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RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
WhyBuyShade-GrownCoffee? Whenpeopleargueaboutwhethercoffeeisgoodforhealththey’reusuallythinkingofthehealthofthecoffeedrinker.Isitfoodforyourheart?Doesitincreasebloodpressure?Doesithelpyouconcentrate?Howevercoffeeaffectsthehealthofthehumanpopulationinotherwaystoo. Traditionallycoffeebusheswereplantedunderthecanopy树冠oftallerindigenous土生土长的trees.HowevermoreandmorefarmersinLatinAmericaaredeforestingthelandtogrowfull-suncoffees.Atfirstthisincreasesproductionbecausemorecoffeebushescanbeplantediftherearen’tanytrees.Withincreasedproductioncomeincreasedprofits. Unfortunatelydeforestingforcoffeeproductionimmediatelydecreaseslocal-wildlifehabitat.Nativebirdsnestandhidefrompredators捕食者inthetalltreesandmigratingbirdsrestthere. Furthermoreinthelongtermthefull-sunmethodalsodamagestheecosystembecausemorechemicalfertilizersandpesticidesareneededtogrowthecoffee.Thefertilizersandpesticideskillinsectsthateatcoffeeplantbutthenthebirdseatthepoisonedinsectsandalsodie.Thechemicalskillorsickenotheranimalsaswellandcanevenenterthewaterthatpeoplewilleventuallydrink. FortunatelyfarmersinCentralandSouthAmericaarebeginningtogrowmorecoffeebushesintheshade.Wecansupportthesefarmersbybuyingcoffeewithsuchlabelsasshadegrownandbirdfriendly.Surethesevarietiesmightcostalittlemore.Butwe’repayingforthehealthofthebirdsthelandourselvesandtheplanet.Ithinkit’sworthit. Thefull-sunmethodmayaffectthefollowingEXCEPT_____.
Soot煤烟灰andSnow:aHotCombination NewreasearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootafterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulationblacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury. Sootinthehigherlatitudes维度oftheEarthwhereiceismorecommonabsorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicywhitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbonorsootabsorbssunlightwhilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight. Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Alsoifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmeltingthewarmingeffectincreaseasthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.Thisprovidesapositivefeedbackasglaciersandicesheetsmelttheytendtogetevendirtier.saidDr.JamesHansenaresearcheratNASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudiesNewYork. Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo反照率whichmaybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemispheresuchasthinninbgArcticseaiceandmeltingglacierspermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheatmosphereabovetheoceansandland. BlackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospacethusheadingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbonHansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffecntiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.Thisforcingisunusuallyeffectivecausingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude.Hansennoted. Hansencautionedalthoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantialitdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.Suchgasesareexpectedtobithelargestclimateforcingfortherestofthecentury. TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHermispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswerecoherentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsituationswhichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcoverandsufficientsunlight.Whatisthemaincauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury?
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1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Paragraph4
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
ExploreJordanWadiRumisthenamegiventoavalleycutintothesandstoneandhardrockinsouthwestJordan._____46ThenameRummostlikelycomesfromanAramaicwordmeaning“high”or“elevated”TheareaaroundWadiRumisnowalsooneofJordan’smostimportanttouristdestinationsandattractsanincreasingnumberofforeigntouristsparticularlytrekkers越野者butalsoforcamelsafaris旅行orsimplyday-trippersfromAqabaorPetra.IncontrasttherearealmostnolocalorArabtouriststhroughPopularactivitiesinthedesertenvironmentincludecampingunderthestarsridingArabhorsesandrock-climbingamongstthemassiverockformations.JebalRumJebalmeansmountainis1574metresabovesealevel._____47.ButJordanisnotsimplyadesertenvironment——italsocontainstheareawhichisthelowestpointtothefaceoftheEarth——theincredibleDeadSeapopularwithtouristsforswimming._____48OncethewatersreachtheDeadSeatheyarelandlockedandhavenowheretogosotheyevaporateleavingbehindadenserichcocktail混合的ofsaltsandmineralsthatsupplyindustryagricultureinwaterspatreatmentsandwatertherapies.TheDeadSeaislocatedinthesyro-AfricanRifta4000-milefaultlineintheEarth’scrust.ThelowestpointofdrylandonEarthistheshorelineoftheDeadSeaat1300feetbelowsealevel.Becausethelakeisatthelowestpointthismeansthatwaterdoesnotdrainfromit._____49FiguresfortheDeadSea’ssalinity盐度todayrangefrom25%to35%.ButthegreatesttouristattractionistheincrediblecityofPetra._____50ItisavastuniquecitycarvedintothesheerrockfacebytheNabataeansanindustriousArabpeoplewhosettledheremorethan2000yearsagoturingitintoanimportantjunctionforthesilkspiceandothertraderoutesthatlinkedChinaIndiaandsouthernArabiawithEgyptSyriaGreeceandRome.Todayvisitorscanmarvelatthearchitectureandexplorelifeasitwasthousandsofyearsago. 50
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. ThemainpurposeoftheresearchwastofindouthowexposuretoPAHsplayedaroleinharmingthesubjects’physicalhealth.
WhyBuyShade-GrownCoffee? Whenpeopleargueaboutwhethercoffeeisgoodforhealththey’reusuallythinkingofthehealthofthecoffeedrinker.Isitfoodforyourheart?Doesitincreasebloodpressure?Doesithelpyouconcentrate?Howevercoffeeaffectsthehealthofthehumanpopulationinotherwaystoo. Traditionallycoffeebusheswereplantedunderthecanopy树冠oftallerindigenous土生土长的trees.HowevermoreandmorefarmersinLatinAmericaaredeforestingthelandtogrowfull-suncoffees.Atfirstthisincreasesproductionbecausemorecoffeebushescanbeplantediftherearen’tanytrees.Withincreasedproductioncomeincreasedprofits. Unfortunatelydeforestingforcoffeeproductionimmediatelydecreaseslocal-wildlifehabitat.Nativebirdsnestandhidefrompredators捕食者inthetalltreesandmigratingbirdsrestthere. Furthermoreinthelongtermthefull-sunmethodalsodamagestheecosystembecausemorechemicalfertilizersandpesticidesareneededtogrowthecoffee.Thefertilizersandpesticideskillinsectsthateatcoffeeplantbutthenthebirdseatthepoisonedinsectsandalsodie.Thechemicalskillorsickenotheranimalsaswellandcanevenenterthewaterthatpeoplewilleventuallydrink. FortunatelyfarmersinCentralandSouthAmericaarebeginningtogrowmorecoffeebushesintheshade.Wecansupportthesefarmersbybuyingcoffeewithsuchlabelsasshadegrownandbirdfriendly.Surethesevarietiesmightcostalittlemore.Butwe’repayingforthehealthofthebirdsthelandourselvesandtheplanet.Ithinkit’sworthit. Whatdoesincreasedproductionoffull-suncoffeebringabout?
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Theresultoftheresearchcanhelpcomputerstoincrease.
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Soot煤烟灰andSnow:aHotCombination NewreasearchfromNASAscientistssuggestsemissionsofblacksootafterthewaysunlightreflectsoffsnow.Accordingtoacomputersimulationblacksootmayberesponsiblefor25percentofobservedglobalwarmingoverthepastcentury. Sootinthehigherlatitudes维度oftheEarthwhereiceismorecommonabsorbsmoreofthesun’senergyandwarmththananicywhitebackground.Dark-coloredblackcarbonorsootabsorbssunlightwhilelightercoloredicereflectssunlight. Sootinareaswithsnowandicemayplayanimportantroleinclimatechange.Alsoifsnowandicecoveredareasbeginmeltingthewarmingeffectincreaseasthesootbecomesmoreconcentratedonthesnowsurface.Thisprovidesapositivefeedbackasglaciersandicesheetsmelttheytendtogetevendirtier.saidDr.JamesHansenaresearcheratNASA’sGoddardInstituteforSpaceStudiesNewYork. Hansenfoundsoot’seffectonsnowalbedo反照率whichmaybecontributingtotrendstowardearlyspringsintheNorthernHemispheresuchasthinninbgArcticseaiceandmeltingglacierspermafrost.Sootalsoisbelievedtoplayaroleinchangesintheatmosphereabovetheoceansandland. BlackcarbonreducestheamountofenergyreflectedbysnowbackintospacethusheadingthesnowsurfacemorethaniftherewerenoblackcarbonHansensaid.Soot’sincreasedabsorptionofsolarenergyisespeciallyeffecntiveinwarmingtheworld’sclimate.Thisforcingisunusuallyeffectivecausingtwiceasmuchglobalwarmingasacarbon-dioxideforcingofthesamemagnitude.Hansennoted. Hansencautionedalthoughtheroleofsootinalteringglobalclimateissubstantialitdoesnotalterthefactthatgreenhousegasesaretheprimarycauseofclimatewarmingduringthepastcentury.Suchgasesareexpectedtobithelargestclimateforcingfortherestofthecentury. TheresearchersfoundthatobservedwarmingintheNorthernHermispherewaslargeinthewinterandspringatmiddleandhighlatitudes.Theseobservationswerecoherentwiththeresearchers’climatemodelsituationswhichshowedsomeofthelargestwarmingeffectsoccurredwhentherewereheavysnowcoverandsufficientsunlight.Whichofthefollowingareasshowsagreaterwarmingeffect?
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Thenewglassmaterialmakesitpossibletofulfilldifferentcomputingfunction
ExploreJordanWadiRumisthenamegiventoavalleycutintothesandstoneandhardrockinsouthwestJordan._____46ThenameRummostlikelycomesfromanAramaicwordmeaning“high”or“elevated”TheareaaroundWadiRumisnowalsooneofJordan’smostimportanttouristdestinationsandattractsanincreasingnumberofforeigntouristsparticularlytrekkers越野者butalsoforcamelsafaris旅行orsimplyday-trippersfromAqabaorPetra.IncontrasttherearealmostnolocalorArabtouriststhroughPopularactivitiesinthedesertenvironmentincludecampingunderthestarsridingArabhorsesandrock-climbingamongstthemassiverockformations.JebalRumJebalmeansmountainis1574metresabovesealevel._____47.ButJordanisnotsimplyadesertenvironment——italsocontainstheareawhichisthelowestpointtothefaceoftheEarth——theincredibleDeadSeapopularwithtouristsforswimming._____48OncethewatersreachtheDeadSeatheyarelandlockedandhavenowheretogosotheyevaporateleavingbehindadenserichcocktail混合的ofsaltsandmineralsthatsupplyindustryagricultureinwaterspatreatmentsandwatertherapies.TheDeadSeaislocatedinthesyro-AfricanRifta4000-milefaultlineintheEarth’scrust.ThelowestpointofdrylandonEarthistheshorelineoftheDeadSeaat1300feetbelowsealevel.Becausethelakeisatthelowestpointthismeansthatwaterdoesnotdrainfromit._____49FiguresfortheDeadSea’ssalinity盐度todayrangefrom25%to35%.ButthegreatesttouristattractionistheincrediblecityofPetra._____50ItisavastuniquecitycarvedintothesheerrockfacebytheNabataeansanindustriousArabpeoplewhosettledheremorethan2000yearsagoturingitintoanimportantjunctionforthesilkspiceandothertraderoutesthatlinkedChinaIndiaandsouthernArabiawithEgyptSyriaGreeceandRome.Todayvisitorscanmarvelatthearchitectureandexplorelifeasitwasthousandsofyearsago. 46
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RoboticHighwayCones AUniversityofNebraskaprofessorhasdevelopedroboticconesandbarrels.Theseroboticconesandbarrelscanmoveoutofthewayorinto51_____fromcomputercommandsmademilesaway.TheycanevenbeprogrammedtomoveontheirownatanyparticularpartofthedaysaidShaneFarritoranassistantprofessorofmechanicalengineeringatNebraska. Forexampleifworkersarrivedat6amtheconescouldmovefromthesideofthehighwayto52_____offthelaneatthattime.Andtheycanreturntothe53_____placeattheendoftheday.Itjustseemslikeaverygoodapplicationforrobots.Farritorsaid.Theroboticconeswouldalsohelp54_____peoplefromhazardousjobsonthehighwayputtingbarrelsandconesintoplaceFarritorsaidinareportonhiscreation. Workontheideabeganin2002usingaNationalAcademyofSciencesgrant.The55_____allowedFarritortoworkontheprojectwithgraduatestudentsatNebraskaandhisassistantSteveGoddard. Therobotsareplacedatthebottomoftheconesandbarrelsandare56_____enoughnottogreatlychangetheappearanceoftheconstructionaides.ItwouldlookexactlythesameFarritorsaid.57_____there’sakindofrubberyblackbasetothem.Wereplacethat58_____arobot. FarritorhastalkedwithofficialsfromtheNebraskaDepartmentofRoadsabouthowtherobotswouldbemost59_____towhattheymightneed. Therobotscouldcomeinhandyfollowingaslow-movingmaintenanceoperationlikepaintingastripeonaroadormovingasphalt60_____nowthebarrelshavetobepickedupandmovedastheoperation61_____.Thatwayyoudon’thavetoblockoffa10-milestripfortheoperationFarritorsaid. 62_____prototypeshavebeenmadetheyarenotinuseanywhere.Farritorsaidhehas63_____forapatentandisconsideringwhattodonext.Heisthinkingaboutstartingasmallbusiness.Heisalsothinkingabout64_____therobotstoroadsdepartmentsandothersacrossthecountrywhomay65_____fromthem.
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RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
Mypianoplayinghasimproved{{U}}significantly{{/U}}sinceIhadanewteacher.
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. Thebloodofeachwomenwastestedonceamonthduringpregnancy.
WhyBuyShade-GrownCoffee? Whenpeopleargueaboutwhethercoffeeisgoodforhealththey’reusuallythinkingofthehealthofthecoffeedrinker.Isitfoodforyourheart?Doesitincreasebloodpressure?Doesithelpyouconcentrate?Howevercoffeeaffectsthehealthofthehumanpopulationinotherwaystoo. Traditionallycoffeebusheswereplantedunderthecanopy树冠oftallerindigenous土生土长的trees.HowevermoreandmorefarmersinLatinAmericaaredeforestingthelandtogrowfull-suncoffees.Atfirstthisincreasesproductionbecausemorecoffeebushescanbeplantediftherearen’tanytrees.Withincreasedproductioncomeincreasedprofits. Unfortunatelydeforestingforcoffeeproductionimmediatelydecreaseslocal-wildlifehabitat.Nativebirdsnestandhidefrompredators捕食者inthetalltreesandmigratingbirdsrestthere. Furthermoreinthelongtermthefull-sunmethodalsodamagestheecosystembecausemorechemicalfertilizersandpesticidesareneededtogrowthecoffee.Thefertilizersandpesticideskillinsectsthateatcoffeeplantbutthenthebirdseatthepoisonedinsectsandalsodie.Thechemicalskillorsickenotheranimalsaswellandcanevenenterthewaterthatpeoplewilleventuallydrink. FortunatelyfarmersinCentralandSouthAmericaarebeginningtogrowmorecoffeebushesintheshade.Wecansupportthesefarmersbybuyingcoffeewithsuchlabelsasshadegrownandbirdfriendly.Surethesevarietiesmightcostalittlemore.Butwe’repayingforthehealthofthebirdsthelandourselvesandtheplanet.Ithinkit’sworthit. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
1NewresearchpublishedtodayinthejournalNatureCommunicationshasdemonstratedhowglasscanbemanipulatedtocreateamaterialthatwillallowcomputerstotransferinformationusinglight.Thisdevelopmentcouldsignificantlyincreasecomputerprocessingspeedsandpowerinthefuture.2TheresearchbytheUniversityofSurreyincollaborationwiththeUniversityofCambridgeandtheUniversityofSouthamptonhasfounditispossibletochangetheelectronicpropertiesofamorphouschalcogenidesaglassmaterialintegraltodatatechnologiessuchasCDsandDVDs.Byusingatechniquecallediondopingtheteamofresearchershavediscoveredamaterialthatcoulduselighttobringtogetherdifferentcomputingfunctionsintoonecomponentleadingtoall-opticalsystems.3Computerscurrentlyuseelectronstotransferinformationandprocessapplications.Ontheotherhanddatasourcessuchastheinternetrelyonopticalsystems;thetransferofinformationusinglight.Opticalfibresareusedtosendinformationaroundtheworldatthespeedoflightbutthesesignalsthenhavetobeconvertedtoelectricalsignalsoncetheyreachacomputercausingasignificantslowdowninprocessing.4"Thechallengeistofindasinglematerialthatcaneffectivelyuseandcontrollighttocarryinformationaroundacomputer.Muchlikehowthewebuseslighttodeliverinformationwewanttouselighttobothdeliverandprocesscomputerdata"saidprojectleaderDrRichardCurryoftheUniversityofSurrey.5"Thishaseludedresearchersfordecadesbutnowwehavenowshownhowawidelyusedglasscanbemanipulatedtoconductnegativeelectronsaswellaspositivechargescreatingwhatareknownas’pn-junction’devices.Thisshouldenablethematerialtoactasalightsourcealightguideandalightdetector-somethingthatcancarryandinterpretopticalinformation.Indoingsothiscouldtransformthecomputersoftomorrowallowingthemtoeffectivelyprocessinformationatmuchfasterspeeds."6Theresearchersexpectthattheresultsofthisresearchwillbeintegratedintocomputerswithintenyears.Intheshorttermtheglassisalreadybeingdevelopedandusedinnext-generationcomputermemorytechnologyknownasCRAMwhichmayultimatelybeintegratedwiththeadvancesreported. Paragraph2
ADHDLinkedtoAirPollutants Childrenhaveanincreasedriskofattentionproblemsseenasearlyasgradeschooliftheirmomsinhaled吸入acertaintypeofairpollutionwhentheywerepregnant.That’sthefindingofanewstudy.Releasedwhenthingsaren’tburnedcompletelythispollutionisknownaspolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsorPAHs.ThebiggestsourcesofthesePAHs:theburningoffossilfuelswoodandtrash. FredericaPereraworksatColumbiaUniversity’sMailmanSchoolofPublicHealthinNewYorkCity.Sheresearcheshowexposuretothingsintheenvironmentaffectschildren’shealth.Inanewstudysheandherteamstudiedtheexposuretoairpollutionof233nonsmokingpregnantwomeninNewYorkCity.Becauseburningtobaccocanspew排放PAHsintotheairandlungsPerera’steamfocusedonnonsmokers.Theresearcherswantedtoprobe探查othersourcesofPAHsonesthatwouldhavebeenhardforanindividualtoavoid. Theteamstartedbytestingthebloodofeachwomanduringpregnancy.Thereason:AnyPAHsinawoman’sbloodwouldalsobeavailabletothebabyinherwomb.Nineyearslatertheresearchersinvestigatedsignsofattentionproblemsinthesechildrennowage9.Theyaskedeachchild’smotheraseriesofquestions.Theseincludedwhetherherchildhadproblemsdoingthingsthatneededsustained长期的mentaleffortsuchashomeworkorgameswithfriends.Thescientistsalsoaskedifthekidshadtroublefollowinginstructionsormadefrequentcarelessmistakes.AllofthesecanbesymptomsofadisordercalledAttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorderorADHD.Aboutonein10U.S.childrenhasADHD. AmongthewomenstudiedtrafficandhomeheatingweretheprimarysourcesofairpollutionexposurePereraandherteamsuspect.SomeofthesewomenhadlowlevelsofPAHsintheirblood.Othershadhighlevels.Thosewithhighlevelswerefivetimesaslikelytohavechildrenwhoshowedattentionproblemsbyage9.ThenewfindingswerepublishedNovember5inthejournalPLOSONE. ThewomenwithhighlevelsofPAHsintheirbloodweremorelikelytohavekidswithADHD.
ExploreJordanWadiRumisthenamegiventoavalleycutintothesandstoneandhardrockinsouthwestJordan._____46ThenameRummostlikelycomesfromanAramaicwordmeaning“high”or“elevated”TheareaaroundWadiRumisnowalsooneofJordan’smostimportanttouristdestinationsandattractsanincreasingnumberofforeigntouristsparticularlytrekkers越野者butalsoforcamelsafaris旅行orsimplyday-trippersfromAqabaorPetra.IncontrasttherearealmostnolocalorArabtouriststhroughPopularactivitiesinthedesertenvironmentincludecampingunderthestarsridingArabhorsesandrock-climbingamongstthemassiverockformations.JebalRumJebalmeansmountainis1574metresabovesealevel._____47.ButJordanisnotsimplyadesertenvironment——italsocontainstheareawhichisthelowestpointtothefaceoftheEarth——theincredibleDeadSeapopularwithtouristsforswimming._____48OncethewatersreachtheDeadSeatheyarelandlockedandhavenowheretogosotheyevaporateleavingbehindadenserichcocktail混合的ofsaltsandmineralsthatsupplyindustryagricultureinwaterspatreatmentsandwatertherapies.TheDeadSeaislocatedinthesyro-AfricanRifta4000-milefaultlineintheEarth’scrust.ThelowestpointofdrylandonEarthistheshorelineoftheDeadSeaat1300feetbelowsealevel.Becausethelakeisatthelowestpointthismeansthatwaterdoesnotdrainfromit._____49FiguresfortheDeadSea’ssalinity盐度todayrangefrom25%to35%.ButthegreatesttouristattractionistheincrediblecityofPetra._____50ItisavastuniquecitycarvedintothesheerrockfacebytheNabataeansanindustriousArabpeoplewhosettledheremorethan2000yearsagoturingitintoanimportantjunctionforthesilkspiceandothertraderoutesthatlinkedChinaIndiaandsouthernArabiawithEgyptSyriaGreeceandRome.Todayvisitorscanmarvelatthearchitectureandexplorelifeasitwasthousandsofyearsago. 48
RescuePlatform IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksontheWorldTradeCentersecurityexpertsaretryingtodevelopnewwaysofrescuingpeoplefromburningskyscrapers.One_____51isaplatformcapableofflyingverticallyandhoveringintheair_____52ahelicopter.Theplatformwouldriseupanddownalongsideaskyscraperandpickuppeople_____53inhighstories. Theideaforverticaltakeoffplatformwashatched策划morethantenyearsagobyaRussianaerospaceengineerDavidMetreveliwhohassincemovedtoIsrael.Metreveli’sdesign_____54theEaglecallsfortwojetenginesthat_____55fourlargehorizontalpropellers.Thespinningofthepropellers_____56thenecessaryliftorupwardforcetoraisetheplatform.Themore_____57issuppliedtothepropellersthehighertheplatform_____58.Movingtheplatformsidewaysinvolves_____59differingamountsofpowertoeachpropeller. Helicoptersarenowusedinsome_____60togetpeopleoutofburningbuilding.Escapebasketsslungfromthemdanglebesidethebuildingforpeopletoclimbinto._____61thebasketscannotreacheveryfloorofabuilding_____62theropesfromwhichtheyhangbecomeunstable_____63acertainlength. SofarMetrevelihasbuiltasmall-scalemodeloftheEagleto_____64hisidea.InthewakeofSeptember11hehasbeenabletosecureenoughfundingtostartbuildingalarger4-meterby4-meterprototype_____65hecallstheEaglet.
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