizationdidnotfollowtheIMFformula.Of theformerstatesoftheSovietbloconlyafewnotablyPolandandHungary managedtogrowwhichtheydidbyignoringIMFadviceandadoptingexpansionary plansincludingspendingmorethantheycollectedintaxes.BotswanaandUganda arealsosuccessstories:despitetheirdisadvantagestheircountriesachieved vigorousgrowthbycreatingstablecivilsocietiesliberalizingtradeand implementingreformsthatrancountertoIMF prescriptions.RussiawaswronglyguidedbytheIMF.
Fortifiedmedievaltownswereoften{{U}}surrounded{{/U}}bytwowatermoats.
CigarsInstead? Smokingoneortwocigarsadaydoublestheriskofcancersoftheliptonguemouthandthroataccordingtoagovernmentstudy. DailycigarsalsoincreasetheriskoflungcancerandcanceroftheesophagusandincreasetheriskofcancerofthelarynxvoiceboxsixfoldsayresearchersattheNationalCancerInstituteinBethesdaMaryland. Inadditionthereportrevealedthatsmokingthreeorfourcigarsadayincreasedtheriskoforalcancerto8.5timestheriskfornonsmokersandtheriskofesophagealcancerbyfourtimestheriskofnonsmokers. ThehealtheffectsofsmokingcigarsisoneofeightsectionsofthearticleCigars:HealthEffectsandTrends.Theresearchersreportthatcomparedwithacigarettealargecigaremitsupto90timesasmuchcarcinogenictobacco-specificnitrosamines ThisarticleprovidesclearandinvaluableinformationaboutthedisturbingincreaseincigaruseandthesignificantpublichealthconsequencesforthecountrysaidDr.RichardKlausnerdirectoroftheNationalCancerInstituteinastatement. Thedataareclear-theharmfulsubstancesandcarcinogensincigarsmokelikecigarettesareassociatedwiththeincreasedrisksofseveralkindsofcancersaswellasheartandlungdiseasesheadded.Inotherwordscigarsarenotsafealternativestocigarettesandmaybeaddictive. Tothoseindividualswhomaybethinkingaboutsmokingcigarsouradvicesis—don’’t.TothosecurrentlysmokingcigarsquittingistheonlywaytoeliminatecompletelythecancerheartandlungdiseaseriskswarnedKlausner. AccordingtoaNationalCancerInstitutepressreleasetherehaven’’tbeenanystudiesonthehealtheffectsonnonsmokersatcigarsocialeventsbut...asignificantbodyofevidenceclearlydemonstratesanincreasedlungcancerriskfromsecondhandsmoke. Whatisthedoctors’advicetothosecigar-smokers?
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 ?????????? ??????????? ????{{B}}EnglishandEnglishCommunity{{/B}}1.Thereis nodenyingthatEnglishisausefullanguage.ThepeoplewhospeakEnglishtoday makeupthelargestspeechcommunityintheworldwiththeexceptionofspeakers ofChinese.OriginallytheyweresmalltribesofpeoplefromnorthernEuropewho settledinEngland.Theirlanguagesbecamemoreandmoresimilartoeachother. Finallythelanguagehadenoughuniformitytoheusedbyallspeakersin England.Thepeoplewereunitedintoaspeechcommunitythroughtheirshared language.2.Aspeechcommunityissimilartootherkindsofcommunities.The peoplewhomakeupthecommunitysharecommonlanguage.Oftentheylivesideby sideastheydoinaneighborhoodavillageoracity.Moreoftentheyforma wholecountry.Nationalboundarieshoweverarenotalwaysthesameasthe boundariesofaspeechcommunity.Aspeechcommunityisanygroupofpeoplewho speakthesamelanguagenomatterwheretheyhappentolive.3.Wemaysay thatanyonewhospeaksEnglishbelongstotheEnglishspeechcommunity.For conveniencewemayclassifythespeakersintotwogroups:oneinwhichthe speakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguagetheotherinwhichthespeakers learnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducationcommerceand soon.4.Englishservesasanalternativelanguageinseveralareasof publicactivityforthemanynationsoftheworldwhichemployitasan internationalsecondlanguage.Englishhasbeenadoptedasthelanguageofair trafficcommerceaswellasinternationaldiplomacy.MoreoverEnglishisthe languageofthemajorityofpublishedmaterialsintheworldsothateducation hascometorelyheavilyonanunderstandingofEnglish.5.Learningsecond languageextendsone’svisionandexpandsthemind.Thehistoryandliterature ofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofpeopleandtheir culture;aknowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelas theyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansof communicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunity becomesapartofourheritage.Paragraph2______
TheDevelopmentofBothHIVAndItsCure Asthenumberofpeopleinfected传染withtheAIDS—causingHIVrosetomorethan14millionworldwideandasnewresearchshowedthatintheU.S.oneofevery92youngmenmaybeinfectedacureforthediseasestillremainedanelusive令人困惑的dream.TohelpslowthespreadofHIVtoinfantstheCDCinJulycalledforallpregnant怀孕的womentobetestedforthevirus毒素.Therecommendation推荐stemmed发展froma.studythatfoundthattheriskthatanHIV-infectedwomanwillpassthevirusontoherunbornchildiscutbytwo-thirdsifthemotherreceivesthedrugazidothymidineAZTduringpregnancy.Theyearwasalsomarkedbythefirstofficialrecognition认可thattreatingHIV-infectedpeoplewithacombination结合ofantiviral抗毒素的drugsissuperiortotreatingthemwithonlyAZTadrugthathadbeenthegoldstandardoftreatmentsincethelate1980s.AtaninternationalconferenceinCopenhagenapane专门小组ofscientistsrecommendedthatpatientswiththeAIDSvirusreceivecombinationtherapyalthoughtherewasstillnoconsensus一致onwheninthecourseofthediseasethedrugsshouldbestarted.InDecembertheFDAapprovedthefirstofalong-awaitednewclassofAIDSdrugscalledproteaseinhibitorsPhysiciansemphasizedhoweverthatthenewdrugsaquinavirisnotacureandmustbetakenincombinationwithotherAIDSdrugs.Aglimmer微光ofhopeforacurecamewhenateamfromtheUniversityofWashingtonreportedinNovemberthatanewdrugPMPApreventedmonkeysfrombecominginfectedbythemonkeyversionofHIVevenwhentheviruswasinjected注射directlyintotheanimals. Theyearalsoprovidedtheresearchcommunity界withafewmoreclues线索onhowtoattackHIV.InJuneresearchersfoundthat70%ofWestAfricanwomeninfectedwithaslow-actinglesseasilytransmitted传播typeoftheviruswereprotectedagainstinfectionbythefaster-actingtypewhichwasmostcommonintheWest.Earlierintheyearhopesforlifesaving救命的AIDStreatmentsorvaccines痘苗werealsobolstered支持byanintriguing激起好奇心的—andhotlydebated—reportthatatleasttwochildrenwhohadbeenborninfectedwiththeAIDSviruslaterbecamefreeofit. Despitethemammoth巨大的swath长而宽的地带ofdestruction破坏thatAIDShascutaroundtheworldsinceitfirstsurfaced升到水面just15yearsagoittookamuchrarer稀有的—andmuchswifter反应快的—killertheEbolavirustojolt唤起thepublicoutofitscomplacency自满towardthethreatofemerginginfectious感染性的diseases. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutHIVandAIDSisNOTTRUE?
TheTexasOperaTheaterwasestablishedasa{{U}}subsidiary{{/U}}oftheHoustonGrandOperainordertogiveyoungsingersperformingtheirtheirexperience.
ASmallEvent OneafternooninJanuary1989SuzanSharp43andher8-year-oldsonDavidwerewalkinghardacrossanicyparkinglotwhenSuzan’’scane手杖slidontheice.She【51】facefistintothemud.David【52】toherside.AreyouallrightMom? 【53】Suzanputherselfup.I’’mokayhoney.shesaid. IthadbeennearlytwoyearssinceSuzanhadtroublewalking.Shewasfallingmore【54】now.Everyinchoficewasa【55】dangerforher.Icoulddosomethingtheboythought. Davidtoowashaving【56】ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechdefect.Atschoolhe【57】askedquestionsorreadaloud. OnedayDavidsteacherannounceda【58】assignment.Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithaninventionshesaid.ThiswasforINVENTAMERICA!anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityin【59】.AnideahitDavidoneevening.【60】onlyhismotherscanedidn’tsliponicehethought.That’’sit!Davidrealized. WhatifIfixedyourcanetoanailstretchedoutofthebottom?heaskedhismother.Hismothertoldhim【61】itwouldscratchfloors. Itlookslikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhand【62】thebuttonandthenailreturnsbackup.Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.DavidandhisfatherJeff【63】asSuzanusedittowalk50feetacrossthe【64】. Itworks!shesaid.InJuly1989DavidwasdeclarednationalwinnerattheannualINVENTAMERICA!ceremonyinWashingtonD.C.. AsDavidbegantomake【65】appearanceshewasforcedtocommunicatemoreclearly.TodayDavidisnearlyfreeofhiscanewhichiswaitingtobewidelyused. Sotheboywhooncehadtroubletalkingnowhopestostartmakingcanesforpeoplewhohavetroublewalking.
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