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The Greatest Mystery of Whales The whale is a mammal(哺乳动物) warm-blooded, air-breathing,...
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第49届世界卫生大会采纳WHA49.25号决议宣布什么是世界范围内公共卫生的首要问题
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ALifewithBirdsFornearly17yearsDavidCopehasworkedasoneoftheTowerofLondon’sYeomanWarders51knowntotouristsasBeefeaters.David64livesinathree-bedroomedflatrightatthe52oftheBywardToweroneofthegatehouses.53ourbedroomwehaveamarvellousviewofTowerBridgeandtheThames.saysDavid.TheTowerofLondonisfamous54itsravensthelargeblackbirdswhichhavelivedthereforoverthreecenturies.Davidwasimmediatelyfascinatedbythebirdsandwhenhewas55thepostofRavenMastereightyearsagohehadno56inacceptingit.ThebirdshavenowbecomemylifeandI’malways57ofthefactthatIam58atradition.ThelegendsaysthatiftheravensleavetheTowerEnglandwillfalltoenemiesandit’smyjobto59surethisdoesn’thappen!David60aboutfourhoursadaytothecareoftheravens.Hehasgrowntolovethemandthe61thathelivesrightnexttothemisideal.Ican62．acloseeyeonthemallthetimeandnotjustwhenI’mworking.63David’swifeMowasnot64ontheideaoflifeintheTowerbutshetoowillbesadtoleavewhenheretiresnextyear.Whenwelookoutofourwindowsweseehistory65aroundusandwearetakingitinandstoringitupforourfuturememories./
Fridge Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel:"storeintherefrigerator." InmyfridgelessFiftieschildhoodIwasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkmancamedailythegrocerthebutcher肉商thebakerandtheice-creammandeliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesdayandsurplus剩余的breadandmilkbecameallkinksofcakes.Nothingwaswastedandwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearsonfooddeliverieshaveceasesfreshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry. Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Avastwayofwell-triedtechniquesalreadyexisted—naturalcoolingdryingsmokingsaltingsugaringbottling... Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketing—marketinghardwareandelectricitymarketingsoftdrinksmarketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglodeinsearchofsearchofagoodprice. Consequentlymostoftheworld’sfridgesaretoberoundnotinthetropicswheretheymightproveusefulbutinthewealthycountrieswithmildtemperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyamostunnecessary.Everywintermillionsoffridgeshumawaycontinuouslyandatvastexpensebusilymaintaininganartificially-cooledspaceinsideanartificially-heatedhouse—whileoutsidenatureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharg. Thefridge’seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevidentwhileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon’tbelievemetryityourselfinvestinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers汉堡包butatleastyou’llgetridofthatterriblehum. Whichofthefollowingphrasesinthefifthparagraphindicatesthefridge’snegativeeffectontheenvironment
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.Pilesofdungcan’tberelieduponwhenitcomestoestimatingelephantnumbersbecause______.
Intheprocessthelightenergyconvertstoheatenergy．
{{*HTML*}}??????????Broken:DreamsofRuralPeace??ItwasduskinTubneyWoodsdeepinruralOxfordshire.Thebirdsweresingingattheendofanotherperfectday.Thewomanlivingattheedgeoftheforestcouldstanditnolonger.Shephonedthelocalnoisepollutionofficer.??It’stherooks秃鼻乌鸦shesaid.1can’tbearthatawfulcawing呱呱地叫noise.Canyoudosomethingaboutit???ThecallwasnosurprisetoofficialsattheValeofWhiteHorseDistrictCouncil.?46?Thecountrysideaseverycountry-dwellerknowscanbeahellishly可怕地noisyplace.??LastweekDavidSteadaWestYorkshirefarmerappearedincourtinWakefieldaccusedofallowinghiscockstobreaknoiseregulationsbycrowing打鸣atdawnwakinganeighbour.?47?SixmonthsagoCorkyafour-year-oldcockwasbannedfromcrowingaftercomplaintsintheDevonvillageofStoke.??Complaintsaboutnoisereasonableornot-areatrecordlevelsincountryareas.Environmentalhealthofficerssaythisispartlybecauseofanincreaseinnoisyactivity.Howeverasignificantnumberofcomplaintscomefromnewcomerstothecountryside.??Therearemanysourcesofruralnoise.?48?MechanisedgraindriersusuallyswitchedonforthreeweeksinSeptembercanproduceamaddeninglow-frequencyhum.MikeRobertschiefenvironmentalhealthofficeratValeofWhiteHorsesaidnoiseoftensoundedworseinthecountrysidethanincities.Withlessbackgroundsoundunwelcomenoisescanseemlouderandtravelfurther.??Theoddestcomplaintshoweveraretheonescouncilofficialscandonothingabout.ValeofWhiteHorseofficialshavebeenaskedtosilencenotonlynestingrooks.Pigeonsandpheasants雉鸡havealsocausedconcern.InKentcouncilofficialshavebeenaskedtosilencebabylambs.?49?Anotherinsistedhecouldhearanalienspaceshiplandingoverthegardenfence.??Wegetregularcomplaints.Theyusuallycomefromretiredpeoplewhohavejustmovedintothecountry.Wesendthemapoliteletter.??Andtheladywhocomplainedabouttherooks?Shewaspolitelytoldshewouldhavetoputupwithit.?50?saidMrRoberts.intheendsheacceptedtherewasnothingmuchshecoulddo-exceptmoveout.Itisnotrecordedwhowontheladyortherooks.??A?MrSteadsaidtheywereonlydoingwhatcomesnaturally.??B?Weaskedherwhatweweresupposedtodoshootthebirdsorchopthetreesdown???C?Theyhaveheardeverykindofcomplaint.??D?Onemanrangtosayhewaskeptawakebythesplashingofafountaininthegardennextdoor.??E?Thecouncilwillaskthefarmertomoveit.??F?Farmmachineryisacommoncause.
ALifewithBirdsFornearly17yearsDavidCopehasworkedasoneoftheTowerofLondon’sYeomanWarders51knowntotouristsasBeefeaters.David64livesinathree-bedroomedflatrightatthe52oftheBywardToweroneofthegatehouses.53ourbedroomwehaveamarvellousviewofTowerBridgeandtheThames.saysDavid.TheTowerofLondonisfamous54itsravensthelargeblackbirdswhichhavelivedthereforoverthreecenturies.Davidwasimmediatelyfascinatedbythebirdsandwhenhewas55thepostofRavenMastereightyearsagohehadno56inacceptingit.ThebirdshavenowbecomemylifeandI’malways57ofthefactthatIam58atradition.ThelegendsaysthatiftheravensleavetheTowerEnglandwillfalltoenemiesandit’smyjobto59surethisdoesn’thappen!David60aboutfourhoursadaytothecareoftheravens.Hehasgrowntolovethemandthe61thathelivesrightnexttothemisideal.Ican62．acloseeyeonthemallthetimeandnotjustwhenI’mworking.63David’swifeMowasnot64ontheideaoflifeintheTowerbutshetoowillbesadtoleavewhenheretiresnextyear.Whenwelookoutofourwindowsweseehistory65aroundusandwearetakingitinandstoringitupforourfuturememories./
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Thedifferencebetweenmenandwomenshoppers Shoppingforclothesisnotthesameexperienceforamanasitisforwoman.Amangoesshoppingbecauseheneedssomething.Hispurposeissettledanddecidedinadvance.Heknowswhathewantsandhisobjectiveistofinditandbuyit;thepriceisasecondaryconsideration.Allmensimplywalkintoashopandasktheassistantforwhattheywant.Iftheshophasitinstockthesalesmanpromptlyproducesitandthebusinessoftryingitonproceedsatonce.Allbeingwellthedealcanbeandofteniscompletedinlessthanfiveminuteswithhardlyandchatandtoeveryone’ssatisfaction. Foramanslightproblemsmanybeginwhentheshopdoesnothavewhathewantsordoesnothaveexactlywhathewants.Inthatcasethesalesmanasthenameimpliestriestosellthecustomersomethingelse—heoffersthenearesthecantothearticlerequired.Nogoodsalesmanbringsoutsuchasubstitutebluntly;hedoessowithskillandpolish:"Iknowthisjacketisnotthestyleyouwantsirbutwouldyouliketotryitforsize.Ithappenstobethecolouryoumentioned."Fewmenhavepatiencewiththistreatmentandtheusualresponseis:"ThisistherightcolourandmaybetherightsizebutIshouldbewastingmytimeandyoursbytryingiton." NowhowdoesawomangoaboutbuyingclothesInalmosteveryrespectshedoessointheoppositeway.Hershoppingisnotoftenbasedonneed.Shehadneverfullymadeuphermindwhatshewantsandsheisonly"havingalookround".Sheisalwaysopentopersuasion;indeedshesetsgreatstorebywhatthesaleswomantellsherevenbywhatcompanionstellher.Shewilltryonanynumberofthings.Uppermostinhermindisthethoughtoffindingsomethingthateveryonethinkssuitsher.Contrarytoalotofjokesmostwomenhaveanexcellentsenseofvaluewhentheybuyclothes.Theyarealwaysonthelookoutfortheunexpectedbargain.Facedwitharoomfulofdressesawomanmayeasilyspendanhourgoingfromonerailtoanothertoandfrooftenretracingherstepsbeforeselectingthedressesshewantstotryon.Itisalaboriousprocessbutapparentlyanenjoyableone.Mostdressshopsprovideschairsforthewaitinghusbands. Womenshoppersforclotheswelcomesuggestionsfromanyone.
{{*HTML*}}BlastsfromthePast??1?Volcanoesweredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethecarbondioxidetheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.??2?PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumberofanimalsbutallthemassextinctioncoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagetheyseemedtodo.??3?Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyforthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeoldereruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.??4?ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobalwarmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegeneraatthetimeandittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.??5?Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyears.ThemostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.HeignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous265millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.??6?WignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.ThiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountofCO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.??7?VincentCourtillot?directoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.??8?Courtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproducedandthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxideemissions.??A．KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptions??B．AssociationofMassExtinctionswithVolcanic??C．CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptions??D．AMassExtinction??E．VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinction??F．AccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsParagraph5______.
Fridge Thefridgeisconsideredanecessity.Ithasbeensosincethe1960swhenpackagedfoodfirstappearedwiththelabel:"storeintherefrigerator." InmyfridgelessFiftieschildhoodIwasfedwellandhealthily.Themilkmancamedailythegrocerthebutcher肉商thebakerandtheice-creammandeliveredtwoorthreetimesaweek.TheSundaymeatwouldlastuntilWednesdayandsurplus剩余的breadandmilkbecameallkinksofcakes.Nothingwaswastedandwewerenevertroubledbyrottenfood.Thirtyyearsonfooddeliverieshaveceasesfreshvegetablesarealmostunobtainableinthecountry. Theinventionofthefridgecontributedcomparativelylittletotheartoffoodpreservation.Avastwayofwell-triedtechniquesalreadyexisted—naturalcoolingdryingsmokingsaltingsugaringbottling... Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketing—marketinghardwareandelectricitymarketingsoftdrinksmarketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglodeinsearchofsearchofagoodprice. Consequentlymostoftheworld’sfridgesaretoberoundnotinthetropicswheretheymightproveusefulbutinthewealthycountrieswithmildtemperatureswheretheyareclimaticallyamostunnecessary.Everywintermillionsoffridgeshumawaycontinuouslyandatvastexpensebusilymaintaininganartificially-cooledspaceinsideanartificially-heatedhouse—whileoutsidenatureprovidesthedesiredtemperaturefreeofcharg. Thefridge’seffectupontheenvironmenthasbeenevidentwhileitscontributiontohumanhappinesshasbeeninsignificant.Ifyoudon’tbelievemetryityourselfinvestinafoodcabinetandturnoffyourfridgenextwinter.Youmaymissthehamburgers汉堡包butatleastyou’llgetridofthatterriblehum. Whydoestheauthorsaythatnothingwaswastedbeforetheinventionoffridges
EverybodywasgladadtoseeMaryback.
{{*HTML*}}??????????Broken:DreamsofRuralPeace??ItwasduskinTubneyWoodsdeepinruralOxfordshire.Thebirdsweresingingattheendofanotherperfectday.Thewomanlivingattheedgeoftheforestcouldstanditnolonger.Shephonedthelocalnoisepollutionofficer.??It’stherooks秃鼻乌鸦shesaid.1can’tbearthatawfulcawing呱呱地叫noise.Canyoudosomethingaboutit???ThecallwasnosurprisetoofficialsattheValeofWhiteHorseDistrictCouncil.?46?Thecountrysideaseverycountry-dwellerknowscanbeahellishly可怕地noisyplace.??LastweekDavidSteadaWestYorkshirefarmerappearedincourtinWakefieldaccusedofallowinghiscockstobreaknoiseregulationsbycrowing打鸣atdawnwakinganeighbour.?47?SixmonthsagoCorkyafour-year-oldcockwasbannedfromcrowingaftercomplaintsintheDevonvillageofStoke.??Complaintsaboutnoisereasonableornot-areatrecordlevelsincountryareas.Environmentalhealthofficerssaythisispartlybecauseofanincreaseinnoisyactivity.Howeverasignificantnumberofcomplaintscomefromnewcomerstothecountryside.??Therearemanysourcesofruralnoise.?48?MechanisedgraindriersusuallyswitchedonforthreeweeksinSeptembercanproduceamaddeninglow-frequencyhum.MikeRobertschiefenvironmentalhealthofficeratValeofWhiteHorsesaidnoiseoftensoundedworseinthecountrysidethanincities.Withlessbackgroundsoundunwelcomenoisescanseemlouderandtravelfurther.??Theoddestcomplaintshoweveraretheonescouncilofficialscandonothingabout.ValeofWhiteHorseofficialshavebeenaskedtosilencenotonlynestingrooks.Pigeonsandpheasants雉鸡havealsocausedconcern.InKentcouncilofficialshavebeenaskedtosilencebabylambs.?49?Anotherinsistedhecouldhearanalienspaceshiplandingoverthegardenfence.??Wegetregularcomplaints.Theyusuallycomefromretiredpeoplewhohavejustmovedintothecountry.Wesendthemapoliteletter.??Andtheladywhocomplainedabouttherooks?Shewaspolitelytoldshewouldhavetoputupwithit.?50?saidMrRoberts.intheendsheacceptedtherewasnothingmuchshecoulddo-exceptmoveout.Itisnotrecordedwhowontheladyortherooks.??A?MrSteadsaidtheywereonlydoingwhatcomesnaturally.??B?Weaskedherwhatweweresupposedtodoshootthebirdsorchopthetreesdown???C?Theyhaveheardeverykindofcomplaint.??D?Onemanrangtosayhewaskeptawakebythesplashingofafountaininthegardennextdoor.??E?Thecouncilwillaskthefarmertomoveit.??F?Farmmachineryisacommoncause.
{{*HTML*}}A.NecessityfortheTeammatestoImproveTheirOwnSkills??B.EvaluationfromTwoDifferentPerspectives??C.SpectacularPerformanceontheCourt??D.PlayersHoustonCan’tDoWithout??E.YaoMing’sPerformance??F.McGrady’sInjuryParagraph3______
ALifewithBirdsFornearly17yearsDavidCopehasworkedasoneoftheTowerofLondon’sYeomanWarders51knowntotouristsasBeefeaters.David64livesinathree-bedroomedflatrightatthe52oftheBywardToweroneofthegatehouses.53ourbedroomwehaveamarvellousviewofTowerBridgeandtheThames.saysDavid.TheTowerofLondonisfamous54itsravensthelargeblackbirdswhichhavelivedthereforoverthreecenturies.Davidwasimmediatelyfascinatedbythebirdsandwhenhewas55thepostofRavenMastereightyearsagohehadno56inacceptingit.ThebirdshavenowbecomemylifeandI’malways57ofthefactthatIam58atradition.ThelegendsaysthatiftheravensleavetheTowerEnglandwillfalltoenemiesandit’smyjobto59surethisdoesn’thappen!David60aboutfourhoursadaytothecareoftheravens.Hehasgrowntolovethemandthe61thathelivesrightnexttothemisideal.Ican62．acloseeyeonthemallthetimeandnotjustwhenI’mworking.63David’swifeMowasnot64ontheideaoflifeintheTowerbutshetoowillbesadtoleavewhenheretiresnextyear.Whenwelookoutofourwindowsweseehistory65aroundusandwearetakingitinandstoringitupforourfuturememories./
{{*HTML*}}??????????Broken:DreamsofRuralPeace??ItwasduskinTubneyWoodsdeepinruralOxfordshire.Thebirdsweresingingattheendofanotherperfectday.Thewomanlivingattheedgeoftheforestcouldstanditnolonger.Shephonedthelocalnoisepollutionofficer.??It’stherooks秃鼻乌鸦shesaid.1can’tbearthatawfulcawing呱呱地叫noise.Canyoudosomethingaboutit???ThecallwasnosurprisetoofficialsattheValeofWhiteHorseDistrictCouncil.?46?Thecountrysideaseverycountry-dwellerknowscanbeahellishly可怕地noisyplace.??LastweekDavidSteadaWestYorkshirefarmerappearedincourtinWakefieldaccusedofallowinghiscockstobreaknoiseregulationsbycrowing打鸣atdawnwakinganeighbour.?47?SixmonthsagoCorkyafour-year-oldcockwasbannedfromcrowingaftercomplaintsintheDevonvillageofStoke.??Complaintsaboutnoisereasonableornot-areatrecordlevelsincountryareas.Environmentalhealthofficerssaythisispartlybecauseofanincreaseinnoisyactivity.Howeverasignificantnumberofcomplaintscomefromnewcomerstothecountryside.??Therearemanysourcesofruralnoise.?48?MechanisedgraindriersusuallyswitchedonforthreeweeksinSeptembercanproduceamaddeninglow-frequencyhum.MikeRobertschiefenvironmentalhealthofficeratValeofWhiteHorsesaidnoiseoftensoundedworseinthecountrysidethanincities.Withlessbackgroundsoundunwelcomenoisescanseemlouderandtravelfurther.??Theoddestcomplaintshoweveraretheonescouncilofficialscandonothingabout.ValeofWhiteHorseofficialshavebeenaskedtosilencenotonlynestingrooks.Pigeonsandpheasants雉鸡havealsocausedconcern.InKentcouncilofficialshavebeenaskedtosilencebabylambs.?49?Anotherinsistedhecouldhearanalienspaceshiplandingoverthegardenfence.??Wegetregularcomplaints.Theyusuallycomefromretiredpeoplewhohavejustmovedintothecountry.Wesendthemapoliteletter.??Andtheladywhocomplainedabouttherooks?Shewaspolitelytoldshewouldhavetoputupwithit.?50?saidMrRoberts.intheendsheacceptedtherewasnothingmuchshecoulddo-exceptmoveout.Itisnotrecordedwhowontheladyortherooks.??A?MrSteadsaidtheywereonlydoingwhatcomesnaturally.??B?Weaskedherwhatweweresupposedtodoshootthebirdsorchopthetreesdown???C?Theyhaveheardeverykindofcomplaint.??D?Onemanrangtosayhewaskeptawakebythesplashingofafountaininthegardennextdoor.??E?Thecouncilwillaskthefarmertomoveit.??F?Farmmachineryisacommoncause.
ALifewithBirdsFornearly17yearsDavidCopehasworkedasoneoftheTowerofLondon’sYeomanWarders51knowntotouristsasBeefeaters.David64livesinathree-bedroomedflatrightatthe52oftheBywardToweroneofthegatehouses.53ourbedroomwehaveamarvellousviewofTowerBridgeandtheThames.saysDavid.TheTowerofLondonisfamous54itsravensthelargeblackbirdswhichhavelivedthereforoverthreecenturies.Davidwasimmediatelyfascinatedbythebirdsandwhenhewas55thepostofRavenMastereightyearsagohehadno56inacceptingit.ThebirdshavenowbecomemylifeandI’malways57ofthefactthatIam58atradition.ThelegendsaysthatiftheravensleavetheTowerEnglandwillfalltoenemiesandit’smyjobto59surethisdoesn’thappen!David60aboutfourhoursadaytothecareoftheravens.Hehasgrowntolovethemandthe61thathelivesrightnexttothemisideal.Ican62．acloseeyeonthemallthetimeandnotjustwhenI’mworking.63David’swifeMowasnot64ontheideaoflifeintheTowerbutshetoowillbesadtoleavewhenheretiresnextyear.Whenwelookoutofourwindowsweseehistory65aroundusandwearetakingitinandstoringitupforourfuturememories./
{{*HTML*}}BlastsfromthePast??1?Volcanoesweredestructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethecarbondioxidetheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.??2?PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumberofanimalsbutallthemassextinctioncoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagetheyseemedtodo.??3?Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyforthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeoldereruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals.??4?ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobalwarmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegeneraatthetimeandittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.??5?Yet60millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyears.ThemostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.HeignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous265millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid.??6?WignallthinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.Oceanchemistrymayalsohaveplayedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinetheremayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.ThiswouldhaveencouragedthegrowthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountofCO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.??7?VincentCourtillot?directoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.??8?Courtillotalsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproducedandthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxideemissions.??A．KillingPowerofAncientVolcanicEruptions??B．AssociationofMassExtinctionswithVolcanic??C．CalculationoftheKillingPowerofOlderEruptions??D．AMassExtinction??E．VolcanicEruptionsThatCausedNoMassExtinction??F．AccountingfortheKillingPowerofOlderEruptionsParagraph3______.
WeatherMapAweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlo6ksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftenSetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Thethirty-dayforecastisdeterminedbyexamining______.
Hecannotdiscriminatebetweenagoodideaandabadone.
ALifewithBirdsFornearly17yearsDavidCopehasworkedasoneoftheTowerofLondon’sYeomanWarders51knowntotouristsasBeefeaters.David64livesinathree-bedroomedflatrightatthe52oftheBywardToweroneofthegatehouses.53ourbedroomwehaveamarvellousviewofTowerBridgeandtheThames.saysDavid.TheTowerofLondonisfamous54itsravensthelargeblackbirdswhichhavelivedthereforoverthreecenturies.Davidwasimmediatelyfascinatedbythebirdsandwhenhewas55thepostofRavenMastereightyearsagohehadno56inacceptingit.ThebirdshavenowbecomemylifeandI’malways57ofthefactthatIam58atradition.ThelegendsaysthatiftheravensleavetheTowerEnglandwillfalltoenemiesandit’smyjobto59surethisdoesn’thappen!David60aboutfourhoursadaytothecareoftheravens.Hehasgrowntolovethemandthe61thathelivesrightnexttothemisideal.Ican62．acloseeyeonthemallthetimeandnotjustwhenI’mworking.63David’swifeMowasnot64ontheideaoflifeintheTowerbutshetoowillbesadtoleavewhenheretiresnextyear.Whenwelookoutofourwindowsweseehistory65aroundusandwearetakingitinandstoringitupforourfuturememories./
ALifewithBirdsFornearly17yearsDavidCopehasworkedasoneoftheTowerofLondon’sYeomanWarders51knowntotouristsasBeefeaters.David64livesinathree-bedroomedflatrightatthe52oftheBywardToweroneofthegatehouses.53ourbedroomwehaveamarvellousviewofTowerBridgeandtheThames.saysDavid.TheTowerofLondonisfamous54itsravensthelargeblackbirdswhichhavelivedthereforoverthreecenturies.Davidwasimmediatelyfascinatedbythebirdsandwhenhewas55thepostofRavenMastereightyearsagohehadno56inacceptingit.ThebirdshavenowbecomemylifeandI’malways57ofthefactthatIam58atradition.ThelegendsaysthatiftheravensleavetheTowerEnglandwillfalltoenemiesandit’smyjobto59surethisdoesn’thappen!David60aboutfourhoursadaytothecareoftheravens.Hehasgrowntolovethemandthe61thathelivesrightnexttothemisideal.Ican62．acloseeyeonthemallthetimeandnotjustwhenI’mworking.63David’swifeMowasnot64ontheideaoflifeintheTowerbutshetoowillbesadtoleavewhenheretiresnextyear.Whenwelookoutofourwindowsweseehistory65aroundusandwearetakingitinandstoringitupforourfuturememories./
Cancellationoftheflightpressedmanypassengerstospendthenightattheairport.
{{*HTML*}}A.NecessityfortheTeammatestoImproveTheirOwnSkills??B.EvaluationfromTwoDifferentPerspectives??C.SpectacularPerformanceontheCourt??D.PlayersHoustonCan’tDoWithout??E.YaoMing’sPerformance??F.McGrady’sInjuryParagraph5______
ALifewithBirdsFornearly17yearsDavidCopehasworkedasoneoftheTowerofLondon’sYeomanWarders51knowntotouristsasBeefeaters.David64livesinathree-bedroomedflatrightatthe52oftheBywardToweroneofthegatehouses.53ourbedroomwehaveamarvellousviewofTowerBridgeandtheThames.saysDavid.TheTowerofLondonisfamous54itsravensthelargeblackbirdswhichhavelivedthereforoverthreecenturies.Davidwasimmediatelyfascinatedbythebirdsandwhenhewas55thepostofRavenMastereightyearsagohehadno56inacceptingit.ThebirdshavenowbecomemylifeandI’malways57ofthefactthatIam58atradition.ThelegendsaysthatiftheravensleavetheTowerEnglandwillfalltoenemiesandit’smyjobto59surethisdoesn’thappen!David60aboutfourhoursadaytothecareoftheravens.Hehasgrowntolovethemandthe61thathelivesrightnexttothemisideal.Ican62．acloseeyeonthemallthetimeandnotjustwhenI’mworking.63David’swifeMowasnot64ontheideaoflifeintheTowerbutshetoowillbesadtoleavewhenheretiresnextyear.Whenwelookoutofourwindowsweseehistory65aroundusandwearetakingitinandstoringitupforourfuturememories./
WeatherMapAweathermapisanimportanttoolforgeographers.Asuccessionofthreeoffourmapspresentsacontinuouspictureofweatherchanges.Weatherforecastsareabletodeterminethespeedofairmassesandfronts;todeterminewhetheranindividualpressureareaisdeepeningorbecomingshallowandwhetherafrontisincreasingordecreasinginintensity.Theyarealsoabletodeterminewhetheranairmassisretainingitsoriginalcharacteristicsortakingonthoseofthesurfaceoverwhichitismoving.Thusamostsignificantfunctionofthemapistorevealasynopticpictureofconditionsintheatmosphereatagiventime.Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletointerpretaweathermapaccurately.Weathermapscontainanenormousamountofinformationaboutweatherconditionsexistingatthetimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyrevealinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesweatherBureauissuesinformationaboutapproachingstormsfloodsfrostsdroughtsandallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitissuesa30-dayoutlookwhichisaroughguidetoweatherconditionslikelytooccuroverbroadareasoftheUnitedStates.These30-dayoutlo6ksarebaseduponananalysisoftheupperairlevelswithoftenSetthestageforthedevelopmentofairmassesfrontsandstorms.Considerableeffortisbeingexertedtodaytoachievemoreaccurateweatherpredictions.Withtheuseofelectronicinstrumentsandearthsatellitesenormousgainshavetakenplacerecentlyinidentifyingandtrackingstormsoverregionswhichhavebutfewmeteorologicalstations.Extensiveexperimentsarealsoinprogressforweathermodificationstudies.Butthelimitationsofweathermodificationhavepreventedmeteorologicalresultsexceptintheseedingofsuper-cooledupslopemountainouswindswhichhaveproducedadditionalorographicalprecipitationonthewindwardsideofmountainranges.Neverthelesstheyhaveprovidedaclearerunderstandingofthefundamentalsofweatherelements.Aweathermapissynopticbecauseit______.
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.ThefirstwordHeinparagraph6refersto______.
Hewassaidtohavebeenremovedfromthepositionofmanagerforarecentconflictwithanimportantcustomer.
Don’tCountonDung粪Conservationists自然保护主义者maybemiscalculatingthenumbersofthethreatenedanimalssuchaselephantssayAfricanandAmericanresearchers.Theerroroccursbecauseofaflawinthewaytheyestimateanimalnumbersfromthepilesofdungthecreaturesleavebehind.ThemistakecouldleadresearcherstothinkthattherearetwiceasmanyelephantsastherereallyareinsomeregionsaccordingtoAndrewPlumptreoftheWildlifeConservationSocietyWCSinNewYork.BiologistKatyPayneofComellUniversityinIthacaNewYorkagreesWereallyneedtoknowelephantnumbersandtheevidencethatwehaveisquiteindirectsaysPaynewhoelectronicallytrackselephants.CountingelephantsfromplanesisimpossibleinthevastrainforestsofCentralAfrica.Soresearchersoftenestimateelephantnumbersbycountingdungpilesinagivenarea.Theyalsoneedtoknowtherateatwhichdungdecaysbecauseit’sextremelydifficulttodeterminetheserates.Howeverresearcherscountingelephantsinoneregiontendtorelyonstandarddecayratesestablishedelsewhere.ButresearchersattheWCShavefoundthatthisdecayratevariesfromregiontoregiondependingontheclimateandenvironment.Usingthewrongvaluescanleadthecensusastray离开正道saysPlumptre.HeandhiscolleagueAnthonyChifuNchanjistudieddecayingelephantdungintheforestsofCameroon.Theyfoundthatthedungdecayedbetween55and65percentmoreslowlythanthedungintherainforestsofneighboringGabon.IfresearchersusedecayratesfromGabontocountelephantsinCameroontheywouldprobablyfindmoreelephantsthanareactuallyaround.ThiscouldmeanestimatesinCameroonareatleasttwiceashighasthosederivedfromdecayratescalculatedlocallyPlumptresaysHoweveraccurateyourdungdensityestimatemightbethedecayratecanseverelyaffecttheresult.Plumptrealsosaysthatthedung-pilecensusshouldbecarriedoutoveraregionsimilarinsizetoanelephant’snaturalrange.TheusualtechniqueofmonitoringonlysmallprotectedareasdistortsnumbersbecauseelephantsmoveinandoutoftheseregionshesaysIftheelephantpopulationincreaseswithintheprotectedareayoucannotdeterminewhether.Itisarealincreaseorwhetheritisduetoelephantsmovinginbecausetheyarebeingpoached入侵偷猎outside.Plumptresaysthatsimilarproblemsmayalsoaffectotheranimalcensusstudiesthatrelyonindirectevidencesuchasneststracksorburrows地洞.Thewordthreatenedinthefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphcouldbebestreplacedby______.
Theyagreedtomodifytheirpolicy.
SincetheGreatDepressiontheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasprotectedfarmersfromdamagingdropsingrainprices.
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