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Local newspapers are well received because they carry articles that please ______.
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????? ??????Anthropology{{/B}}? ?Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It fastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalcharacteristicsandindustrial techniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhichdistinguishonecommunityfrom allothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition.??The distinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatit includesforseriousstudyothersocietiesthanourown.Foritspurposesany socialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown thoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaksandhavenopossiblehistoricalrelation tothatofourcivilization.Totheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofa NewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithacommon problemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidany weightingofoneinfavoroftheother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornot asitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyany traditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfound invariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthese cultureschangeanddifferentiatethedifferentformsthroughwhichthey expressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplefunctionin thelivesoftheindividuals.??Nowcustomshasbeencommonly regardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrains wefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayof thinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitisthe otherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormore astonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yet thatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportance isthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbeliefandthevery greatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Inthethirdparagraphtheauthoristrying______.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 {{B}}??????? ????TheEnormousEgg{{/B}}??Dr.Ziemer arrivedwhilewewerestillstaringatthethinginthenest.Hejumpedouthis carandcamerunningouttointhebackyard.Hewaswearingaredcoatoverhis pajamasandhelookedprettyexcited.??Heranuptothenestand lookedin.Hiseyesopenedupwideandhekneltdownonthegroundandstared andstared.AfterlongwhilehesaidsoftlyThat’sit.ByGeorgethat’sjust whatitis.Thenhestaredforanotherlongtimeandfinallyheshookhishead andsaidItcan’tbetruebutthereitis.??Hegotupoffhis kneesandlookedaroundatus.Hiseyeswerejustsparkinghewassoexcited. HeputhishandonmyshoulderandIcouldfeelhewasquivering.Anamazing thing’shappenedhesaidinakindofwhisper.Idon’tknowhowtoaccount forit.Itmustbesomesortoffreakbiologicalmix-upthatmighthappenoncea thousandyears.??Butwhatisit?Iasked.??Dr. Ziemerturnedandpointedatremblingfingeratthenest.Believeitornot youpeoplehavehatchedoutadinosaur.恐龙??Wejustlookedat him.??SoundsincredibleIknowhesaidandIcan’texplain itbutthereitis.I’veseentoomanyTriceratops三角恐龙skullstobemistaken aboutthisone.??But—buthowcoulditbeadinosaur?Pop asked.??Goodnessgracious!Mornspluttered.Andrightherein ourbackyard.Itdoesn’tseemhardlyright.AndonaSundaytoo.? ?Cynthiawasprettyinterestedbynowandkeptpeckingintothenestand makingfacesthewayshedidwhenPopbroughtabowloffrogs’legsintothe kitchenonetime.Iguessgirlsjustnaturallydon’tlikecrawlythingstoo much.TotellthetruthIdon’teithersometimesbutthisthingthathadjust hatchedoutlookedkindofcutetome.MaybethatwasbecauseIhadtakencare oftheeggsolong.Ifeltasifthelittledinosaurwasalmostoneofthe family.??Westoodaroundforalongwhilelookingatthestrange newthingonthenesttryingtolettheideasoakinthatwehadadinosaur. AfterDr.ZiemercalmeddownalittleheandPoptightenedupthechickenwire tomakesurethelittleanimalwasn’tgoingtocrawlout.Dr.Ziemerwatchedif perhapssheoughtnottobetakenoutbeforeshewentoutofhermind.Pop figuredthatitmightbeagoodideaandhepickedherupandcutheroutside thepen.Sheactedalittledazedatfirstbutprettysoonshefollowedthe otherhensandbeganpen.Sheactedalittledazedatfirstbutprettysoonshe followedtheotherhensandbeganscratchingforwormsliketherestof them.Thestorytookplaceinthebackgarden.
WilliamFaulkner'sstoriesreflecthisMississippi{{U}}upbringing{{/U}}.
The1960'ssawachangeintheformandcontentofmoviestreatingsubjectsthatforsomanyyearswereconsidered{{U}}taboo{{/U}}.
{{*HTML*}}下面有3篇短文每篇短文后有5道题每题后面有4个选项请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????Colors AssociatedwithFeelingandAttitudes{{/B}}??Weallassociate colorswithfeelingandattitudes.Inpoliticsdarkblueoftenmeans traditionandredmeanssocialchange.ButbluecanalsomeansadnessI’m feelingbluewhiteisoftenforpurityalthoughinChinawhiteiswornfor funeralsandredisusedtoexpressthejoyofaweddinginWesternEurope whiteiswornatweddingsandblackforfunerals.Advertisersareawareofthe importanceofselectioncolorsaccordingtothewaypeoplereacttothem.Soap powderscomeinwhiteandlightbluepacketscleanandcoldlikeice; cerealsoftencomeinbrownpacketslikewheatfieldsbutcosmeticsnever comeinbrownjarsdirty!.??Wheredotheseideascomefrom? MaxLuscherfromtheUniversityofGenevabelievesthatinthebeginninglife wasdictatedbytwofactorsbeyondourcontrol:nightandday.Nightbrought passivityandageneralslowingdownofmetabolism新陈代谢;daybroughtwithit thepossibilityofactionandincreaseinthemetabolicratethusprovidingus withenergyandinitiative.Darkbluethereforeisthecolorofquietand passivitybrightyellowthecolorofhopeandactivity.??In prehistorictimesactivityasaruletookoneoftwoforms:eitherwewere huntingandattackingorwewerebeinghuntedanddefendingourselvesagainst attack.Attackisuniversallyrepresentedbythecolorred;self-preservationby itscomplementgreen.InLuscher’sviewtheassociationofcolorswithfeelingandattitudescanbetracedbackto______.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??BlastsfromthePast{{/B}}??1．Volcanoeswere destructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethe carbondioxidetheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.? ?2．PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelink betweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptions killedofflargenumberofanimalsbutallthemassextinctioncoverthepast 300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohis surprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagethey seemedtodo.??3．Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyfor thesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththe volumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeoldereruptions wereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecent rivals.??4．ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened 250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathat coveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughtto havepumpedoutabout10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobal warmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegeneraatthetime andittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.??5．Yet60 millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhugeamountof volcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdid disappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyears.Themost recentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.Heignoredthe extinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous265 millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedby theimpactofanasteroid.??6．Wignallthinksthatoldervolcanoes hadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedto dealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.Oceanchemistrymayalsohave playedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinethere mayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.Thiswouldhaveencouragedthe growthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountof CO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7．VincentCourtillotdirectorof theParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideais provocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsof calculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdepends onhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblasts lastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8．Courtillotalsoaddsthatitis difficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproducedandthat lavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxide emissions.Thecauseoftheextinctionofdinosaurs______
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{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ?????????Humanand Culture{{/B}}??Humanbeingsareanimals.?Webreatheeatand digestandreproducethesamelifeprocessescommontoallanimals.Ina biologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthe same.??Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:{{U}} ?51?{{/U}}itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.{{U}} ?52?{{/U}}toourphysicalequipment—thenakedhumanbody—wearenot an{{U}}?53?{{/U}}animal.Wearetropicalcreaturesnearlyhairless andsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethto defendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmentto helpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical{{U}}?54?{{/U}}ourspecies seemsapoor{{U}}?55?{{/U}}forsurvival.??Butwehave survived—survivedandmultipliedand{{U}}?56?{{/U}}theearth.Someday wewillhavea{{U}}?57?{{/U}}livingonthemoonaplacewithneither airnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatturngasesintosolids.?Howcan wehavedoneallthesethings?Partoftheanswerisphysical.Inspiteofits limitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant{{U}}?58?{{/U}}. Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan{{U}}?59?{{/U}}objectswith aprecisionunmatchedbyanyother{{U}}?60?{{/U}}.Mostimportantly wehavealargebrainwithanalmost{{U}}?61?{{/U}}numberofneural connections.??Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreate culturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwe supplythewarmthourtropicalbodiesneed{{U}}?62?{{/U}}clothing shelterand{{U}}?63?{{/U}}heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttolivein adesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwaterto growfoodand{{U}}?64?{{/U}}deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfrom distantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirown foodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupply necessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations.? ?Itwasnotalways{{U}}?65?{{/U}}.Ourdistantancestorswere justanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno cultureandlackedthephysicalcapacitytouse it.
Thelegislativefilibusterisaparliamentary{{U}}tactic{{/U}}designedtodelayorpreventactionbythemajority.
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{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??BlastsfromthePast{{/B}}??1．Volcanoeswere destructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethe carbondioxidetheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.? ?2．PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelink betweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptions killedofflargenumberofanimalsbutallthemassextinctioncoverthepast 300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohis surprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagethey seemedtodo.??3．Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyfor thesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththe volumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeoldereruptions wereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecent rivals.??4．ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened 250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathat coveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughtto havepumpedoutabout10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobal warmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegeneraatthetime andittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.??5．Yet60 millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhugeamountof volcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdid disappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyears.Themost recentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.Heignoredthe extinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous265 millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedby theimpactofanasteroid.??6．Wignallthinksthatoldervolcanoes hadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedto dealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.Oceanchemistrymayalsohave playedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinethere mayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.Thiswouldhaveencouragedthe growthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountof CO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7．VincentCourtillotdirectorof theParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideais provocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsof calculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdepends onhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblasts lastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8．Courtillotalsoaddsthatitis difficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproducedandthat lavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxide emissions.Oldereruptionsweremoredevastating______
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????? ????????Sleep{{/B}}? ?Formillionsofyearsbeforetheappearanceoftheelectriclightshift workall-nightcableTVandtheInternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanet withpredictableandreassuring24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksareset forthisdailycycle.Simplyputourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawake duringtheday.Mostwomenandmenneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhours ofsleepanighttofunctionproperlythroughouttheirlives.Contraryto popularbeliefhumansdon’tneedlesssleepastheyage.??But inaverageAmericanssleeponlyaboutsevenandahalfhourspernighta markeddropfromtheninehourstheyaveragedin1910.What’sworsenearlyone thirdofallAmericansgetlessthansixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight. Formostpeoplethat’snotnearlyenough.??Findingwaystoget moreandbettersleepcanbeachallenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan 80differentsleepdisorders.Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmany problemsarecausedbystayinguplateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequently betweentimezonesorbyworkingnights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewish MedicalandResearchCenterinDenversaysthatsleepdisordersareoften diagnosedasotherdiscomforts.Aboutonethirdofthepatientsreferredtohim withpossiblechronicfatiguesyndromeactuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders. BeforewedoanythingelsewelookattheirsleepJonessays.? ?Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeoplewouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheir sleeppatterns.Mymotto座右铭is’Sleepdefensively’saysMaryCarskadonof BrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedtocarveoutsufficienttimetosleep evenifitmeansgivingupotherthings.Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedand gettingupatthesametimeeveryday—areimportant.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalso makeadifference.AswithElanerwhousedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafew lifestylechanges—avoidingstimulantsandlatemealsexercisinghoursbefore bedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yieldbetter sleep.WhatisTRUEofhumansleep?______.
Afterlisteningtothetestimonythemembersofthejurydeliveredtheir{{U}}verdict{{/U}}.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后面有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 {{B}}?????????? ???FinancialRisks{{/B}}??Severaltypesof financialriskareencounteredininternationalmarketing;themajorproblems includecommercialpoliticalandforeignexchangerisk.??{{U}} ?46?{{/U}}Theyincludesolvencydefaultorrefusaltopaybills. Themajorriskhoweveriscompetitionwhichcanonlybedealtwiththrough consistentlyeffectivemanagementandmarketing.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Such riskisencounteredwhenacontroversyarisesaboutthequalityofgoods deliveredadisputeovercontracttermsoranyotherdisagreementoverwhich paymentiswithheld.Onecompanyforexampleshippedseveralhundredtonsof dehydratedpotatoestoadistributorinGermany.{{U}}?48?{{/U}}The alternativesfortheexporterwerereducingthepriceresellingthepotatoes orshippingthemhomeagaineachinvolvingconsiderablecost.? ?Politicalriskrelatestotheproblemsofwarorrevolutioncurrency inconvertibilityexpropriationorexpulsionandrestrictionorcancellationof importlicenses{{U}}?49?{{/U}}Managementinformationsystemsand effectivedecision-makingprocessesarethebestdefensesagainstpolitical risk.Asmanycompanieshavediscoveredsometimesthereisnowaytoavoid politicalrisksomarketersmustbepreparedtoassumethemorgiveupdoing businessinparticularmarket.??Exchange-ratefluctuations inevitablycauseproblemsbutformanyyearsmostfirmscouldtakeprotective actiontominimizetheirunfavorableeffects.{{U}}?50 ?{{/U}}InternationalBusinessMachineCorportaionforexamplereportedthat exchangelossesresultedinadramatic21.6percentdropintheirearningsin thethirdquarterof1981.Beforerateswerepermittedtofloatdevaluationsof majorcurrencieswereinfrequentandusuallycouldbeanticipatedbut exchange-ratefluctuationsinthefloatsystemaredailyaffairs.? ?A．Politicalriskisanenvironmentalconcernforallbusinesses.? ?B．Oneuniqueriskencounteredbytheinternationalmarketerinvolves financialadjustments.??C．Commercialrisksarehandled essentiallyasnormalcreditrisksencounteredinday-to-daybusiness.? ?D．Thedistributortestedtheshipmentanddeclaredittobebelow acceptabletasteandtexturestandards.??E．Floatingexchange ratesoftheworld’smajorcurrencieshaveforcedallmarketerstobeespecially awareofexchange-ratefluctuationsandtheneedtocompensateforthemintheir financialplanning.??F．Manyinternationalmarketersgobankrupt eachyearbecauseofexchange-ratefluctuation.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????? ??????Anthropology{{/B}}? ?Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.It fastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalcharacteristicsandindustrial techniquesthoseconventionsandvalueswhichdistinguishonecommunityfrom allothersthatbelongtoadifferenttradition.??The distinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatit includesforseriousstudyothersocietiesthanourown.Foritspurposesany socialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown thoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaksandhavenopossiblehistoricalrelation tothatofourcivilization.Totheanthropologistourcustomsandthoseofa NewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithacommon problemandinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidany weightingofoneinfavoroftheother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehaviornot asitisshapedbyonetraditionourownbutasithasbeenshapedbyany traditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfound invariousculturesandhisobjectistounderstandthewayinwhichthese cultureschangeanddifferentiatethedifferentformsthroughwhichthey expressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplefunctionin thelivesoftheindividuals.??Nowcustomshasbeencommonly regardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrains wefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigationbutcustomwehaveawayof thinkingisbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffactitisthe otherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormore astonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yet thatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportance isthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbeliefandthevery greatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Forseriousstudyananthropologist______.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ?????????Humanand Culture{{/B}}??Humanbeingsareanimals.?Webreatheeatand digestandreproducethesamelifeprocessescommontoallanimals.Ina biologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthe same.??Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:{{U}} ?51?{{/U}}itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.{{U}} ?52?{{/U}}toourphysicalequipment—thenakedhumanbody—wearenot an{{U}}?53?{{/U}}animal.Wearetropicalcreaturesnearlyhairless andsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethto defendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmentto helpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical{{U}}?54?{{/U}}ourspecies seemsapoor{{U}}?55?{{/U}}forsurvival.??Butwehave survived—survivedandmultipliedand{{U}}?56?{{/U}}theearth.Someday wewillhavea{{U}}?57?{{/U}}livingonthemoonaplacewithneither airnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatturngasesintosolids.?Howcan wehavedoneallthesethings?Partoftheanswerisphysical.Inspiteofits limitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant{{U}}?58?{{/U}}. Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan{{U}}?59?{{/U}}objectswith aprecisionunmatchedbyanyother{{U}}?60?{{/U}}.Mostimportantly wehavealargebrainwithanalmost{{U}}?61?{{/U}}numberofneural connections.??Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreate culturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwe supplythewarmthourtropicalbodiesneed{{U}}?62?{{/U}}clothing shelterand{{U}}?63?{{/U}}heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttolivein adesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwaterto growfoodand{{U}}?64?{{/U}}deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfrom distantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirown foodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupply necessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations.? ?Itwasnotalways{{U}}?65?{{/U}}.Ourdistantancestorswere justanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno cultureandlackedthephysicalcapacitytouse it.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文章中有5处空白文章后面有6组文字请根据文章的内容选择5组文字将其分别放回文章原有位置以恢复文章原貌 {{B}}?????????? ???FinancialRisks{{/B}}??Severaltypesof financialriskareencounteredininternationalmarketing;themajorproblems includecommercialpoliticalandforeignexchangerisk.??{{U}} ?46?{{/U}}Theyincludesolvencydefaultorrefusaltopaybills. Themajorriskhoweveriscompetitionwhichcanonlybedealtwiththrough consistentlyeffectivemanagementandmarketing.{{U}}?47?{{/U}}Such riskisencounteredwhenacontroversyarisesaboutthequalityofgoods deliveredadisputeovercontracttermsoranyotherdisagreementoverwhich paymentiswithheld.Onecompanyforexampleshippedseveralhundredtonsof dehydratedpotatoestoadistributorinGermany.{{U}}?48?{{/U}}The alternativesfortheexporterwerereducingthepriceresellingthepotatoes orshippingthemhomeagaineachinvolvingconsiderablecost.? ?Politicalriskrelatestotheproblemsofwarorrevolutioncurrency inconvertibilityexpropriationorexpulsionandrestrictionorcancellationof importlicenses{{U}}?49?{{/U}}Managementinformationsystemsand effectivedecision-makingprocessesarethebestdefensesagainstpolitical risk.Asmanycompanieshavediscoveredsometimesthereisnowaytoavoid politicalrisksomarketersmustbepreparedtoassumethemorgiveupdoing businessinparticularmarket.??Exchange-ratefluctuations inevitablycauseproblemsbutformanyyearsmostfirmscouldtakeprotective actiontominimizetheirunfavorableeffects.{{U}}?50 ?{{/U}}InternationalBusinessMachineCorportaionforexamplereportedthat exchangelossesresultedinadramatic21.6percentdropintheirearningsin thethirdquarterof1981.Beforerateswerepermittedtofloatdevaluationsof majorcurrencieswereinfrequentandusuallycouldbeanticipatedbut exchange-ratefluctuationsinthefloatsystemaredailyaffairs.? ?A．Politicalriskisanenvironmentalconcernforallbusinesses.? ?B．Oneuniqueriskencounteredbytheinternationalmarketerinvolves financialadjustments.??C．Commercialrisksarehandled essentiallyasnormalcreditrisksencounteredinday-to-daybusiness.? ?D．Thedistributortestedtheshipmentanddeclaredittobebelow acceptabletasteandtexturestandards.??E．Floatingexchange ratesoftheworld’smajorcurrencieshaveforcedallmarketerstobeespecially awareofexchange-ratefluctuationsandtheneedtocompensateforthemintheir financialplanning.??F．Manyinternationalmarketersgobankrupt eachyearbecauseofexchange-ratefluctuation.
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{{*HTML*}}阅读下面的短文文中有15处空白每处空白给出了4个选项请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案 {{B}}??????? ?????????Humanand Culture{{/B}}??Humanbeingsareanimals.?Webreatheeatand digestandreproducethesamelifeprocessescommontoallanimals.Ina biologicallaboratoryratsmonkeysandhumansseemverymuchthe same.??Howeverbiologicalunderstandingisnotenough:{{U}} ?51?{{/U}}itselfitcannevertelluswhathumanbeingsare.{{U}} ?52?{{/U}}toourphysicalequipment—thenakedhumanbody—wearenot an{{U}}?53?{{/U}}animal.Wearetropicalcreaturesnearlyhairless andsensitivetocold.Wearenotfastandhaveneitherclawsnorsharpteethto defendourselves.Weneedalotoffoodbuthavealmostnophysicalequipmentto helpusgetit.Inthepurelyphysical{{U}}?54?{{/U}}ourspecies seemsapoor{{U}}?55?{{/U}}forsurvival.??Butwehave survived—survivedandmultipliedand{{U}}?56?{{/U}}theearth.Someday wewillhavea{{U}}?57?{{/U}}livingonthemoonaplacewithneither airnorwaterandwithtemperaturesthatturngasesintosolids.?Howcan wehavedoneallthesethings?Partoftheanswerisphysical.Inspiteofits limitationsourphysicalequipmenthassomeimportant{{U}}?58?{{/U}}. Wehaveexcellentvisionandhandsthatcan{{U}}?59?{{/U}}objectswith aprecisionunmatchedbyanyother{{U}}?60?{{/U}}.Mostimportantly wehavealargebrainwithanalmost{{U}}?61?{{/U}}numberofneural connections.??Wehaveusedthisphysicalequipmenttocreate culturethekeytooursurvivalandsuccess.IfweliveintheArcticwe supplythewarmthourtropicalbodiesneed{{U}}?62?{{/U}}clothing shelterand{{U}}?63?{{/U}}heat.Ifamillionpeoplewanttolivein adesertthatsuppliesnaturalfoodforonlyafewhundredwefindwaterto growfoodand{{U}}?64?{{/U}}deficitsbytransportingsuppliesfrom distantplaces.Inhabitantsofoureventualmooncolonywillbringtheirown foodandoxygenandthencreateanartificialearthenvironmenttosupply necessities.Withculturewecanovercomeournaturallimitations.? ?Itwasnotalways{{U}}?65?{{/U}}.Ourdistantancestorswere justanimalsfacedwiththelimitsoftheirphysicalequipment.Theyhadno cultureandlackedthephysicalcapacitytouse it.
{{*HTML*}}下面有3篇短文每篇短文后有5道题每题后面有4个选项请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????Colors AssociatedwithFeelingandAttitudes{{/B}}??Weallassociate colorswithfeelingandattitudes.Inpoliticsdarkblueoftenmeans traditionandredmeanssocialchange.ButbluecanalsomeansadnessI’m feelingbluewhiteisoftenforpurityalthoughinChinawhiteiswornfor funeralsandredisusedtoexpressthejoyofaweddinginWesternEurope whiteiswornatweddingsandblackforfunerals.Advertisersareawareofthe importanceofselectioncolorsaccordingtothewaypeoplereacttothem.Soap powderscomeinwhiteandlightbluepacketscleanandcoldlikeice; cerealsoftencomeinbrownpacketslikewheatfieldsbutcosmeticsnever comeinbrownjarsdirty!.??Wheredotheseideascomefrom? MaxLuscherfromtheUniversityofGenevabelievesthatinthebeginninglife wasdictatedbytwofactorsbeyondourcontrol:nightandday.Nightbrought passivityandageneralslowingdownofmetabolism新陈代谢;daybroughtwithit thepossibilityofactionandincreaseinthemetabolicratethusprovidingus withenergyandinitiative.Darkbluethereforeisthecolorofquietand passivitybrightyellowthecolorofhopeandactivity.??In prehistorictimesactivityasaruletookoneoftwoforms:eitherwewere huntingandattackingorwewerebeinghuntedanddefendingourselvesagainst attack.Attackisuniversallyrepresentedbythecolorred;self-preservationby itscomplementgreen.Accordingtothepassagewhatkindofpeoplewouldprobablyfavoryellow?______.
{{*HTML*}}??下面的短文有15处空白请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项 {{B}}??????? ??????????? ???????ChildConsultants{{/B}}? ?Thesedayswhatdoyouwanttodowhenyougrowup?isthewrong questiontoaskchildrenintheUSA.The{{U}}?51?{{/U}}shouldbe: whatjobareyoudoingnow?Americancompaniesareemployingmoreandmore youngpeopleasconsultantstoevaluateproductsforchild{{U}}?52 ?{{/U}}.The12-to-19{{U}}?53?{{/U}}groupspendsmorethan$100 billionayearintheUSA.Specialistagencieshavebeencreatedtohelp manufacturersaskkidsaboutallthelatesttrendsinclothesfoodand{{U}} ?54?{{/U}}markets.One{{U}}?55?{{/U}}TeenageResearch Unlimitedhaspanels评判小组ofteenagerswhogivetheirverdict裁决on products’{{U}}?56?{{/U}}jeans牛仔裤.AnothercompanyDoyleResearch Associatedholdstwo-hoursessionsinaroom{{U}}?57?{{/U}}the imaginarium想象室.Childrenareencouragedtoplaygamestoget{{U}}?58 ?{{/U}}acreativemood.Theyhavetowritedownanyideasthat{{U}}?59 ?{{/U}}intotheirheads.??Somemanufacturersprefertodo theirown{{U}}?60?{{/U}}research.ThesoftwarecompanyMicrosoftruns aweeklyKid’sCouncilatitsheadquartersinSeattle{{U}}?61 ?{{/U}}apanelofschoolchildrengivetheirverdictonthe{{U}}?62 ?{{/U}}productsandsuggestnewones.One11-year-oldAndrewCooledgetold themthattheyshouldmakemorecomputergameswhichwouldappealequally{{U}} ?63?{{/U}}boysandgirls.Paymentsfortheworkareincreasingly attractive.AndrewCooledgewaspaid$250andgivensomesoftware.{{U}}?64 ?{{/U}}eveniftheirideasarevaluablethechildrenwillnevermakea fortune.Theycannothavethecopyrighttotheirideas.Thesearenotjobsthey canholdforlong.{{U}}?65?{{U}}theirmid-teenstheycanbetoldthat theyaretooold.{{/U}}{{/U}}
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后列出7个句子请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断 {{B}}??????? ????TheEnormousEgg{{/B}}??Dr.Ziemer arrivedwhilewewerestillstaringatthethinginthenest.Hejumpedouthis carandcamerunningouttointhebackyard.Hewaswearingaredcoatoverhis pajamasandhelookedprettyexcited.??Heranuptothenestand lookedin.Hiseyesopenedupwideandhekneltdownonthegroundandstared andstared.AfterlongwhilehesaidsoftlyThat’sit.ByGeorgethat’sjust whatitis.Thenhestaredforanotherlongtimeandfinallyheshookhishead andsaidItcan’tbetruebutthereitis.??Hegotupoffhis kneesandlookedaroundatus.Hiseyeswerejustsparkinghewassoexcited. HeputhishandonmyshoulderandIcouldfeelhewasquivering.Anamazing thing’shappenedhesaidinakindofwhisper.Idon’tknowhowtoaccount forit.Itmustbesomesortoffreakbiologicalmix-upthatmighthappenoncea thousandyears.??Butwhatisit?Iasked.??Dr. Ziemerturnedandpointedatremblingfingeratthenest.Believeitornot youpeoplehavehatchedoutadinosaur.恐龙??Wejustlookedat him.??SoundsincredibleIknowhesaidandIcan’texplain itbutthereitis.I’veseentoomanyTriceratops三角恐龙skullstobemistaken aboutthisone.??But—buthowcoulditbeadinosaur?Pop asked.??Goodnessgracious!Mornspluttered.Andrightherein ourbackyard.Itdoesn’tseemhardlyright.AndonaSundaytoo.? ?Cynthiawasprettyinterestedbynowandkeptpeckingintothenestand makingfacesthewayshedidwhenPopbroughtabowloffrogs’legsintothe kitchenonetime.Iguessgirlsjustnaturallydon’tlikecrawlythingstoo much.TotellthetruthIdon’teithersometimesbutthisthingthathadjust hatchedoutlookedkindofcutetome.MaybethatwasbecauseIhadtakencare oftheeggsolong.Ifeltasifthelittledinosaurwasalmostoneofthe family.??Westoodaroundforalongwhilelookingatthestrange newthingonthenesttryingtolettheideasoakinthatwehadadinosaur. AfterDr.ZiemercalmeddownalittleheandPoptightenedupthechickenwire tomakesurethelittleanimalwasn’tgoingtocrawlout.Dr.Ziemerwatchedif perhapssheoughtnottobetakenoutbeforeshewentoutofhermind.Pop figuredthatitmightbeagoodideaandhepickedherupandcutheroutside thepen.Sheactedalittledazedatfirstbutprettysoonshefollowedthe otherhensandbeganpen.Sheactedalittledazedatfirstbutprettysoonshe followedtheotherhensandbeganscratchingforwormsliketherestof them.Thestorytellerisafraidtolookatthelittleanimal.
{{*HTML*}}下面有3篇短文每篇短文后有5道题每题后面有4个选项请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????Colors AssociatedwithFeelingandAttitudes{{/B}}??Weallassociate colorswithfeelingandattitudes.Inpoliticsdarkblueoftenmeans traditionandredmeanssocialchange.ButbluecanalsomeansadnessI’m feelingbluewhiteisoftenforpurityalthoughinChinawhiteiswornfor funeralsandredisusedtoexpressthejoyofaweddinginWesternEurope whiteiswornatweddingsandblackforfunerals.Advertisersareawareofthe importanceofselectioncolorsaccordingtothewaypeoplereacttothem.Soap powderscomeinwhiteandlightbluepacketscleanandcoldlikeice; cerealsoftencomeinbrownpacketslikewheatfieldsbutcosmeticsnever comeinbrownjarsdirty!.??Wheredotheseideascomefrom? MaxLuscherfromtheUniversityofGenevabelievesthatinthebeginninglife wasdictatedbytwofactorsbeyondourcontrol:nightandday.Nightbrought passivityandageneralslowingdownofmetabolism新陈代谢;daybroughtwithit thepossibilityofactionandincreaseinthemetabolicratethusprovidingus withenergyandinitiative.Darkbluethereforeisthecolorofquietand passivitybrightyellowthecolorofhopeandactivity.??In prehistorictimesactivityasaruletookoneoftwoforms:eitherwewere huntingandattackingorwewerebeinghuntedanddefendingourselvesagainst attack.Attackisuniversallyrepresentedbythecolorred;self-preservationby itscomplementgreen.Soappowderscomeinwhiteandlightbluepacketsto______.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??BlastsfromthePast{{/B}}??1．Volcanoeswere destructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethe carbondioxidetheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.? ?2．PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelink betweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptions killedofflargenumberofanimalsbutallthemassextinctioncoverthepast 300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohis surprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagethey seemedtodo.??3．Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyfor thesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththe volumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeoldereruptions wereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecent rivals.??4．ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened 250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathat coveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughtto havepumpedoutabout10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobal warmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegeneraatthetime andittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.??5．Yet60 millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhugeamountof volcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdid disappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyears.Themost recentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.Heignoredthe extinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous265 millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedby theimpactofanasteroid.??6．Wignallthinksthatoldervolcanoes hadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedto dealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.Oceanchemistrymayalsohave playedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinethere mayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.Thiswouldhaveencouragedthe growthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountof CO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7．VincentCourtillotdirectorof theParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideais provocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsof calculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdepends onhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblasts lastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8．Courtillotalsoaddsthatitis difficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproducedandthat lavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxide emissions.Paragraph2______
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????? ????????Sleep{{/B}}? ?Formillionsofyearsbeforetheappearanceoftheelectriclightshift workall-nightcableTVandtheInternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanet withpredictableandreassuring24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksareset forthisdailycycle.Simplyputourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawake duringtheday.Mostwomenandmenneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhours ofsleepanighttofunctionproperlythroughouttheirlives.Contraryto popularbeliefhumansdon’tneedlesssleepastheyage.??But inaverageAmericanssleeponlyaboutsevenandahalfhourspernighta markeddropfromtheninehourstheyaveragedin1910.What’sworsenearlyone thirdofallAmericansgetlessthansixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight. Formostpeoplethat’snotnearlyenough.??Findingwaystoget moreandbettersleepcanbeachallenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan 80differentsleepdisorders.Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmany problemsarecausedbystayinguplateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequently betweentimezonesorbyworkingnights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewish MedicalandResearchCenterinDenversaysthatsleepdisordersareoften diagnosedasotherdiscomforts.Aboutonethirdofthepatientsreferredtohim withpossiblechronicfatiguesyndromeactuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders. BeforewedoanythingelsewelookattheirsleepJonessays.? ?Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeoplewouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheir sleeppatterns.Mymotto座右铭is’Sleepdefensively’saysMaryCarskadonof BrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedtocarveoutsufficienttimetosleep evenifitmeansgivingupotherthings.Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedand gettingupatthesametimeeveryday—areimportant.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalso makeadifference.AswithElanerwhousedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafew lifestylechanges—avoidingstimulantsandlatemealsexercisinghoursbefore bedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yieldbetter sleep.Accordingtotheauthormanysleepingdisordersarecausedby______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} {{B}}??????? ????????Sleep{{/B}}? ?Formillionsofyearsbeforetheappearanceoftheelectriclightshift workall-nightcableTVandtheInternetEarth’screaturesevolvedonaplanet withpredictableandreassuring24-hourrhythms.Ourbiologicalclocksareset forthisdailycycle.Simplyputourbodieswanttosleepatnightandbeawake duringtheday.Mostwomenandmenneedbetweeneightandeightandahalfhours ofsleepanighttofunctionproperlythroughouttheirlives.Contraryto popularbeliefhumansdon’tneedlesssleepastheyage.??But inaverageAmericanssleeponlyaboutsevenandahalfhourspernighta markeddropfromtheninehourstheyaveragedin1910.What’sworsenearlyone thirdofallAmericansgetlessthansixhoursofsleeponatypicalworknight. Formostpeoplethat’snotnearlyenough.??Findingwaystoget moreandbettersleepcanbeachallenge.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan 80differentsleepdisorders.Somesleepingdisordersaregenetic.Butmany problemsarecausedbystayinguplateandsleepinginbytravelingfrequently betweentimezonesorbyworkingnights.Dr.JamesF.JonesatNationalJewish MedicalandResearchCenterinDenversaysthatsleepdisordersareoften diagnosedasotherdiscomforts.Aboutonethirdofthepatientsreferredtohim withpossiblechronicfatiguesyndromeactuallyhavetreatablesleepdisorders. BeforewedoanythingelsewelookattheirsleepJonessays.? ?Sleepexpertssaythatmostpeoplewouldbenefitfromagoodlookattheir sleeppatterns.Mymotto座右铭is’Sleepdefensively’saysMaryCarskadonof BrownUniversity.Shesayspeopleneedtocarveoutsufficienttimetosleep evenifitmeansgivingupotherthings.Sleeproutines—likegoingtobedand gettingupatthesametimeeveryday—areimportant.Pre-bedtimeactivitiesalso makeadifference.AswithElanerwhousedtosufferfromsleeplessnessafew lifestylechanges—avoidingstimulantsandlatemealsexercisinghoursbefore bedtimerelaxingwithahotbath—yieldbetter sleep.Sleepdefensivelymeansthat______.
AccordingtotheAmericanRedCrossbloodandplasmadonorsare{{U}}urgently{{/U}}neededafternaturaldisastersorothercatastrophes.
{{*HTML*}}阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题2第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子 {{B}}?????????? ??BlastsfromthePast{{/B}}??1．Volcanoeswere destructiveinancienthistory.Notbecausetheywerebiggerbutbecausethe carbondioxidetheyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.? ?2．PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelink betweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptions killedofflargenumberofanimalsbutallthemassextinctioncoverthepast 300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohis surprisetheolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswerethemoredamagethey seemedtodo.??3．Wignallcalculatedthekillingefficiencyfor thesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththe volumeoflavathattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsizeoldereruptions wereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecent rivals.??4．ThePermianextinctionforexamplewhichhappened 250millionyearsagoismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathat coveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughtto havepumpedoutabout10gigatonnesofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobal warmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegeneraatthetime andittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.??5．Yet60 millionyearsagointhelatePalaeocenetherewasanotherhugeamountof volcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdid disappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintenthousandsofyears.Themost recentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatallWignallsays.Heignoredthe extinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaursattheendoftheCretaceous265 millionyearsagobecausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedby theimpactofanasteroid.??6．Wignallthinksthatoldervolcanoes hadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedto dealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.Oceanchemistrymayalsohave playedarole.Asthesupercontinentsbrokeupandexposedmorecoastlinethere mayhavebeenmoreweatheringofsilicarocks.Thiswouldhaveencouragedthe growthofphytoplanktonintheoceansincreasingtheamountof CO2absorbedfromtheatmosphere.7．VincentCourtillotdirectorof theParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrancesaysthatWignall’sideais provocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsof calculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdepends onhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblasts lastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.8．Courtillotalsoaddsthatitis difficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproducedandthat lavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideorsulphurdioxide emissions.Paragraph4______
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